Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 564 (2022) 170135

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jmmm

Research article

Conjugate natural convection flow of a nanofluid with oxytactic bacteria

under the effect of a periodic magnetic field
B. Pekmen Geridonmez a ,∗, H.F. Oztop b,c
a Department of Mathematics, TED University, 06420, Ankara, Turkey
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technology Faculty, Firat University, TR-23119, Elazig, Turkey
c
Department of Medical Research, China Med. University Hospital, China Med. University, Taichung, Taiwan

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: Conjugate natural convection flow in a cavity is numerically investigated under the effect of a periodic
Periodic magnetic field magnetic field. The cavity has a vertical thermally conducting solid block and a part where the nanofluid
Natural convection flows. The most left wall of the cavity is the hot one and the most right one is the cold one. The problem
Heat transfer
is considered as two-dimensional and time independent, and a vertical periodic magnetic field is taken into
SiO2-water
account. Nanoparticle is chosen as SiO2 and the host fluid is water. Inside of the nanofluid, the existence of
Radial basis functions
Bioconvection
oxytactic microorganisms is also assumed. Brownian motion and thermophoresis effects are also considered
in governing equations. The influence of pertinent parameters biconvection Rayleigh number 𝑅𝑏 = 1–100,
Lewis number 𝐿𝑒 = 1–20, Peclet number 𝑃 𝑒 = 0.1–5, Brownian motion parameter 𝑁𝑏 = 0.1–1, thermophoresis
parameter 𝑁𝑡 = 0.1–1, Hartmann number 𝐻𝑎 = 0–100, period of periodic magnetic field 𝜆 = 0.1–1, amplitude
of periodic magnetic field 𝐴 = 0.1–1 and conductivity ratio 𝑘𝑟 = 0.1–10 are examined on fluid flow, heat and
mass transfer. Numerical results in view of isolines as well as average Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are
presented. Conductivity ratio 𝑘𝑟 = 10 has more impact on convective heat and mass transfer. Convective mass
transfer depends on the vertical wall considered as solid–fluid interface or the right cold vertical wall. It is an
increasing function of 𝐿𝑒, 𝑃 𝑒, 𝐻𝑎, 𝑁𝑡 and 𝑁𝑏 and decreasing function of 𝑅𝑏 in interface.

1. Introduction
Conjugate natural convection (NC) flow is a combination of convec-
tion by a fluid and conduction in a thermally conducting solid. The first
and old paper on conjugate natural convection is noted in [1]. In their
study, a finite thickness of conducting vertical solid block is attached
to a cavity involving air. Varol et al. [2] studied conjugate NC and
entropy generation from fluid flow (FF) in a closed space bounded by
two solid walls from vertical sides of different thicknesses. They found
that the entropy formation increased with the increase in the thermal
conductivity ratio and the wall thickness. Oztop et al. [3] solved a com-
putational problem to study the conjugate heat transfer (HT) by mixed
convection and conduction in lidded closed space enclosures with thick
bottom walls. They observed that the heat transfer decreased as the
thermal conductivity ratio, Richardson number and wall thickness ratio
increased. Mobedi and Oztop [4] numerically examined the conjugate
NC to present the application of the dimensionless heat function for
the entire computational space, including solid and liquid regions, in
a thick solid-ceiling enclosure. They found that the heat and fluid
flows inside the enclosure were significantly affected by the Rayleigh
number and thermal conductivity ratio. Varol et al. [5] worked on
entropy generation of NC and conduction in a right-angled trapezoidal
enclosure filled with liquid-saturated porous media. They indicated that
increasing of the Rayleigh (Ra) number reduces the Bejan (Be) number;
however, the results found that HT is an increasing function of the Ra
number.
The presence of nanoparticles inside a host fluid has taken great in-
terest in the last years. Because, it is shown that the HT enhancement is
much better in inclusion of nanoparticles due to the higher thermal con-
ductivity of the chosen nanoparticles than the host fluid. The nanofluid
(NF) is firstly introduced by Choi et al. [6]. Many numerical studies on
nanofluid flow exist in literature. Some of them may be mentioned here.
Tayebi et al. [7] investigated the properties of HT through NC flow,
and entropy generation of a Cu-Al2O3/H2O-based hybrid NF filled ring
confined to two elliptical cylinders, considering the phenomenon of
internal heat generation or absorption. The results showed that the
combined effects of internal heat generation/absorption and hybrid NF
significantly changed the hydrothermal properties, heat transfer rate
and entropy generation in the ring. Mehryan et al. [8] investigated the

∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: bengisenpekmen@gmail.com (B. Pekmen Geridonmez).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2022.170135
Received 10 August 2022; Received in revised form 2 October 2022; Accepted 27 October 2022
Available online 2 November 2022
0304-8853/© 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
B. Pekmen Geridonmez and H.F. Oztop Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 564 (2022) 170135

Nomenclature 𝜙 Concentration of nanoparticles (solid vol-

ume fraction)
𝑁𝑢 Average Nusselt number
𝜓 Stream function
𝑆ℎ Average Sherwood number
𝜌 Density (kg/m3 )
𝜉 Oxygen
𝜎 Electrical conductivity (Ω m)−1
𝐵0 Magnitude of magnetic field (Tesla = N
𝜏 Relaxation parameter
m−1 A−1 )
𝐶𝑝 Specific heat at constant pressure (J/ Subscripts
(kgK))
𝑓 Fluid
𝐷𝑏 Oxygen diffusivity
𝑛𝑓 Nanofluid
𝐷𝑁 Oxytactic Bacteria’s diffusivity
𝑛𝑝 Nanoparticle
𝐷𝑇 Thermophoresis diffusion coefficient
𝑠 Solid
𝑔 Gravitational acceleration (m/s2 )
H2 O Water
𝑘 Thermal conductivity (W/(mK))
𝑘𝑟 Conductivity ratio (𝑘𝑠 ∕𝑘𝑓 ) observed that by applying an uneven MF to the magnetic NF flow with
𝐿 Characteristic length (m) the effect of Kelvin force, the flow pattern changes and new eddies are
𝑁 Number of oxytactic bacteria formed in FF. Yousefzadeh [10] performed a numerical analysis in the
𝑝 Pressure (Pa) case of NC of NF flow in a semicircular enclosure for cooling a silicon
chip using finite volume method (FVM). The values of the velocity and
SiO2 Silicon Dioxide
temperature gradients were found to be the factors causing the increase
𝑇 Temperature
in the entropy. Chummar and Harish [11] studied the HT of NF in a
𝑇𝑐 Temperature of cold wall (K)
cubic closed space with an internal heat source fixed to the side wall
𝑇ℎ Temperature of hot wall (K) of the closed space. The increase in velocity of the particles leads to
𝑇𝑠 Temperature of solid conducting block efficient mixture of the NF and the increase in Grashof (Gr) number
𝑢 u-component of velocity also enhances HT.
𝑣 v-component of velocity Both NF and conjugate HT are also concerned in some searches. In
𝐁 Magnetic field Shahi et al. [12], laminar conjugate HT via NC and conduction in a
𝐮 Velocity vector with ⟨𝑢, 𝑣⟩ (m/s) vertical ring formed between a heat-generating solid circular cylinder
A Amplitude of periodic magnetic field and an outer adiabatic cylindrical boundary was investigated by the
finite volume approach. In the study, results were found for the Nusselt
FD Finite Difference
(Nu) numbers and the flow and temperature distributions in different
FF Fluid Flow
cross-section planes and longitudinal sections for various Ra numbers.
Ha Hartmann number It has been observed that the flow driven in the circular tube effectively
HT Heat Transfer changes from the orientation of the tube. The mathematical model of
Le Lewis number the NF introduced by Buongiorno is used by Sheremet and Pop [13] to
MF Magnetic Field illustrate steady-state NC in a square porous enclosure with conductive
Nb Brownian motion parameter solid walls of limited thickness and the model equations are solved by
NC Natural Convection the finite difference method (FDM). The local Nu number is found to
NF Nanofluid be an increasing function of Ra and decreasing function of dimension-
Nt Thermophoresis parameter less thickness of the heat-conducting solid walls. Selimefendigil and
Oztop [14] studied the conjugate natural convection–conduction HT in
p Pressure
a curved closed space filled with different nanofluids on different sides
Pe Peclet number
of the closed space. They used the finite element method (FEM) to solve
Pr Prandtl number governing equations. They found that the average HT is increased with
Ra Rayleigh number Gr number and volume fraction. Selimefendigil and Oztop [15] worked
Rb Bioconvection Rayleigh number on NC in the horizontally split ring filled with CuO–water NF formed by
RBF Radial Basis Function two isothermal surfaces under magnetic field numerically. Their results
showed that there is a linearly varying relationship between the mean
Greek Symbols
Nu number and the solid nanoparticle volume fraction. Garoosi and
𝛼 Thermal diffusivity (m2 /s) Rashidi [16] carried out Buongiorno’s two-phase model for conjugate
𝛽 Thermal expansion coefficient (1/K) NC in a heat exchanger divided by a partition of finite thickness and
𝜆 Dimensionless period of the periodic MF thermal conductivity. Their results showed that for low Ra, by dividing
the conductive barrier into nine small pieces, the absolute values of the
𝜇 Dynamic viscosity (kg/(ms))
heat transfer rate and the current function are significantly reduced.
𝜈 Kinematic viscosity (𝜇∕𝜌) (m2 /s)
The conjugate NC and mixed problem of NF in a closed space is
𝜔 Vorticity studied by Garoosi and Talebi [17] with several pairs of hot and cold
cylinders using the inhomogeneous two-phase Buongiorno model. It
was observed that the total Nu number increased with the increase
of the nanoparticle volume fractions and then decreased. Alsabery
natural movement of nanofluids in a porous closed space. It is noted et al. [18] used the inhomogeneous Buongiorno’s two-phase model to
that the heat transfer between the two phases of the porous enclosure is solve the problem of conjugate NC of NF in a square closed space
significantly reduced by the dispersion of hybrid nanoparticles in water. with concentric solid insert by FDM. Their results showed that the
Shaker et al. [9] analyzed the effect of a non-uniform magnetic field thermal conductivity ratio and solid block size are very good control
(MF) on mixed convection HT of magnetic NF in an open cavity. They parameters for optimizing the heat transfer in the partially heated

