RESEARCH 1 – Grade 9

Science, Technology and Engineering Program

Name: ___________________ Grade Level: ________

Date: _____________________ Score: _______________

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET 1

Fundamentals of Research

The word research is derived from the middle of French word “recherche” which
means to go about seeking and obviously speaking, research comes from two words,
re and search, which means to search again.
Surprisingly, if you are going to look for its meaning from different sources, you
would see a lot and maybe you would encounter seemingly infinite meanings and
descriptions of it. But regardless of how we define research, it is important to note that
it plays a vital role in the development of knowledge in almost all aspects of life.

There are several things that we need to understand about research, and they
are referred to as fundamentals of research, as a process, as a product, for
learning, of learning and as learning.

As a process, according to Calderon and Gonzales (1993), research in general

is a systematic, refined, careful, critical and disciplined inquiry varying a method
directed to the clarification and/or resolution of a problem. It starts with a problem,
collects data or facts, analyzes and interprets these critically and reaches a decision
based on actual evidence. In the same manner, Fraenkel and Wallen (1995) defined
the term which can mean any sort of “careful, systematic, patient study and
investigation in some field of knowledge, undertaken to discover or establish facts and
principles”.

When you do research in a proper way following the process, it is expected for
you to get results, outcomes, or products. These results or outcomes come in various
forms. It could be the body of knowledge formed and derived from the study by you or
the product itself which was crafted from the research like a gadget, a machine or
some sort of.

Another thing to note is, the reason, why you do research. There are infinite
reasons to tell why. One thing for sure is that you all wanted to learn about something,
how things should work efficiently, how things should be done easily, how problems
confronting you at the moment should be solved effectively and many more.

As you do this significant endeavor of searching for meanings and for answers
to your everyday problems, you always do encounter past learnings. These “things” of
the past make you realize what is more important, more relevant, more appropriate in
today’s situation. The future can be understood fully if you understand the reference
previous experiences. Your present thinking is actually a product of informed past
thinking.

Lastly, as you do research, following the systematic and orderly steps, you learn
in the process. You learn about the process, the procedures, the different methods
that should be followed in going about research and of course on the products that
will be produced from doing it.

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Learning Competency:
➢ Explain the fundamental concepts related to research namely, research as a
process, research as a product, research for learning, research of learning and
research as learning.

Activity 1
KNOW THE PROCESS

Direction: Fill-in the blanks with the correct letters to reveal the answers as
described by the statements pertaining to the process, product and learning about
research. Write your answer on the space provided for. (2 pts. each)

1. __-__-__-__-__-__- A -__-__-__ = A process with a definite set of procedures and

steps which you will follow. There are certain things in the research process
which are always done in order to get the most accurate results.

2. __-__-__-__-__-__- Z -__-__ = A process in the sense that there is a structure or

method in going about doing research. It is a planned procedure, not a
spontaneous one. It is focused and limited to a specific scope.

3. __-__-__- T -__-__-__-__ = It is process that needs analysis of the things

surrounding research.

4. __-__-__- S -__-__-__-__-__ = It is the central of research. Without it, research

has no focus, drive or purpose and may not even be possible to pursue.

5. __-__-__-__- I -__-__ = It is the process of asking for information and/or the

process of investigation as you do research.

Activity 2
TELL ME MORE!

Direction: Decide whether the following statements strongly refer to the following
fundamentals of research (A) as a process, (B) as a product, (C) for learning, (D) of
learning and (E) as learning. Write the letter of your answer on the space provided
for. (2 points each)

________ 1. Mica has been experiencing headaches for weeks. She browsed the internet
for reasons for her condition. Eventually, she could not stand the pain that it causes
her for the longest time. One day, she decided to go to a doctor and seek for medical
help.

________ 2. Students at a university came up with an innovative material/glass that

could absorb ultraviolet rays from the Sun and transform it into electrical energy
which can be conveniently installed in houses or buildings.

________ 3. Ray and his friends planned to conduct a study about the effects of a plant
extract on a certain strain of bacterium. They asked their teacher how they should do
it. So, they were referred to a laboratory technician and eventually taught them about
anti-microbial susceptibility testing.

