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Additional Mathematics Form 4 (Matematik Tambahan Tingkatan 4)

Chapter 2: Quadratic Functions (Fungsi Kuadratik)
2.1 Qudratic Equations and Inequalities (Persamaan dan Ketaksamaan Kudratik)
1. General form of Quadratic Equations is/ Bentuk am bagi persamaan Kuadratik ialah:
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
With the condition, 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are constant/ Dengan keadaan, 𝑎, 𝑏 dan 𝑐 adalah pemalar
2. Methods to solve Quadratic Equations are/ Kaedah bagi penyelesaian persamaan kudratik
• Factorisation (Pemfaktoran)
• Completing the Square (Penyempuraan Kuasa Dua)
• Formula (Rumus)
Method 1/Kaedah 1: Completing the Square/ Penyempuraan Kuasa Dua

Values of 𝑎 MUST be 1/Nilai bagi 𝑎 WAJIB 1

𝑏 2 𝑏 2
+( ) − ( )
2 2

Questions/Soalan:
Determine the roots for each of the following quadratic equations by using the completing the
square method
Tentukan punca-punca bagi persamaan kuadratik dengan menggunakan kaedah penyelesaian
masalah
A. 𝑥 2 − 2 + 6𝑥 = 0
B. 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 1 = 0
C. 𝑥(𝑥 + 2) − 3 = 0
D. 𝑥(𝑥 − 2) = 6

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Method 2/Kaedah 2: Formula/Rumus

Quadratic Formula/Rumus Kudratik:

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
Answer MUST be in 4 significant figures/Jawapan WAJIB dalam 4 angka bererti

Questions/Soalan:
Solve each of the following quadratic equations by using the formula method
Selesaikan persamaan kuadratic berikut dengan menggunakan kaedah rumus
A. 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5
B. 6 − 2𝑥 − 5𝑥 2
C. 3𝑥(𝑥 + 3) = 4
D. 4𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 2 = 0

Problem Solving involving Quadratic Equations

Penyelesaian Masalah yang melibatkan Persamaan Kuadratik

(𝑝 + 4) 𝑐𝑚
(𝑝 − 3) 𝑐𝑚

𝐵 𝐶
(𝑝 + 1) 𝑐𝑚

The diagram above shows a right-angled triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 with 𝐴𝐵 = (𝑝 − 3) 𝑐𝑚, 𝐵𝐶 =

(𝑝 + 1) 𝑐𝑚, and 𝐴𝐶 = (𝑝 + 4) 𝑐𝑚. Find the values of p.
[Give your answers correct to 4 significant figures]
Rajah diatas menunjukkan sebuah segi-tiga bersudut tegak 𝐴𝐵𝐶, dengan 𝐴𝐵 = (𝑝 − 3) 𝑐𝑚,
𝐵𝐶 = (𝑝 + 1) 𝑐𝑚, dan 𝐴𝐶 = (𝑝 + 4) 𝑐𝑚. Cari nilai-nilai bagi p
[Bagi jawapan anda yang dibundarkan kepada 4 angka bererti]

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3. Find the sum of roots (SOR) and product of roots (POR)/

Cari hasil tambah punca (HTP) dan hasil darab punca (HDP) daripada persamaan kuadratik

If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the roots of a quadratic equations, then,

Jika 𝛼 dan 𝛽 adalah punca bagi persamaan kuadratik, jadi,
𝛼 + 𝛽 is called the sum of roots (SOR) and 𝛼𝛽 is called the product of roots (POR)
𝛼 + 𝛽 dipanggil hasil tambah punca (HTP) dan 𝛼𝛽 dipanggil hasil darab punca (HDP)

Questions/Soalan:
The roots of each of the following quadratic equations are 𝛼 + 𝛽. Find the values of 𝛼 + 𝛽 and
𝛼𝛽
Diberi punca-punca bagi persamaan kuadratic berikut ialah 𝛼 + 𝛽. Cari nilai bagi 𝛼 + 𝛽 dan
𝛼𝛽
A. 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 4 = 0
B. −2𝑥 2 = −3𝑥 − 4
C. (𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 + 3) = 2𝑥 − 5
2𝑥+1 3𝑥−1
D. =
3 𝑥+5