2
B. Pekmen Geridonmez and H.F. Oztop
and cooled cavity. Mehryan et al. [19] investigated the conjugate NC
of micropolar NF in a porous closed space by considering the local
thermal instability model with Galerkin FEM. The Nu numbers for each
phase in the porous medium decrease significantly as the thickness of
the solid wall increases. Gibanov et al. [20] made a study on mixed
convection combined with the entropy generation of an alumina–water
NF in a capped cavity with a subsolid wall of finite thickness and
conductivity. Their findings revealed that an increase in the volume
fraction of nanoparticles leads to an increase in HT and a decrease
in the average Be number. Selimefendigil and Oztop [21] worked the
convective HT properties of CNT-water NF in a 3D closed space with an
internally rotating adiabatic circular cylinder separated by a conductive
partition were investigated. Numerical simulations with Galerkin FEM
are preferred. It was observed that the higher the Ri number and the
higher the angular rotational speed of the cylinder are, the higher the
thermal conductivity is obtained. Selimefendigil and Oztop [22] carried
out a study on the thermal performance characteristics for a coupled
conjugate thermofluids system with different cooling configurations. As
the nanoparticle size increased, 6% and 7% reduction in the average Nu
number were detected. Thermal performance estimates were made with
four input and four output systems using artificial neural networks.
Al-Farhany et al. [23] studied the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) con-
jugate HT properties of a porous curved closed space filled with heated
ferrofluid. In their work, two conductive blades are attached to the hot
wall of the closed space and its horizontal walls are insulated. Their
results showed that the average Nu number increased as the modified
Ra and Da numbers and wing length increased, and decreased as the
Hartmann (Ha) number increased. A numerical study by Roy [24], the
NC flow of a hybrid NF in a closed space with multiple heat sources
on the bottom wall were investigated in a magnetic field with different
angles. The FDM was used to solve the numerical problem. The results
revealed that the flow pattern changes significantly with the change
of magnetic field parameter, magnetic field angle, number and width
of heat sources, and Ra number. Habibishandiz and Saghir [25] pub-
lished a review for three commonly used passive techniques as porous
media, nanofluids and microorganisms. Selimefendigil and Oztop [26]
concerned the presence of a curved elastic hot cylinder in a trapezoidal
shaped type of cavity under the effect of non-uniform magnetic field.
They observed that the inclination in the left and right plates have
different impacts on overall convective cooling performance. The im-
pact of bifurcation and field of magnetism on the dynamics of phase
change process are examined in [27]. In [28], the efficiency of elastic
fin and magnetic field on phase change dynamics is studied. According
to the studies examined here, hybrid passive approaches (combinations
of several heat transfer improvement methods) can speed up heat
transfer, but the effectiveness of these methods depends on whether
the increased heat transfer compensates for additional induced pressure
decreases. Although there has been some disagreement in the literature
on the contribution of microorganisms to the intensification of heat
transfer of NF flow in the porous medium, the vast majority of research
have demonstrated the importance of microorganisms in improving HT.
The influence of light, gravity, or chemical substance (oxygen)
causes motile microorganisms to cause a convective motion inside a
fluid which is called as bioconvection. Bacteria absorb the oxygen,
and starts to sink into to the cavity since it is heavier than water.
Combination of this movement with HT has taken attention in some
studies. Sheremet and Pop [29] worked on bioconvection flow in a
porous square cavity involving oxytactic bacteria. Based on Darcy
model, governing dimensionless equations are solved by FDM. Their
results reveal that the reduction in Nu by adding oxytactic bacteria.
Ahmed et al. [30] solved the problem of lid-driven cavity flow con-
sidering porous medium, oxytactic bacteria and a uniform inclined
magnetic field by using FVM. The rise in Ha number reduces the
average Sherwood (Sh) number. Zaman and Gul [31] made a study
on the MHD bioconvective flux of nanomaterial in the framework
of gyrotactic microorganisms. Newton’s conditions were chosen for
3
Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 564 (2022) 170135
thermal, soluble and mobile microorganisms. The importance of var-
ious variables on physical quantities is explained graphically. Zadeh
et al. [32] numerically solved NF flow, heat and mass transfer on a
vertical tension plate under the influence of mobile microorganisms.
The analysis is performed using a two-component four-equation in-
homogeneous equilibrium NF model. Also, the NF was modeled as a
non-Newtonian micropolar fluid. It was found that the angular velocity
of fluid particles increased by increasing microorganism concentration
difference parameter. Balla et al. [33] concerned the presence of oxy-
tactic bacteria in a porous square cavity involving NF. Galerkin FEM
is applied, and Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameters are
also taken into account neglecting inertia terms in governing equations.
Average Sh number increases with the rise in Brownian motion param-
eter and Peclet number, and decreases with the rise in thermophoresis
term. Balla et al. [34] investigated bioconvection in a porous cavity
considering chemical reaction terms in oxygen concentration equations
and utilizing Galerkin FEM. The rise in chemical reaction weakens both
oxygen concentration and number of bacteria. Mandal et al. [35] solved
the mixed convection flow in a cavity of which the left wall is a heated
wavy wall. Inside of the considered porous cavity, oxytactic bacteria
and Cu–water NF also exist. A uniform magnetic field is also applied
to this system. They report that average Sh number increases with
the rise in the number of undulations. Biswas et al. [36] used FVM
to simulate the NC flow of Cu–water NF in a porous cavity including
oxytactic bacteria under the effect of linearly heated left vertical wall
and horizontally applied uniform magnetic field. They showed that the
average Sh number increases with the rise in bioconvection Ra number.
Hussain and Pekmen [37] numerically conducted mixed convection
flow in a porous trapezoidal cavity involving hybrid NF Ag–MgO/water
and oxytactic bacteria under the effect of inclined periodic magnetic
field. They found that the increase in Lewis number ascends the average
Sh number.
In the current problem, to the best of Authors’ knowledge, the effect
of periodic magnetic field on conjugate natural convection flow of a NF,
SiO2 −H2 O, in a cavity with a thermally conducting solid block is firstly
investigated. Oxytactic bacteria is also taken into account in fluid part.
In other words, bioconvection flow in the presence of NF and periodic
magnetic field is examined in a cavity of which the left vertical wall
has a thermally conducting block.
2. Problem formulation
Time independent, two-dimensional, incompressible, laminar flow
of natural convection in a host fluid involving nanoparticles and mi-
croorganism is investigated. The concerned problem is described in
Fig. 1. The top and bottom walls are adiabatic, the left wall is the
hot wall (𝑇ℎ = 1) and the right wall is the cold wall (𝑇𝑐 = 0). A
vertical periodic magnetic field 𝐁 is applied. Nanofluid (SiO2 − H2 O) is
concerned in the square part of the cavity, and nanoparticle suspension
is assumed dilute. Additionally, nanofluid is considered as Newtonian.
Solid block has width of size 𝑑𝑠 . In fluid part, there is also oxytactic
bacteria which is not affected by the presence of nanoparticles. Induced
magnetic field, viscous dissipation, Joule heating and radiation effects
are neglected.
Bearing in mind single phase NF model, some physical relations for
NF may be listed as [38,39]
𝜌𝑛𝑓 = (1 − 𝜙)𝜌𝑓 + 𝜙𝜌𝑛𝑝 (1)
(𝜌𝑐𝑝 )𝑛𝑓 = (1 − 𝜙)(𝜌𝑐𝑝 )𝑓 + 𝜙(𝜌𝑐𝑝 )𝑛𝑝 (2)
(𝜌𝛽)𝑛𝑓 = (1 − 𝜙)(𝜌𝛽)𝑓 + 𝜙(𝜌𝛽)𝑛𝑝 (3)
−2.5
𝜇𝑛𝑓 = 𝜇𝑓 (1 − 𝜙) (4)
(𝑘𝑛𝑝 + (𝑛𝑛 − 1)𝑘𝑓 ) − (𝑛𝑛 − 1)𝜙(𝑘𝑓 − 𝑘𝑛𝑝 )
𝑘𝑛𝑓 = 𝑘𝑓 (5)
(𝑘𝑛𝑝 + (𝑛𝑛 − 1)𝑘𝑓 ) + 𝜙(𝑘𝑓 − 𝑘𝑛𝑝 )
(𝜎𝑛𝑝 + (𝑛𝑛 − 1)𝜎𝑓 ) − (𝑛𝑛 − 1)𝜙(𝜎𝑓 − 𝜎𝑛𝑝 )
𝜎𝑛𝑓 = 𝜎𝑓 , (6)
(𝜎𝑛𝑝 + (𝑛𝑛 − 1)𝜎𝑓 ) + 𝜙(𝜎𝑓 − 𝜎𝑛𝑝 )
B. Pekmen Geridonmez and H.F. Oztop Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 564 (2022) 170135