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________ 4. Ana has a newborn sibling and her mother is hard up breast feeding her
baby due to low breast milk production. Having known that malunggay is rich from
calcium and can help her mother produce breast milk, she recommended it as an
ingredient in her mother’s daily food intake.

________ 5. Richard being an intuitive person, he normally questions the things that
are happening around him. One day as he went home from his neighbor’s house, he
saw some areas in the water of the fishpond that were glowing. He researched on it
and eventually found out that there were organisms floating on the water which are
bioluminescent called dinoflagellates.

Activity 3
EXPLAIN IT, THE WAY YOU UNDERSTAND IT!

Direction: Explain the following as to how you understand them using your own
words. Explain them not exceeding four (4) sentences for each statement. (5 pts.
each)

1. Research as a Process – ____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. Research as a Product - ____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
3. Research for Learning - _____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
4. Research of Learning - ______________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
5. Research as Learning - _____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

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 RESEARCH 1 – Grade 9
Science, Technology and Engineering Program

Name: ___________________ Grade Level: ________

Date: _____________________ Score: _______________

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET 2

Bases of Research

Philosophical and Historical Bases

Naturally, humans are born with the ability to think and decipher things
around them as to the presence of a well-developed brain system in the body. This
ability of human makes us different from other living organisms or animals in
particular.
With this capability in mind, you as a human being is inevitably certain to
question the things that are happening around you. You may question the way things
are behaving and acting. So, it is clear to say that knowledge development has also
started with the existence or presence of human.
Science as a body of knowledge is technically as old as the concept of research.
The body of knowledge derived from doing research is a manifestation of the start of
inquiry. In the earliest times, an attitude developed among humans. Skepticism being
one, is the philosophical attitude of doubting knowledge claims set forth in various
areas. Skeptics have challenged the adequacy or reliability of these claims by asking
what they are based upon or what they actually establish. They have raised the
question whether such claims about the world are either indubitable or necessarily
true, and they have challenged the alleged grounds of accepted assumptions.
Practically everyone is skeptical about some knowledge claims; but the skeptics have
raised doubts about any knowledge beyond the contents of direct felt experience. The
original Greek meaning of skeptikos was “an inquirer”, someone who was unsatisfied
and still looking for truth.
Aside from skepticism, another theory or attitude came about because of man’s
innate ability to wonder. In philosophy, empiricism states that knowledge comes only
or primarily from sensory experience. It is one of several views of epistemology, along
with rationalism and skepticism. Empiricism emphasizes the role of empirical
evidence in the formation of ideas, rather than innate ideas or traditions. However,
empiricists may argue that traditions (or customs) arise due to relations of previous
sense experiences.
Historically, empiricism was associated with the “blank slate” concept (tabula
rasa), according to which the human mind is “blank” at birth and develops its thoughts
only through experience. Empiricism in the philosophy of science emphasizes
evidence, especially as discovered in experiments. It is a fundamental part of the
scientific method that all hypotheses and theories must be tested against observations
of the natural world rather than resting solely on a priori reasoning, intuition, or
revelation.
Empiricism, often used by natural scientists, says that “knowledge is based on
experience” and that “knowledge is tentative and probabilistic, subject to continued
revision and falsification. Empirical research, including experiments and validated
measurement tools, guides the scientific method.
Lastly to quote, is the idea of Saracenic. The latin term “Saraceni” is of unknown
original meaning. There are claims of it being derived from the Semitic triliteral root

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tribe. Historically, the greatness of the Saracens, originally associated with Arabs,
Turks or others who professed the religion Islam, was probably due to their ability to
assimilate the best in the intellectual culture of the people with whom they came in
contact and to apply this heritage to their own practical needs. Western world is
indebted to them for the creation of the scientific spirit of investigation and
experimentation and for the invention and improvement of the tools of science. This
belief aims to search knowledge and an application of scientific facts to the affairs of
daily life, science was studied for its usefulness in arts ad crafts, reading was studied
as a necessity for progress, medicine was stressed for the preservation of life and
astronomy was studied as an aid to geography and navigation. Some of its methods
include, the scientific method, use of repetition and drill, catechetical method,
memorization, lecture, higher schools emphasized travel and explanation.