∇2 𝑇𝑠 = 0, (7g)
(𝜌𝑐𝑝 )𝑛𝑝
where 𝜁 = , 𝐷𝑏 is the oxygen diffusivity, 𝐷𝑇 is the thermophore-
(𝜌𝑐𝑝 )𝑓
sis diffusion coefficient, 𝐷𝑁 is the oxytactic bacteria’s diffusivity, 𝛿𝑁 is
𝑏𝑊𝑐 𝜕𝜉 𝑏𝑊𝑐 𝜕𝜉
the consumption of oxygen by bacteria, 𝑢𝑐 = and 𝑣𝑐 =
𝛥𝜉 𝜕𝑥 𝛥𝜉 𝜕𝑦
are mean swimming velocities of bacteria in which 𝛥𝜉 = 𝜉0 − 𝜉min
and 𝑏, 𝑊𝑐 are constants of chemotaxis and maximum speed of cell
swimming, respectively, 𝛼𝑛𝑓 = 𝑘𝑛𝑓 ∕((𝜌𝑐𝑝 )𝑛𝑝 ) is the thermal diffusivity of
NF, 𝛾𝑣 is the average value of a bacteria, 𝛥𝜌 = 𝜌𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 − 𝜌𝑛𝑓 is the density
difference and subindex 𝑠 refers to solid.
In order to derive dimensionless equations, the following dimen-
sionless variables are introduced
(𝑥, 𝑦) (𝑢, 𝑣)𝐿 ′ 𝑝𝐿2
(𝑥′ , 𝑦′ ) = , (𝑢′ , 𝑣′ ) = ,𝑝 = , (8)
𝐿 𝛼𝑓 𝜌𝑓 𝛼𝑓2
𝑇 − 𝑇𝑐 ′ 𝜉 − 𝜉min 𝑁 𝜆
𝑇′ = ,𝜉 = , 𝑁′ = , 𝜆′ = , (9)
𝛥𝑇 𝛥𝜉 𝑁0 𝐿
where 𝐿 is the characteristic length, 𝛥𝑇 = 𝑇ℎ − 𝑇𝑐 , and 𝑁0 is the
Fig. 1. Configuration of the flow, problem geometry and coordinates. B = A
average number density of bacteria. These variables are substituted
⟨𝐵0 sin(𝜋𝑦∕𝜆), 0, 0⟩. into the dimensional governing equations, and then the prime notations
are dropped. In the obtained form, pressure terms are also eliminated
Table 1 by applying the definition of vorticity 𝑤 = ∇ × 𝐮 to the momentum
Physical properties of water and nanoparticle [42,43]. equations. Continuity equation is also satisfied by defining the velocity
Physical property Water SiO2
𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝜓
components in terms of stream function as 𝑢 = ,𝑣 = − . Thus,
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜌 (kg∕m3 ) 997.1 2220
𝑐𝑝 (J∕(kgK)) 4179 745 dimensionless equations in stream function-vorticity form are
𝑘 (W∕(mK)) 0.613 1.4
𝛽 (1∕K) 21 × 10−5 42.7 × 10−5 ∇2 𝜓 = −𝑤 (10a)
( )
𝜎 (1∕Ω) 0.05 10−18 𝛼𝑛𝑓 2 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝜉 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝜉
∇ 𝑇 =𝑢 +𝑣 − 𝑁𝑏 +
𝛼𝑓 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
[( )2 ( )2 ]
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
− 𝑁𝑡 + (10b)
where subindices 𝑓 , 𝑛𝑝, 𝑛𝑓 refer to fluid, nanoparticle and nanofluid, 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
respectively, 𝜌 is the density, 𝜌𝑐𝑝 is the specific heat at constant pres-
∇2 𝑇𝑠 = 0 (10c)
sure, 𝛽 is the thermal expansion coefficient, 𝜇 is the dynamic viscosity
1 2 𝜕𝜉 𝜕𝜉 𝜐 𝑁𝑡
(modeled by Brinkman’s model [40]), 𝑘 is the thermal conductivity ∇ 𝜉=𝑢 +𝑣 + 𝑁− ∇2 𝑇 (10d)
𝐿𝑒 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝐿𝑒 𝑁𝑏𝐿𝑒
and 𝜎 is the electrical conductivity (𝑘𝑛𝑓 and 𝜎𝑛𝑓 models are based ( )
1 2 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑁 𝑃𝑒 𝜕𝜉 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝜉 𝜕𝑁
on Maxwell’s model [41]). Note that only electrical conductivity of ∇ 𝑁 =𝑢 +𝑣 + 𝑁∇2 𝜉 + + (10e)
𝐿𝑒 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝐿𝑒 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
nanofluid in the last equation is written as in thermal conductivity. This ( ) ( )
𝜇𝑛𝑓 𝜌𝑛𝑓 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 (𝜌𝛽)𝑛𝑓 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑁
is a difference from Refs. [38,39] in which the used model of electrical 𝑃 𝑟∇2 𝑤 = 𝜒 𝑢 +𝑣 − 𝑅𝑎𝑃 𝑟 − 𝑅𝑏
𝜇𝑓 𝜌𝑓 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜌𝑓 𝛽𝑓 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
conductivity is obtained for 𝑛𝑛 = 3. ( )
𝜎𝑛𝑓 𝑦 𝜕𝑣
Physical properties of water and SiO2 is given in Table 1. Nanoparti- + 𝐻𝑎2 𝑃 𝑟𝐴2 sin2 , (10f)
cles are concerned in platelet shape. Therefore, shape factor for platelet 𝜎𝑓 𝜆 𝜕𝑥
shape is fixed at 𝑛𝑛 = 5.7. where Brownian motion parameter 𝑁𝑏, Thermophoresis parameter 𝑁𝑡,
Dimensional equations as a combination of continuity equation, Lewis number 𝐿𝑒, Peclet number 𝑃 𝑒, Hartmann number 𝐻𝑎, Prandtl
momentum equations, energy equation in fluid part, oxygen concen- number 𝑃 𝑟, Rayleigh number 𝑅𝑎, bioconvection Rayleigh number 𝑅𝑏
tration, number of microorganisms and diffusion equation in solid part and constants 𝜒, 𝜐 are defined as
are [33,36] 𝛼𝑓 √ 𝜇𝑓
𝜁 𝐷𝑏 𝛥𝜉 𝜁 𝐷𝑇 𝛥𝑇 𝑏𝑊𝑐 𝜎
𝑁𝑏 = , 𝑁𝑡 = , 𝐿𝑒 = , 𝑃𝑒 = , 𝐻𝑎 = 𝐵𝐿 , 𝑃𝑟 = ,
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝛼𝑓 𝛼𝑓 𝑇𝑐 𝐷𝑏 𝐷𝑁 𝜇 𝜌𝑓 𝛼𝑓
+ =0 (7a)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 (11)
( )
𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝑔𝛽𝑓 𝛥𝑇 𝐿3 𝛿𝑁0 𝐿2
𝜇𝑛𝑓 ∇2 𝑢 = + 𝜌𝑛𝑓 𝑢 +𝑣 (7b) 𝑅𝑎 = , 𝑅𝑏 =
𝛾𝛥𝜌𝑁0 𝐷
,𝜒 = 𝑏 ,𝜐= . (12)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜈𝑓 𝛼𝑓 𝜌𝑓 𝛽𝑓 𝛥𝑇 𝐷𝑁 𝐷𝑏 𝛥𝜉
( )
2 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝜇𝑛𝑓 ∇ 𝑣 = + 𝜌𝑛𝑓 𝑢 +𝑣 Boundary conditions may be stated as follows :,
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
( )
𝜋𝑦 𝑢=𝑣=𝜓 =0 on 𝑥 = 𝑑𝑠 , 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑑𝑠 , 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 1
+ 𝜎𝑛𝑓 𝐴2 𝐵02 sin2 𝑣 + [𝛾𝑣 𝛥𝜌𝑁 − (𝜌𝛽)𝑛𝑓 (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑐 )𝑔] (7c)
𝜆
(13)
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
𝛼𝑛𝑓 ∇2 𝑇 = 𝑢 +𝑣
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑇𝑐 = 0, on 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑑𝑠 , 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1 (14)
[ ( ) (( )2 ( )2 )]
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝜉 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝜉 𝐷 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜉 = 1, 𝑁 = 1, on 𝑥 = 𝑑𝑠 and 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑑𝑠 , 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1
− 𝜁 𝐷𝑏 + + 𝑇 + (7d)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑇𝑐 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 (15)
2 𝜕𝜉 𝜕𝜉 𝐷𝑇 2 𝜕𝜉 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑇
𝐷𝑏 ∇ 𝜉 = 𝑢 +𝑣 + 𝛿𝑁 − ∇ 𝑇 (7e) 𝜉 = 1, 𝑃 𝑒𝑁 = , =0 on 𝑦 = 0, 𝑑𝑠 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 + 𝑑𝑠 (16)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑇𝑐 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
( ) ( )
𝜕 𝜕𝑁 𝜕 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝜉 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑇
𝑢𝑁 + 𝑢𝑐 𝑁 − 𝐷𝑁 + 𝑣𝑁 + 𝑣𝑐 𝑁 − 𝐷𝑁 =0 (7f) = = =0 on 𝑦 = 1, 𝑑𝑠 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 + 𝑑𝑠 (17)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

4
B. Pekmen Geridonmez and H.F. Oztop Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 564 (2022) 170135

⎛ 𝛤 (‖𝐱1 − 𝐱1 ‖) 𝛤 (‖𝐱1 − 𝐱2𝑐 ‖)

𝑐 … 𝑐 ‖)
𝛤 (‖𝐱𝟏 − 𝐱𝑛𝑠 | 1 𝑥1 𝑦1 ⎞ ⎛ 𝛾1 ⎞ ⎛ 𝑢(𝐱1 ) ⎞
⎜ 𝛤 (‖𝐱2 − 𝐱𝑐 ‖) 𝛤 (‖𝐱2 − 𝐱2𝑐 ‖) … 𝑐 ‖)
𝛤 (‖𝐱2 − 𝐱𝑛𝑠 | 1 𝑥2 𝑦2 ⎟ ⎜ 𝛾2 ⎟ ⎜ 𝑢(𝐱2 ) ⎟
⎜ 1 ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⎟⎜ ⋮ ⎟ ⎜ ⋮ ⎟
⎜ 𝛤 (‖𝐱𝑁 − 𝐱1𝑐 ‖) 𝛤 (‖𝐱𝑁 − 𝐱2𝑐 ‖) … 𝛤 (‖𝐱𝑁 − 𝐱𝑛𝑠𝑐 ‖) | 1 𝑥𝑛𝑠 ⎟
𝑦𝑛𝑠 𝛾𝑛𝑠⎜ ⎟ ⎜𝑢(𝐱𝑛𝑠 )⎟
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ (22)
⎜− − − − − − −− − − − − − − −− −− − − − − − − −− −− −− −− −−⎟ ⎜−−⎟ ⎜ −− ⎟
⎜ 1 1 … 1 | 0 0 0 ⎟ ⎜ 𝜂1 ⎟ ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎜ 𝑥1 𝑥2 … 𝑥𝑛𝑠 | 0 0 0 ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ 𝜂2 ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ 0 ⎟⎟
⎜
⎝ 𝑦1 𝑦2 … 𝑦𝑛𝑠 | 0 0 0 ⎠ ⎝ 𝜂3 ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠

Box I.

𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
= 𝑘𝑟 𝑠 , on 𝑥 = 𝑑𝑠 , 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1 (18) 1. Nodes inside a stencil centered at a node 𝐱𝑖 are determined. Let
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 these nodes be 𝐱𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑐 .
𝑇ℎ = 1 on 𝑥 = 0, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1, (19) 2. Nodes in 𝐱𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑐 are shifted and centered at origin as described
where 𝑘𝑟 = 𝑘𝑠 ∕𝑘𝑓 is the thermal conductivity ratio. in [46]. Then, a scaling on these nodes is done with 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 =
1∕𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝑎𝑏𝑠(𝐱𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑐 )) as is introduced by Tominec [47]. Another scal-
3. Method of solution ing is also mentioned in [48].
3. Matrix 𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑤 with 𝐱𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑐 utilizing a polyharmonic spline RBF is
Many researchers are attracted by radial basis functions in the last established. The right hand side of Eq. (22) may also involve
years because of the dependence of the discretization to the radial 𝑥-, 𝑦- and 𝑥𝑥+𝑦𝑦 derivatives, too, as can be noted in [46].
distance between points in the concerned domain. Novel books [44, 4. 𝛹 (or 𝛹𝑥 (for 𝑥-derivatives) or 𝛹𝑦 (for 𝑦-derivatives) or 𝛹2 (for
45] involve very useful details on RBFs both in theoretical and in Laplacian)) is found and the its first ns terms are saved.
application approaches. 5. Each row of the obtained large sparse matrix corresponds to a
RBF-FD is a local method in which the localization is constructed center point’s index, and entries correspond to the indices of
inside stencils. The progress of the method is very well explained in stencil nodes with that center point.
Flyer et al. [46].
After finding the differentiation matrices, say 𝐷𝑥 , 𝐷𝑦 and 𝐷2 for
Let 𝛺𝑖 be a stencil centered at 𝐱𝑖 involving ns number of points
the 𝑥-, 𝑦- and the Laplacian, respectively, iterative solution of the
around 𝐱𝑖 . In this stencil, the conventional RBF interpolation would be
dimensionless nonlinear governing equations is performed as follows

∑
𝑛𝑠 ∑
𝑚
𝑢(𝐱) ≈ 𝑠(𝐱) = 𝛾𝑖 𝛤 (‖𝐱 − 𝐱𝑖 ‖) + 𝜂𝑘 𝑝𝑘 (𝑥), (20) 𝐷2 𝜓 𝑛+1 = −𝑤𝑛 (27a)
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛+1 𝑛+1
subject to the constraints 𝑢=𝑢 = 𝐷𝑦 𝜓 , 𝑣 = 𝑣 = −𝐷𝑥 𝜓 (27b)
( )
𝛼𝑛𝑓
∑
𝑛𝑠
𝐷2 − 𝑀 𝑇 𝑛+1 = −𝑁𝑏([𝐷𝑥 𝑇 𝑛 ]𝑑 𝐷𝑥 𝜉 𝑛 + [𝐷𝑦 𝑇 𝑛 ]𝑑 𝐷𝑦 𝜉 𝑛 )
𝛾𝑖 𝑝𝑘 (𝑥𝑖 ) = 0, 𝑘 = 1, 2, … , 𝑚, (21) 𝛼𝑓
𝑖=1
− 𝑁𝑡[(𝐷𝑥 𝑇 𝑛 )2 + (𝐷𝑦 𝑇 𝑛 )2 ] (27c)
where 𝛤 is a radial basis function depending on the radial distance
𝑟 = ‖𝐱 − 𝐱𝑖 ‖2 with 𝐱 = (𝑥, 𝑦) and center 𝐱𝑖 = (𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 ), 𝑚 is the total 𝐷2 𝑇𝑠𝑛+1 = 0 (27d)
( ) 𝑛
number of augmented polynomial terms, and ns is the number of nodes 1 𝜐𝑁 𝑁𝑡
𝐷 − 𝑀 𝜉 𝑛+1 = − 𝐷 𝑇 𝑛+1 (27e)
in a stencil. 𝐿𝑒 2 𝐿𝑒 𝑁𝑏𝐿𝑒 2
( { })
Eq. (20) with linear polynomials 1, 𝑥, 𝑦 may be written as Eq. (22) 1 𝑃𝑒
𝐷 −𝑀 − [𝐷2 𝜉]𝑛+1 + [𝐷𝑥 𝜉 𝑛+1 ]𝑑 𝐷𝑥 + [𝐷𝑦 𝜉 𝑛+1 ]𝑑 𝐷𝑦 𝑁 𝑛+1
which is given in Box I. where superscript ‘c’ refers to center. Equiva- 𝐿𝑒 2 𝐿𝑒 𝑑
lently, Eq. (22) may be expressed in matrix–vector form as
=0 (27f)
(𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑤 )𝛶 = 𝑢𝑖 (𝐱) ⟹ 𝛶 = (𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑤 )−1 𝑢𝑖 (𝐱), (23) ( ) ( )
𝜇𝑛𝑓 𝜌𝑛𝑓 (𝜌𝛽) 𝑛𝑓
𝑃 𝑟𝐷2 − 𝜒 𝑀 𝑤𝑛+1 = −𝑅𝑎𝑃 𝑟 𝐷𝑥 𝑇 𝑛+1 − 𝑅𝑏𝐷𝑥 𝑁 𝑛+1
in which 𝛶 is the vector involving the terms 𝛾1 , … , 𝛾𝑛𝑠 , 𝜂1{
, … , 𝜂3 . 𝜇𝑓 𝜌𝑓 𝜌𝑓 𝛽𝑓
( )
1 if 𝑖 = 𝑗 𝜎𝑛𝑓 𝑦
With the help of the cardinal basis function 𝜗𝑗 (𝐱𝑖 ) = + 𝐻𝑎2 𝑃 𝑟𝐴2 sin2 𝐷𝑥 𝑣𝑛+1 (27g)
0 if 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗, 𝜎𝑓 𝜆
𝑗 = 1, … , 𝑛𝑠, interpolant may also be expressed as where 𝑀 is the matrix equal to [𝑢]𝑑 𝐷𝑥 + [𝑣]𝑑 𝐷𝑦 , 𝑑 stands for diagonal,
𝑖
𝑠𝑖 (𝐱) = 𝛹 (𝐱)𝑢 (𝐱), (24) and 𝑛 is the iteration level.
The difficulty in the construction of matrices is noted in case of
where 𝛹 = [𝜗1 (𝑥), 𝜗2 (𝑥), … 𝜗𝑛𝑠 (𝑥), 𝜗𝑛𝑠+1 (𝑥), 𝜗𝑛𝑠+2 (𝑥), 𝜗𝑛𝑠+3 (𝑥)]. the combination of temperature in fluid part and solid part due to the
Note that at a point 𝐱, if 𝛶 is known, interpolation would be common interface. Flux boundary condition Eq. (18) must be added to
𝑠𝑖 (𝐱) = 𝛷(𝐱)𝛶 , or 𝑠𝑖 (𝐱) = 𝛷(𝐱)(𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑤 )−1 𝑢𝑖 (𝐱), (25) the fluid plus solid matrix carefully.
Using the definition of vorticity, unknown vorticity boundary con-
where 𝛷(𝐱) = [𝛤 (‖𝐱 − 𝐱1𝑐 ‖), 𝛤 (‖𝐱 − 𝐱2𝑐 ‖), … , 𝛤 (‖𝐱 − 𝐱𝑛𝑠
𝑐 ‖), 1, 𝑥, 𝑦].
ditions are managed as
Combining equations Eqs. (24) and (25), 𝛹 (𝐱) is found as
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
𝜔= − = 𝐷𝑥 𝑣𝑚+1 − 𝐷𝑦 𝑢𝑚+1 . (28)
𝛹 (𝐱)𝑢𝑖 (𝐱) = 𝛷(𝐱)(𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑤 )−1 𝑢𝑖 (𝐱) ⟹ 𝛹 (𝐱) = 𝛷(𝐱)(𝐴𝑛𝑒𝑤 )−1 , (26) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

note that 𝛹 is a vector of size 1 × (𝑛𝑠 + 3), but the last three terms are The iteration terminates if
not taken into account. ‖𝜓 𝑛+1 − 𝜓 𝑛 ‖∞ ‖𝑇 𝑛+1 − 𝑇 𝑛 ‖∞ ‖𝜔𝑛+1 − 𝜔𝑛 ‖∞ ‖𝜉 𝑛+1 − 𝜉 𝑛 ‖∞
Implementation is based on the following steps : + + +
‖𝜓 𝑛+1 ‖∞ ‖𝑇 𝑛+1 ‖∞ ‖𝜔𝑛+1 ‖∞ ‖𝜉 𝑛+1 ‖∞