Legal Bases

Article III, Section 7, 1987 Constitution

The Right to Information

“The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be
recognized. Access to official records and to documents, and papers pertaining to
official acts, transactions, or decisions, as well as to government research data used
as basis for policy development, shall be afforded the citizen, subject to limitations as
may be provided by law.”

Article XIV, Section 3, par. 2, 1987 Constitution

“They shall inculcate patriotism and nationalism, foster love of humanity,

respect for human rights, appreciation of the role of national heroes in the historical
development of the country, teach the rights and duties of citizenship, strengthen
ethical and spiritual values, develop moral character and personal discipline,
encourage critical and creative thinking, broaden scientific and technological
knowledge, and promote vocational efficiency.”

Article XIV, Section 10, 1987 Constitution

“Science and technology are essential for national development and progress.
The State shall give priority to research and development, invention, innovation, and
their utilization; and to science and technology education, training, and services. It
shall support indigenous, appropriate, and self-reliant scientific and technological
capabilities, and their application to the country’s productive systems and national
life.”

Article XIV, Section 13, 1987 Constitution

“The State shall protect and secure the exclusive rights of scientists, inventors,
artists, and other gifted citizens to their intellectual property and creations,
particularly when beneficial to the people, for such period as may be provided by law.”

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Republic Act 10173 (Data Privacy Act of 2012)

“An act protecting individual personal information in information and

communications systems in the government and the private sector, creating for this
purpose a National Privacy Commission, and for other purposes.”

Republic Act 10625 (Philippine Statistical Act of 2013)

“Reorganization of Philippine Statistical System (PSS) and the creation of the

Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) which shall merge the major statistical agencies
engaged in primary data collection and compilation of secondary data, namely, NSO,
National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB), Bureau of Agricultural Stat (BAS),
and Bureau of Labor and Employment Stat (BLES).”

Additional information:

Executive Order No. 2, s. 2016

OPERATIONALIZING IN THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH THE PEOPLE’S

CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO INFORMATION AND THE STATE POLICIES TO FULL
PUBLIC DISCLOSURE AND TRANSPARENCY IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE AND
PROVIDING GUIDELINES THEREFOR

SECTION 1. Definition. For the purpose of this Executive Order, the following
terms shall mean:
(a) “Information” shall mean any records, documents, papers, reports, letters,
contracts, minutes and transcripts of official meetings, maps, books, photographs,
data, research materials, films, sound and video recording, magnetic or other tapes,
electronic data, computer stored data, any other like or similar data or materials
recorded, stored or archived in whatever format, whether offline or online, which are
made, received, or kept in or under the control and custody of any government office
pursuant to law, executive order, and rules and regulations or in connection with the
performance or transaction of official business by any government office.
(b) “Official record/records” shall refer to information produced or received by
a public officer or employee, or by a government office in an official capacity or
pursuant to a public function or duty.
(c) “Public record/records” shall include information required by laws, executive
orders, rules, or regulations to be entered, kept and made publicly available by a
government office.

SECTION 2. Coverage. This order shall cover all government offices under the
Executive Branch, including but not limited to the national government and all its
offices, departments, bureaus, offices, and instrumentalities, including government-
owned or -controlled corporations, and state universities and colleges. Local
government units (LGUs) are encouraged to observe and be guided by this Order.

SECTION 3. Access to information. Every Filipino shall have access to

information, official records, public records and to documents and papers pertaining
to official acts, transactions or decisions, as well as to government research data used
as basis for policy development.

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 SECTION 4. Exception. Access to information shall be denied when the
information falls under any of the exceptions enshrined in the Constitution, existing
law or jurisprudence.

Learning Competency:
➢ Explain the different philosophical, historical, and legal bases of research.

Activity 1
HOW SKEPTICAL YOU ARE?
Direction: Identify the concept being described by the statements referring to the
philosophical and historical bases of research. Write your answer on the space
provided below.

1. __ __ __ __ __ M = it is characterized by the quality of having experience,

knowledge, being wise and good judgement about something.

2. __ __ __ __ __ __ C __ __ = is the state of being uncertain or having doubts or

reservations about a certain event, thing or phenomenon or something really
not convinced.

3. __ __ __ __ R __ __ __ __ __ = it is a belief that pertains to the significance of

experiences as a way of learning.