5
B. Pekmen Geridonmez and H.F. Oztop Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 564 (2022) 170135

Table 2 Table 4
Comparison of 𝑁𝑢 along the solid–fluid interface in case of conjugate Grid independency with 𝑅𝑎 = 105 , 𝐻𝑎 = 10, 𝐴 =
natural convection. totN=2009. 𝜆 = 𝑘𝑟 = 𝑅𝑏 = 𝑃 𝑒 = 𝐿𝑒 = 1, 𝑁𝑏 = 𝑁𝑡 = 0.1.
𝑅𝑎 𝑘𝑟 Present Al-Amiri et al. [49] TotN 𝑁𝑢𝑖
7 × 102 1 0.87 0.87 806 2.016
5 1.02 1.02 2009 2.030
10 1.04 1.04 3111 2.023
7 × 103 1 1.35 1.35
5 1.82 1.83
10 1.91 1.92
7 × 104 1 2.09 2.08 4.2. Grid independency
5 3.42 3.42
10 3.72 3.72
Grid points are distributed as equally spaced nodes. It is observed
Table 3
that uniform node distribution gives convergent results in usage of
Comparison of 𝑁𝑢 and 𝑆ℎ numbers in a bioconvection flow. totN=41 × 41. RBF-FD. Independency from grid distribution is examined in Table 4.
𝑅𝑎 𝑅𝑏 𝐿𝑒 𝑃𝑒 𝑁𝑢 𝑆ℎ Regarding to the results of Table 4, total number of nodes (totN) is
Ref. [29] Present Ref. [29] Present
kept at 2009 at all executions holding polyharmonic spline RBF 𝑓 = 𝑟7
augmented with cubic polynomials (1, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑥2 , 𝑥𝑦, 𝑦2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥2 𝑦, 𝑥𝑦2 , 𝑦3 ).
10 10 1 0.1 1.0775 1.0773 0.3368 0.3363
1 1.0720 1.0714 0.3296 0.3291
10 0.1 1.0771 1.0769 0.2556 0.2549
1 1.0397 1.0393 0.2298 0.2291 4.3. Discussion on the current problem
100 1 0.1 1.0717 1.0710 0.3447 0.3442
1 1.1723 1.1871 0.3650 0.3694
100 10 1 0.1 3.0910 3.1692 0.2506 0.2482 At all calculations, 𝑃 𝑟 = 6.93, 𝑑𝑠 = 0.2, 𝜒 = 𝜐 = 1 and 𝜙 = 0.04 are
1 2.6560 2.6870 0.2270 0.2253 fixed.
In Fig. 2, the variation in Hartmann number is examined. The fixed
parameters are 𝑅𝑎 = 105 , 𝐴 = 𝜆 = 1 = 𝑃 𝑒 = 𝐿𝑒 = 𝑅𝑏 and 𝑁𝑡 = 𝑁𝑏 =
‖𝑁 𝑛+1 − 𝑁 𝑛 ‖∞ 0.1. Primary vortex in streamlines are separated into two cells because
+ < 𝜀, (29) of a horizontally applied one big wave of periodic magnetic field as
‖𝑁 𝑛+1 ‖∞
𝐻𝑎 is elevated. The fluid velocity is also suppressed under the effect
in which 𝜀 = 10−5 is the tolerance. of large Lorentz force. Convective behavior in isotherms are retarded,
A relaxation parameter, 𝜏, in interval (0, 1) is employed after solving and they become almost parallel to the vertical walls as 𝐻𝑎 increases
the vorticity transport equation as in fluid part. Also, temperature distribution becomes more steeper with
increasing of Ha number due to decreasing of kinetic energy. Thus,
𝜔𝑛+1 = 𝜏𝑤𝑛+1 + (1 − 𝜏)𝑤𝑛 . (30) conduction mode of heat transfer becomes dominant onto convection.
In oxygen concentration, the left big cell is inhibited in the presence of
Average Nusselt number along the interface separating solid and
large magnetic field intensity, and the value of center cell decreases
fluid part (𝑥 = 𝑑𝑠 , 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1) is calculated as
while a similar behavior is seen in the right cell in which solutal
𝑘𝑛𝑓 1
𝜕𝑇 boundary layer weakens. Since the oxygen concentration is reduced at
𝑁𝑢𝑖 = − 𝑑𝑦, (31)
𝑘𝑓 ∫0 𝜕𝑥 larger Hartmann numbers, the number of bacteria also decreases as is
seen in isolines of the number of microorganisms.
Similarly, average Sherwood number is both checked in interface and
The variation in period of periodic magnetic field is observed in
on the right cold vertical wall by using
Fig. 3. In case of 𝜆 = 1, one big wave of applied magnetic field
1 1
𝜕𝜉 𝜕𝜉 has more inhibitive effect on both fluid flow and heat transfer. No
𝑆ℎ𝑖 = − 𝑑𝑦, 𝑆ℎ𝑟 = 𝑑𝑦. (32)
∫0 𝜕𝑥 ∫0 𝜕𝑥 much change in behavior of oxygen and microorganism concentrations
Each integral is numerically computed by composite Simpson’s 1/3 occurs. A significant effect of 𝜆 is noticed at 𝜆 = 0.75. Fluid flows
rule. fastest comparing to the other periods. There is no significant change on
temperature distribution with periodic magnetic field. Microorganisms
close to the top wall tend to move inside of the cavity.
4. Numerical results In Fig. 4, fluid flow, heat transfer, oxygen and bacteria concen-
trations are illustrated for various values of amplitude of periodic
RBF-FD is implemented in an in-house code in Matlab R2022a and magnetic field. As expected, if the amplitude is small, then the effect
all computations are made on a computer with 2.3 GhZ Quad-Core Intel of magnetic field will be less due to the existence of amplitude term
Core i7 Processor and 32 GB memory. as a product. As 𝐴 increases, the dampening in each contours is seen.
Double circulation cells are formed with higher amplitudes, and also
temperature is affected from the higher value of amplitudes.
4.1. Validation
The change in Brownian motion parameter 𝑁𝑏 is displayed in
Fig. 5. From the definition of 𝑁𝑏, we understand that 𝑁𝑏 is directly
Two validation problems are concerned. In the first comparison, a proportional to oxygen diffusivity. That is, the increase in 𝑁𝑏 results
conjugate natural convection flow problem is solved as described in in the increase in oxygen diffusivity. Oxygen concentration contours
Ref. [1]. As is seen in Table 2, our results are in good agreement with confirm this situation, and big secondary cell at 𝑁𝑏 = 0.1 is unified
the results obtained by Al-Amiri et al. [49]. with the left secondary cell in cavity at 𝑁𝑏 = 0.5 and 𝑁𝑏 = 1. Since
In the second comparison, natural convection flow in case of oxy- the oxygen diffusion increases, we expect the increase in the number of
tactic bacteria is solved in a square cavity in which the left vertical wall bacteria. The fluid also flows faster as 𝑁𝑏 rises. There is huge difference
is the hot wall. 𝑁𝑢 and 𝑆ℎ numbers along the left hot vertical wall are on microorganism and oxygen concentration for the lowest and highest
compared. The present results with RBF-FD are in good agreement with values of Brownian motion parameter but temperature is not affected
the results of the paper [29] (see Table 3). from this changing.

6
B. Pekmen Geridonmez and H.F. Oztop
Fig. 2. Variation of 𝐻𝑎 when 𝑅𝑎 = 105 , 𝐴 = 𝜆 = 1 = 𝑘𝑟 = 𝑃 𝑒 = 𝐿𝑒 = 𝑅𝑏, 𝑁𝑡 = 𝑁𝑏 = 0.1.
Fig. 6 demonstrates the behavior under the influence of ther-
mophoresis alteration. 𝑁𝑡 number is directly proportional to ther-
mophoretic diffusion coefficient. The increment in 𝑁𝑡 causes heat
transfer to behave as conductive, and the flow velocity also decreases
as is seen in central streamline values. Oxygen diffusion decreases in
primary cell in oxygen concentration while it increases in the secondary
cell. Similar formation is seen in contours of number of bacteria.
In Fig. 7, the change in conductivity ratio 𝑘𝑟 = 𝑘𝑠 ∕𝑘𝑓 is examined
when 𝐻𝑎 = 10, 𝑅𝑎 = 104 . The core values in streamlines increase with
the rise in 𝑘𝑟 which means that fluid flows faster if 𝑘𝑠 > 𝑘𝑓 . Convective
behavior in isotherms is also pronounced at 𝑘𝑟 = 10 comparing to
𝑘𝑟 = 0.1. A secondary cell formation in oxygen concentration contours
emerges at 𝑘𝑟 = 1 and becomes bigger at 𝑘𝑟 = 10. Oxygen concentration
increases, and therefore the number of bacteria increases inside the
fluid part of the cavity.
Fig. 8 shows the alteration in Rayleigh number. As expected, the
rise in Rayleigh number causes HT to become more convective due
to increasing of kinetic energy. This appears in isotherms obviously.
Oxygen concentration in the primary cell at 𝑅𝑎 = 103 moves to the
inside of the cavity while the secondary cell arises close to the solid
block at 𝑅𝑎 = 105 . Similarly, primary cell in number of microorganisms
at 𝑅𝑎 = 103 significantly moves to the inside of the cavity while the
secondary cell at 𝑅𝑎 = 104 is pushed from the left part to the top of
the cavity at 𝑅𝑎 = 105 . These results showed that there is a remarkable
movement in bacteria with the rise in oxygen concentration as a result
of rise in natural convection.
Fig. 9 shows the behavior under the effect of varying bioconvection
Rayleigh numbers. Primary cell in streamlines is separated into two
7
Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 564 (2022) 170135
cells in streamlines and the flow velocity and expansion in these cells
increase as 𝑅𝑏 rises. Almost conductive behavior of isotherms are
perturbed obviously in isotherms. The influence of wavy magnetic field
is felt. Diffusion of oxygen concentration along the top wall decreases,
and bacteria moves oscillatory inside the cavity while the microorgan-
ism isoconcentration lines are expanding through the bottom of the
cavity.
The variation in Lewis number is examined in Fig. 10. With the
increment in 𝐿𝑒, faster flow and a little bit more convective behavior
are noted in streamlines and isotherms, respectively. The significant
convective mass transfer is seen in oxygen concentrations, and in the
number of bacteria contours as well. Two cells in oxygen concentration
at 𝐿𝑒 = 1 are unified by the elongated primary cell to the inside of the
cavity efficiently. It is clear from the obtained results that Le number
is highly effective on both microorganisms and oxygen concentration.
The advance in Peclet number 𝑃 𝑒 is analyzed in Fig. 11. The rise
in Peclet number causes fluid flow to be dampened, and center of core
vortex shifts to the right comparing streamlines at 𝑃 𝑒 = 0.1 and 𝑃 𝑒 = 1.
In isotherms, convective behavior from almost hot interface (while
𝑘𝑟 = 1) to the cold wall at 𝑃 𝑒 = 0.1 is reduced a little bit at 𝑃 𝑒 = 5.
If the increase in 𝑃 𝑒 may be concerned as the increase in swimming
velocity of bacteria and decrease in diffusion in oxygen concentration,
this seems to be verified in contours. Oxygen concentration along the
top wall decreases, and the left cell at 𝑃 𝑒 = 0.1 lessen at 𝑃 𝑒 = 5. Left cell
in microorganism isoconcentrations moves to the bottom of the cavity
from 𝑃 𝑒 = 0.1 to 𝑃 𝑒 = 5 propelling the right cell to the top wall of the
cavity which means that the number of bacteria decreases at the top
wall.
B. Pekmen Geridonmez and H.F. Oztop
Fig. 3. Variation of 𝜆 when 𝑅𝑎 = 105 , 𝐻𝑎 = 30, 𝐴 = 1 = 𝑘𝑟 = 𝑃 𝑒 = 𝐿𝑒 = 𝑅𝑏, 𝑁𝑡 = 𝑁𝑏 = 0.1.
The effect of partial MF on fluid flow and heat transfer is indicated
in Fig. 12. In this case, Lorentz force terms are only taken into account
inside the impact region of partial MF. The length of the partial MF is
fixed at 0.5 and the center of the partial magnetic field (𝑐𝐵 ) is changed.
The most suppressing effect of partial MF on fluid flow occurs when the
center is at 𝑐𝐵 = 0.5. Core vortex in streamlines is pushed outside of the
impact region of the partial MF. Inside of this impact region, isotherms
are seen more stabilized or dampened. Oxygen concentration seems
reduced at 𝑐𝐵 = 0.5 looking at the left small secondary cell values.
Similar case is seen in the contours in the number of bacteria.
The influence of the length of the conducting solid block (𝑙𝑜) is
checked in Fig. 13. In this case, the center of the solid body (𝑐𝑜) is
fixed at 0.5. The left vertical wall is fixed at hot boundary condition,
and flux conditions for temperature in solid–fluid interfaces are held.
At length 𝑙𝑜 = 0.25 and 𝑙𝑜 = 0.5, core vortex in streamlines seen in 𝑙𝑜 = 1
is separated into two small cells, and the smallest fluid velocity is seen
at 𝑙𝑜 = 0.5. In case of 𝑙𝑜 = 1, convective heat transfer as well as fluid
velocity is noted higher than the other cases. Oxygen concentration and
the number of bacteria are also better at 𝑙𝑜 = 1. If the center of the
block (𝑐𝑜) is changed keeping 𝑙𝑜 as 0.5, not too much change is noted in
contours, but smaller velocity is exhibited in core values of streamlines
when 𝑐𝑜 = 0.5 (see Fig. 14).
Fig. 15 portrays different cases for 𝑁𝑢𝑖 , 𝑆ℎ𝑖 , 𝑆ℎ𝑟 .
(a) In Fig. 15(a), 𝐻𝑎 variation in different 𝑘𝑟 values is checked.
No effect of Lorentz force on convective heat transfer is seen at
𝑘𝑟 = 0.1. At 𝑘𝑟 = 1 and 𝑘𝑟 = 10, convective heat transfer (CHT)
is reduced with the rise in 𝐻𝑎 number for 𝐻𝑎 > 30. Convective
mass transfer (CMT) through the right wall is decreasing with the
8
Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 564 (2022) 170135
rise in 𝐻𝑎 at any 𝑘𝑟 while an increase in CMT is seen along the
interface for 𝐻𝑎 > 10.
(b) In Fig. 15(b), the variation of period of periodic magnetic field in
different 𝑘𝑟 values is indicated. Not much change at a specific 𝐻𝑎
value 𝐻𝑎 = 25 is noted for any 𝑘𝑟 values.
(c) In Fig. 15(c), 𝐻𝑎 and period variation are checked, and CHT is
the largest at 𝜆 = 0.75 at 𝐻𝑎 = 50 and 𝐻𝑎 = 100. This means that
CHT is affected by period at large 𝐻𝑎 numbers (𝐻𝑎 = 50,100).
CMT in interface is the smallest and CMT in the right wall is the
largest at 𝜆 = 0.75 when 𝐻𝑎 = 100. It is understood that CMT
is affected by period larger than 𝐻𝑎 = 50. Note also that after
𝜆 = 0.75, at 𝜆 = 1, a sharp change on CMT at 𝑘𝑟 = 10 occurs.
(d) In Fig. 15(d) variation of bioconvection Rayleigh number in dif-
ferent 𝑘𝑟 values is observed. CHT is not affected by 𝑅𝑏 at 𝑘𝑟 = 0.1.
It increases at 𝑘𝑟 = 1 and 𝑘𝑟 = 10. CMT in interface makes a pick
at 𝑅𝑏 = 10, then it decreases with the rise in 𝑅𝑏, and reverse arises
in the right wall.
(e) In Fig. 15(e), Lewis number and 𝑘𝑟 variation are monitored. A
small increase in CHT is noted at 𝑘𝑟 = 1, 10 between 𝐿𝑒 = 1 and
𝐿𝑒 = 3. The main impact of 𝐿𝑒 is noticed in CMT at 𝑘𝑟 = 1, 10.
CMT boosts as 𝐿𝑒 increases in interface, and a symmetric inverse
behavior as a decay is seen in the right wall.
(f) In Fig. 15(f), different 𝑃 𝑒 and 𝑘𝑟 values are set. Reduction in CHT
with the increase in 𝑃 𝑟 at 𝑘𝑟 = 1, 10 appears. Increase in CMT in
interface and decrease in CMT in the right wall are exhibited.
(g) In Fig. 15(g), thermophoresis parameter and 𝑘𝑟 diversity are
examined. The rise in 𝑁𝑡 causes CHT to decrease at 𝑘𝑟 = 1, 10.
While CMT in interface changes its behavior at 𝑁𝑡 = 0.5 between
B. Pekmen Geridonmez and H.F. Oztop Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 564 (2022) 170135

Fig. 4. Variation of 𝐴 when 𝑅𝑎 = 105 , 𝐻𝑎 = 50, 𝜆 = 1 = 𝑃 𝑒 = 𝐿𝑒 = 𝑘𝑟 = 𝑅𝑏, 𝑁𝑡 = 𝑁𝑏 = 0.1.

Fig. 5. Variation of 𝑁𝑏 when 𝑅𝑎 = 105 , 𝐻𝑎 = 25, 𝜆 = 𝐴 = 1 = 𝑘𝑟 = 𝑃 𝑒 = 𝐿𝑒 = 𝑅𝑏, 𝑁𝑡 = 0.1.

9
B. Pekmen Geridonmez and H.F. Oztop Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 564 (2022) 170135

Fig. 6. Variation of 𝑁𝑡 when 𝑅𝑎 = 105 , 𝐻𝑎 = 25, 𝜆 = 𝐴 = 1 = 𝑃 𝑒 = 𝐿𝑒 = 𝑅𝑏 = 𝑘𝑟, 𝑁𝑏 = 0.1.

Fig. 7. Variation of 𝑘𝑟 when 𝑅𝑎 = 104 , 𝐻𝑎 = 10, 𝜆 = 𝐴 = 1 = 𝑃 𝑒 = 𝐿𝑒 = 𝑅𝑏, 𝑁𝑏 = 𝑁𝑡 = 0.1.

𝑘𝑟 = 1 and 𝑘𝑟 = 10, the rise in CMT in interface can be concluded (h) In Fig. 15(h) distinct Brownian motion parameter and 𝑘𝑟 values
with the rise in 𝑁𝑡 after 𝑁𝑡 = 0.3. On the other hand, a significant are inquired. From 𝑁𝑏 = 0.1 to 𝑁𝑏 = 0.3, a little increase in
alteration in CMT in the right wall is noted at 𝑘𝑟 = 1, 10 as 𝑁𝑡 CHT is noticed. However, later (𝑁𝑏 > 0.3), CHT is not affected
values are inflated from 0.1 to 1. by 𝑁𝑏 variation. CMT in interface is an increasing function of

10
B. Pekmen Geridonmez and H.F. Oztop Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 564 (2022) 170135

Fig. 8. Variation of 𝑅𝑎 when 𝐻𝑎 = 10, 𝜆 = 𝐴 = 1 = 𝑘𝑟 = 𝑃 𝑒 = 𝐿𝑒, 𝑁𝑡 = 𝑁𝑏 = 0.1.

Fig. 9. Variation of 𝑅𝑏 when 𝑅𝑎 = 103 , 𝐻𝑎 = 10, 𝜆 = 𝐴 = 1 = 𝑃 𝑒 = 𝐿𝑒 = 𝑘𝑟, 𝑁𝑡 = 𝑁𝑏 = 0.1.

11
B. Pekmen Geridonmez and H.F. Oztop Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 564 (2022) 170135

Fig. 10. Variation of 𝐿𝑒 when 𝑅𝑎 = 104 , 𝐻𝑎 = 10, 𝜆 = 𝐴 = 1 = 𝑃 𝑒 = 𝑅𝑏 = 𝑘𝑟, 𝑁𝑡 = 𝑁𝑏 = 0.1.

Fig. 11. Variation of 𝑃 𝑒 when 𝑅𝑎 = 104 , 𝐻𝑎 = 10, 𝜆 = 𝐴 = 1 = 𝐿𝑒 = 𝑅𝑏 = 𝑘𝑟, 𝑁𝑡 = 𝑁𝑏 = 0.1.