4. __ __ T __ __ __ __ __ __ = it is against the idea of empiricism wherein it

emphasizes the importance of evidence as discovered in experiments.

5. __ __ __ A __ __ __ __ __ = they believe that scientific knowledge is important in

dealing with life’s daily activities.

Activity 2
WHERE DO I BELONG?
Direction: Write whether the following methods or practices belong to the theories or
beliefs about Skepticism, Empiricism and Saracenic. Write the word on the space
provided below.

_______________ 1. It believes in the idea that humans are born empty and only
acquires knowledge through experience.
_______________ 2. It is based on the belief that there is no innate knowledge as one is
born into this world.
_______________ 3. It believes on the position that there no such thing as certainty in
human knowledge and one should refrain from making truth
claims.
_______________ 4. It believes that education starts with religious education.

_______________ 5. It believes that no one can really explain the real causes of
phenomenal experiences.

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 Activity 3
CONNECT THE DOTS
Direction: Explain the similarities and differences among the three philosophical and
historical foundations of research, Skepticism, Empiricism and Saracenic. Explain
your understanding in not more than ten (15) sentences but not less than five (5)
sentences on the space provided below.

____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

Activity 4

Direction: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it says otherwise.
Write your answer on the space provided.

____________ 1. According to the 1987 Philippine Constitution, Filipinos have the right
to access all official records and documents and government research data.
____________ 2. It is stated in our national constitution that science and technology is
a significant ingredient towards achieving national development and progress.
____________ 3. Personal information of an individual is now protected in all
communication and information systems.
____________ 4. Any information produced or received by a public and private employee
is referred to as public record or public document.
____________ 5. It is the responsibility of an individual to protect and secure his
exclusive rights as scientist, inventor, artist, and as gifted citizen to his intellectual
property and creations, particularly when beneficial to the people.
____________ 6. Executive Order No. 2, s. 2016 released by the Office of the President
shall encompass all government offices including the executive branch.

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____________ 7. Information in Executive Order No. 2, s. 2016 shall mean any records,
documents, papers, reports, letters, contracts, minutes and transcripts of official
meetings, maps, books, photographs, data, research materials, films, sound and video
recording, magnetic or other tapes, electronic data, computer stored data, any other
like or similar data or materials recorded, stored or archived in whatever format, that
were only uploaded online.
____________ 8. Philippine Statistics Authority is purposely created for primary data
collection and compilation of secondary data and merging of four (4) statistical
agencies.
____________ 9. The creation of the National Privacy Commission was incorporated in
Executive Order No. 2, s. 2016 (Data Privacy Act of 2012).
____________ 10. The Philippine government or the state has the responsibility to
promote and encourage critical and creative thinking, broaden scientific and
technological knowledge, and promote vocational efficiency as stated in the Philippine
1987 Constitution.

References:

Bojo, Z. (2015). Investigatory Project Module, University of the Philippines, Diliman

Duignan, B. Empiricism Philosophy. Retrieved September 8, 2021 from

https://www.britannica.com/topic/empiricism

Official Gazette, Executive Order No. 2, s. 2016. Retrieved September 7, 2021 from
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2016/07/23/executive-order-no-02-s-2016/

Official Gazette, Republic Act No. 10625. Retrieved September 12, 2021 from
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2013/09/12/republic-act-no-10625/

Official Gazette, The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved September
12, 2021 from https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/ the-1987-
constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-
of-the-philippines-article-xiv/

Popkin, R. H. Skepticism Philosophy. Retrieved September 7, 2021 from

https://www.britannica.com/topic/skepticism

Soliven, S. (2006). Science Research and Statistics. Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya: SMU
Publishing House

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atp2021 Page 10 of 10
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET 1
Activity 1
1. Systematic
2. Organized
3. Critical
4. Questions
5. Inquiry
Activity 2
1. D
2. B
3. C
4. E
5. A
Activity 3
1. Answers may vary
2. Answers may vary
3. Answers may vary
4. Answers may vary
5. Answers may vary
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET 2
Activity 1
1. Wisdom
2. Skeptical
3. Empiricism
4. Intuition
5. Saracenic
Activity 2
1. Empiricism
2. Empiricism
3. Skepticism
4. Saracenic
5. Skepticism
Activity 3
Answers may vary
Answer Key