12
B. Pekmen Geridonmez and H.F. Oztop Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 564 (2022) 170135

Fig. 12. Observation on partial magnetic field when the center of magnetic field changes with 𝑅𝑎 = 104 , 𝐻𝑎 = 25, 𝜆 = 𝐴 = 1 = 𝑘𝑟 = 𝑃 𝑒 = 𝐿𝑒 = 𝑅𝑏, 𝑁𝑡 = 𝑁𝑏 = 0.1.

Fig. 13. Observation on length of solid block when it centered at 𝑦 = 0.5 and 𝑅𝑎 = 104 , 𝐻𝑎 = 25, 𝜆 = 𝐴 = 1 = 𝑃 𝑒 = 𝐿𝑒 = 𝑅𝑏 = 𝑘𝑟, 𝑁𝑡 = 𝑁𝑏 = 0.1.

𝑁𝑏 particularly at 𝑘𝑟 = 1, 10, and a symmetric reverse manner is
developing CMT in the right wall.
5. Conclusion
In this study, a numerical investigation on conjugate natural convec-
tion flow is presented in the presence of periodic magnetic field, oxy-
tactic bacteria and a nanofluid. The governing dimensionless equations
are solved by utilizing RBF-FD method on equally spaced grid points.
Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameters are also included in
equations. The variations in pertinent parameters are represented by
streamlines, isotherms, oxygen concentration contours and contours for
number of bacteria as well as average Nu and Sh graphs. Average Nu
number is focused on along the interface wall. Average Sh number
depends on location as interface wall or the right cold wall. Some of
the basic results may be listed as follows :

13
B. Pekmen Geridonmez and H.F. Oztop Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 564 (2022) 170135

Fig. 14. Observation of center of block when the block of length 0.5 and 𝑅𝑎 = 104 , 𝐻𝑎 = 25, 𝜆 = 𝐴 = 1 = 𝑃 𝑒 = 𝐿𝑒 = 𝑅𝑏 = 𝑘𝑟, 𝑁𝑡 = 𝑁𝑏 = 0.1.

Table 5 • The impact of period of periodic magnetic field is pronounced at

Percentage changes in 𝑁𝑢𝑖 and 𝑆ℎ𝑟 .
large values of 𝐻𝑎 numbers. At any 𝑘𝑟 values, CHT increases from
Fig. 15 Varying 𝑁𝑢𝑖 𝑆ℎ𝑖 𝑆ℎ𝑟 𝜆 = 0.1 to 𝜆 = 0.75. However, the smallest CHT occurs at 𝜆 = 1.
𝐻𝑎 = 0–100 𝐻𝑎 = 10–100 𝐻𝑎 = 0–30, 𝐻𝑎 = 30–100 • The larger the amplitude of periodic magnetic field is, the more
(a) 𝑘𝑟 = 1 ↓ 48.5% ↑ 112.2% ↑ 15.9%, ↓ 40.9% suppression occurs in isotherms.
𝑘𝑟 = 10 ↓ 62.1% ↑ 101.2% ↑ 12.8%, ↓ 48.5%
• The rise in bioconvection Rayleigh number (while 𝑅𝑎 = 103 ) has
𝜆 = 0.1–1 𝜆 = 0.1–0.5 𝜆 = 0.1–0.5
a reductive effect on CMT in interface and an inflation effect in
(b) 𝑘𝑟 = 10 ↓ 5.7% ↑ 7.2% ↓ 5.2%
the right wall. CHT increases 16.2% at 𝑘𝑟 = 10 from 𝑅𝑏 = 1 to
𝜆 = 0.1–0.75 𝜆 = 0.1–0.75 𝜆 = 0.1–0.75
(c) 𝐻𝑎 = 50 ↑ 5.6% – –
𝑅𝑏 = 100. Streamlines are separated into two cells for large values
𝐻𝑎 = 100 ↑ 6.5% ↓ 321.3% ↑ 19.78% of 𝑅𝑏.
𝑅𝑏 = 1–100 𝑅𝑏 = 10–100 𝑅𝑏 = 10–100 • Lewis number has a significant influence on mass transfer. CMT
(d) 𝑘𝑟 = 1 ↑ 12.7% ↓ 30.4% ↑ 37.5% is an increasing function of 𝐿𝑒 number (from 𝐿𝑒 = 1 to 20) in
𝑘𝑟 = 10 ↑ 16.2% ↓ 38.% ↑ 43.03% interface while it is a decreasing function of 𝐿𝑒 in the right wall.
𝐿𝑒 = 1–3 𝐿𝑒 = 1–20 𝐿𝑒 = 1–20 Similarly, CMT in interface is inflated with the rise in 𝑃 𝑒, while
(e) 𝑘𝑟 = 1 ↑ 8.6% ↑ 266.5% ↓ 44.2% it is deflated in the right wall. From 𝐿𝑒 = 1 to 𝐿𝑒 = 5, central
𝑘𝑟 = 10 ↑ 11.4% ↑ 148.3% ↓ 49.8%
streamline value increases, and 𝑁𝑢𝑖 increases a little bit from
𝑃 𝑒 = 0.1–5 𝑃 𝑒 = 0.1–5 𝑃 𝑒 = 0.1–5 𝐿𝑒 = 1 to 𝐿𝑒 = 3 as well. In the change of 𝑃 𝑒 number from 0.1 to
(f) 𝑘𝑟 = 1 ↓ 21.2% ↑ 170.0% ↓ 30.4%
5, fluid velocity decays, and 30.2% reduction in 𝑁𝑢𝑖 is obtained.
𝑘𝑟 = 10 ↓ 30.2% ↑ 121.3% ↓ 33.2%
• Thermophoresis parameter has an inhibitive effect on CHT. 𝑁𝑢
𝑁𝑡 = 0.1–1 𝑁𝑡 = 0.3–1 𝑁𝑡 = 0.1–1
(g) 𝑘𝑟 = 1 ↓ 38.4% ↑ 1490.5% ↑ 638.7% decreases 38.4% in interface at 𝑘𝑟 = 1 when 𝑁𝑡 changes from 0.1
𝑘𝑟 = 10 ↓ 49.4% ↑ 680.8% ↑ 643.5% to 1. While 𝑁𝑡 changes from 0.1 to 1, CMT in the right wall boosts
𝑁𝑏 = 0.1–0.3 𝑁𝑡 = 0.1–1 𝑁𝑡 = 0.1–1 significantly. CMT in the interface also increases as 𝑁𝑡 augments
(h) 𝑘𝑟 = 1 ↑ 5.8% ↑ 359.5% ↓ 57.7% from 0.3 to 1.
𝑘𝑟 = 10 ↑ 8.9% ↑ 178.93% ↓ 64.9% • CHT has a small change in alteration of Brownian motion param-
eters. On the other hand, CMT in interface grows and CMT in the
right wall declines as 𝑁𝑡 is raised from 0.1 to 1.
• Conductivity ratio 𝑘𝑟 = 10 has more impress on CHT than 𝑘𝑟 = 1. • Partially applied magnetic field may also be chosen as a controller
Secondary cells in oxygen concentration contours emerge when over fluid flow, heat and mass transfer. The length and center of
𝑘𝑟 ≥ 1. the left conducting block may also be changed to check better
• The rise in 𝐻𝑎 number causes fluid to flow slowly. CHT is also convective heat and mass transfer performance.
declined. When 𝑘𝑟 = 1, from 𝐻𝑎 = 10 to 100, CMT increases
112.2% in interface while it decreases 40.9% from 𝐻𝑎 = 30 to As a future study, the influence of wavy conducting body or partial
𝐻𝑎 = 10 in the right wall at (see Table 5). conducting bodies on natural convection or bioconvection is to be
investigated.

14
B. Pekmen Geridonmez and H.F. Oztop Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 564 (2022) 170135

Fig. 15. Average Nusselt and Sherwood number observations in different cases.

15
B. Pekmen Geridonmez and H.F. Oztop Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 564 (2022) 170135

Fig. 15. (continued).

16
B. Pekmen Geridonmez and H.F. Oztop
CRediT authorship contribution statement
B. Pekmen Geridonmez: Formal analysis, Software, Validation,
Writing, Editing. H.F. Oztop: Conceptualization, Supervision, Resources.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
influence the work reported in this paper.
Data availability
Data will be made available on request.
References
[1] D.A. Kaminski, C. Prakash, Conjugate natural convection in a square enclosure:
Effect of conduction in one of the vertical walls, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 29
(1986) 1979–1988.
[2] Y. Varol, H.F. Oztop, A. Koca, Entropy generation due to conjugate natural con-
vection in enclosures bounded by vertical solid walls with different thicknesses,
Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf. 35 (2008) 648–656.
[3] H.F. Oztop, C. Sun, B. Yu, Conjugate-mixed convection heat transfer in a lid-
driven enclosure with thick bottom wall, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf. 35
(2008) 779–785.
[4] M. Mobedi, H.F. Oztop, Visualization of heat transport using dimensionless heat
function for natural convection and conduction in an enclosure with thick solid
ceiling, Comput. Math. Appl. 56 (2008) 2596–2608.
[5] Y. Varol, H.F. Oztop, I. Pop, Entropy analysis due to conjugate-buoyant flow in
a right-angle trapezoidal enclosure filled with a porous medium bounded by a
solid vertical wall, Int. J. Therm. Sci. 48 (2009) 1161–1175.
[6] S.U.S. Choi, Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluids with nanoparticles, in:
Proceedings of the 1995 ASME International Mechanical Engieering Congress
and Exposition, Vol. 66, San Francisco, USA, 1995, pp. 99–105.
[7] T. Tayebi, H.F. Oztop, A.J. Chamkha, Natural convection and entropy production
in hybrid nanofluid filled-annular elliptical cavity with internal heat generation
or absorption, Therm. Sci. Eng. Prog. 19 (2020) 100605.
[8] S.A.M. Mehryan, M. Ghalambaz, A.J. Chamkha, M. Izadi, Numerical study on
natural convection of Ag–MgO hybrid/water nanofluid inside a porous enclosure:
A local thermal non-equilibrium model, Powder Technol. 367 (2020) 443–455.
[9] H. Shaker, M. Abbasalizadeh, S. Khalilarya, S.Y. Motlagh, Two-phase modeling
of the effect of non-uniform magnetic field on mixed convection of magnetic
nanofluid inside an open cavity, Int. J. Mech. Sci. 207 (2021) 106666.
[10] S. Yousefzadeh, M. Eskandari, F. Montazerifar, O. Ali Akbari, F. Kahbandeh, M.
Khalili, S. Baghaei, Natural convection of water/MWCNT nanofluid flow in an
enclosure for investigation of the first and second laws of thermodynamics, Alex.
Eng. J. 61 (2022) 11687–11713.
[11] A. Chummar, R. Harish, CFD simulation of laminar free convection flows of
nanofluids in a cubical enclosure, Mater. Today Proc. 51 (2022) 1473–1481.
[12] M. Shahi, A.H. Mahmoudi, F. Talebi, A numerical investigation of conjugated-
natural convection heat transfer enhancement of a nanofluid in an annular tube
driven by inner heat generating solid cylinder, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf.
38 (2011) 533–542.
[13] M.A. Sheremet, I. Pop, Conjugate natural convection in a square porous cavity
filled by a nanofluid using Buongiorno’s mathematical model, Int. J. Heat Mass
Transfer 79 (2014) 137–145.
[14] F. Selimefendigil, H.F. Oztop, Conjugate natural convection in a cavity with a
conductive partition and filled with different nanofluids on different sides of the
partition, J. Mol. Liq. 216 (2016) 67–77.
[15] F. Selimefendigil, H.F. Oztop, Conjugate natural convection in a nanofluid filled
partitioned horizontal annulus formed by two isothermal cylinder surfaces under
magnetic field, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 108 (2017) 156–171.
[16] F. Garoosi, M.M. Rashidi, Two phase flow simulation of conjugate natural
convection of the nanofluid in a partitioned heat exchanger containing several
conducting obstacles, Int. J. Mech. Sci. 130 (2017) 282–306.
[17] F. Garoosi, F. Talebi, Numerical analysis of conjugate natural and mixed
convection heat transfer of nanofluids in a square cavity using the two-phase
method, Adv. Powder Technol. 28 (2017) 1668–1695.
[18] A.I. Alsabery, M.A. Sheremet, A.J. Chamkha, I. Hashim, Conjugate natural
convection of Al2O3-water nanofluid in a square cavity with a concentric
solid insert using Buongiorno’s two-phase model, Int. J. Mech. Sci. 136 (2018)
200–219.
[19] S.A.M. Mehryan, M. Izadi, M.A. Sheremet, Analysis of conjugate natural convec-
tion within a porous square enclosure occupied with micropolar nanofluid using
local thermal non-equilibrium model, J. Mol. Liq. 250 (2018) 353–368.
17
Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 564 (2022) 170135
[20] N.S. Gibanov, M.A. Sheremet, H.F. Oztop, N. Abu-Hamdeh, Mixed convection
with entropy generation of nanofluid in a lid-driven cavity under the effects of
a heat-conducting solid wall and vertical temperature gradient, Eur. J. Mech.
B/Fluids. 70 (2018) 148–159.
[21] F. Selimefendigil, H.F. Oztop, Conjugate mixed convection of nanofluid in a
cubic enclosure separated with a conductive plate and having an inner rotating
cylinder, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 139 (2019) 1000–1017.
[22] F. Selimefendigil, H.F. Öztop, Thermal management for conjugate heat transfer
of curved solid conductive panel coupled with different cooling systems using
non-Newtonian power law nanofluid applicable to photovoltaic panel systems,
Int. J. Therm. Sci. 173 (2022) 107390.
[23] K. Al-Farhany, K.K. Al-Chlaihawi, M.F. Al-dawody, N. Biswas, A.J. Chamkha,
Effects of fins on magnetohydrodynamic conjugate natural convection in a
nanofluid-saturated porous inclined enclosure, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf.
126 (2021) 105413.
[24] N.C. Roy, MHD natural convection of a hybrid nanofluid in an enclosure with
multiple heat sources, Alex. Eng. J. 61 (2022) 1679–1694.
[25] M. Habibishandiz, M.Z. Saghir, A critical review of heat transfer enhancement
methods in the presence of porous media, nanofluids, and microorganisms,
Therm. Sci. Eng. Prog. 30 (2022) 101267.
[26] F. Selimefendigil, H.F. Oztop, Hybrid nano-jet impingement cooling of a curved
elastic hot surface under the combined effects of non-uniform magnetic field and
upper plate inclination, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 561 (2022) 169684.
[27] F. Selimefendigil, H.F. Oztop, Combined effects of bifurcation and magnetic
field on the performance of phase change material installed cylinder with small
inlet temperature perturbations during nanofluid convection, Int. J. Heat Mass
Transfer 188 (2022) 122640.
[28] F. Selimefendigil, H.F. Oztop, Impacts of using an elastic fin on the phase change
process under magnetic field during hybrid nanoliquid convection through a
PCM-backed bed system, Int. J. Mech. Sci. 216 (2022) 106958.
[29] M.A. Sheremet, I. Pop, Thermo-bioconvection in a square porous cavity filled by
oxytactic microorganisms, Transp. Porous Media 103 (2014) 191–205.
[30] S.E. Ahmed, H.F. Oztop, M.A. Mansour, N. Abu-Hamdeh, Magnetohydrodynamic
mixed thermo-bioconvection in porous cavity filled by oxytactic microorganisms,
Thermal Science 22 (2018) 2711–2721.
[31] S. Zaman, M. Gul, Magnetohydrodynamic bioconvective flow of williamson
nanofluid containing gyrotactic microorganisms subjected to thermal radiation
and Newtonian conditions, J. Theoret. Biol. 479 (2019) 22–28.
[32] S.M. Hashem Zadeh, S.A.M. Mehryan, M.A. Sheremet, M. Izadi, M. Ghodrat,
Numerical study of mixed bio-convection associated with a micropolar fluid,
Therm. Sci. Eng. Prog. 18 (2020) 100539.
[33] C.S. Balla, C. Haritha, K. Naikoti, A.M. Rashad, Bioconvection in nanofluid-
saturated porous square cavity containing oxytactic microorganisms, Int. J.
Numer. Methods Fluid Flow 29 (2019) 1448–1465.
[34] C.S. Balla, R. Alluguvelli, K. Naikoti, O.D. Makinde, Effect of chemical reaction
on bioconvective flow in oxytactic microorganisms suspended porous cavity, J.
Appl. Comput. Mech. 6 (2020) 653–664.
[35] D.K. Mandal, N. Biswas, N.K. Manna, R.S.R. Gorla, A.J. Chamkha, Role of
surface undulation during mixed bioconvective nanofluid flow in porous media
in presence of oxytactic bacteria and magnetic fields, Int. J. Mech. Sci. 211
(2021) 106778.
[36] N. Biswas, N.K. Manna, D.K. Mandal, R.S.R. Gorla, Magnetohydrodynamic
biovonvection of oxytactic microordanisms in porous media saturated with
u–water nanofluid, Internat. J. Numer. Methods Heat Fluid Flow 31 (2021)
3461–3489.
[37] S. Hussain, B. Pekmen Geridonmez, Mixed bioconvection flow of Ag-MgO/water
in the presence of oxytactic bacteria and inclined periodic magnetic field, Int.
Commun. Heat Mass Transfer 134 (2022) 106015.
[38] A.S. Dogonchi, F. Selimefendigil, D.D. Ganji, Magneto-hydrodynamic natural
convection of CuO-water nanofluid in complex shaped enclosure considering
various nanoparticle shapes, Internat. J. Numer. Methods Heat Fluid Flow 29
(2019) 1663–1679.
[39] A.S. Dogonchi, T. Armaghani, A.J. Chamkha, D.D. Ganji, Natural convection
analysis in a cavity with an inclined elliptical heater subject to shape factor
of nanoparticles and magnetic field, Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 44 (2019) 7919–7931.
[40] H.C. Brinkman, The viscosity of concentrated suspensions and solutions, J. Chem.
Phys. 3 (1952) 571–581.
[41] J.C. Maxwell-Garnett, Colors in metal glasses and in metallic films, Phil. Trans.
R. Soc. A 203 (1904) 385–420.
[42] M.N. Rostami, S. Dinarvand, I. Pop, Dual solutions for mixed convective
stagnation-point flow of an aqueous silica-alumina hybrid nanofluid, Chinese J.
Phys. 56 (2018) 2465–2478.
[43] P.K. Dadheech, P. Agarwal, F. Mebarek-Oudina, N.H. Abu-Hamdeh, A. Sharma,
Comparative heat transfer analysis of MoS2 /C2 H6 O2 and SiO2 -MoS2 /C2 H6 O2
nanofluids with natural convection and inclined magnetic field, J. Nanofluid 9
(2020) 161–167.
[44] G.E. Fasshauer, Meshfree Approximation Methods with Matlab, World Scientific
Publications, Singapore, 2007.
[45] G.E. Fasshauer, M. McCourt, Kernel-Based Approximation Methods using
MATLAB, World Scientific, Publications, Singapore, 2015.
B. Pekmen Geridonmez and H.F. Oztop
[46] N. Flyer, G.A. Barnett, L.J. Wicker, Enhancing finite differences with radial basis
functions: Experiments on the Navier–Stokes equations, J. Comput. Phys. 316
(2016) 39–62.
[47] An example of Rbf-Fd implementation: https://github.com/IgorTo/rbf-fd.
18
Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 564 (2022) 170135
[48] S. Shahane, A. Radhakrishnan, S.P. Vanka, A high-order accurate meshless
method for solution of incompressible fluid flow problems, J. Comput. Phys.
445 (2021) 110623.
[49] A. Al-Amiri, K. Khanafer, I. Pop, Steady-state conjugate natural convection in a
fluid-saturated porous cavity, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 51 (2008) 4260–4275.