4. Forming quadratic equations from given roots

Bentukkan persamaan kuadratik dengan menggunakan punca-punca yang diberi
𝑥 = 𝛼 and 𝑥 = 𝛽

𝛼 + 𝛽 is called the sum of roots (SOR) and 𝛼𝛽 is called the product of roots (POR)
𝛼 + 𝛽 dipanggil hasil tambah punca (HTP) dan 𝛼𝛽 dipanggil hasil darab punca (HDP)
𝑥 2 − (𝑆𝑂𝑅)𝑥 + (𝑃𝑂𝑅) = 0/ 𝑥 2 − (𝐻𝑇𝑃)𝑥 + (𝐻𝐷𝑃) = 0

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Questions/Soalan
A. If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the roots for the quadratic equation 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4 = 0, find the quadratic
equation whose roots are 2𝛼 and 2𝛽
Jika 𝛼 dan 𝛽 adalah punca-punca bagi persamaan kuadratik 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4 = 0,
bentukkan persamaan kuadratik yang mempunyai punca-punca 2𝛼 dan 2𝛽.

B. If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the roots for the quadratic equation 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5 = 0, find the quadratic
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equation whose roots are 𝛼 and 𝛽

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5. Solving Quadratic Inequalities/ Penyelesaian Ketaksamaan Kuadratik

Methods to solve Quadratic Inequalities/ Kaedah untuk menyelesaikan Ketaksamaan
Kuadratik
• Graph sketching method/ Kaedah lakaran graf
• Table method/ Kaedah jadual
• Number Line method/ Kaedah Garis Nombor

Symbol
≥ / > greater than or equal to (lebih besar atau sama dengan)/ greater than (lebih besar)
≤ / < smaller than or equals to (lebih kecil atau sama dengan)/ small than (lebih kecil)

Questions/Soalan
Find the range of values of 𝑥 for each of the following inequalities by using 3 methods
Cari julat nilai 𝑥 bagi setiap ketaksamaan berikut dengan menggukan 3 kaedah
a. 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4 ≤ 0
b. −2𝑥 2 + 13𝑥 + 7 ≤ 0
c. (2𝑥 −1)(𝑥 + 4) ≤ 4 + 𝑥
d. 7 − 2𝑥 < (𝑥 + 4)2
e. 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 21 ≥ 𝑥(2𝑥 + 3)
f. (2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 5) ≥ 2(2𝑥 + 1)

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2.2 Types of Roots of Quadratic Equations

a) The types of roots of a quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 depends on the value of the
expression 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐.
b) Expression 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 is called the DISCRIMINANT of a quadratic equation
c) The relation between the types of roots and the values of the discriminant are shown in
the table below:
Discriminant Types of roots
𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄
>0 Two different real roots

=0 Two different real roots

<0 No roots (or imaginary roots)

Questions
1. Determine the types of roots for each of the following quadratic equations
a) 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 6 = 0
b) 9𝑥 2 = 6𝑥 − 1
c) 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5 = 0

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Solving problems involving types of roots of quadratic equations

1. Find the range of values for the following quadratic equations (with given roots)
a) 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 4𝑝 = 0 (two different real roots)
b) 𝑥(9𝑥 + 1) = 𝑝(𝑝𝑥 − 𝑝) (two different real roots)
c) 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0 (two equal real roots)
d) 4𝑘𝑥 2 = 𝑥(3𝑘 − 𝑥) − 1 (two equal real roots)
e) 𝑥(4𝑥 − ℎ) = 𝑘 − 2(𝑥 + 1) (two equal real roots)
f) 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5ℎ = 0 (no roots)
g) 5 − 2𝑥 = (3 − ℎ)𝑥 2 (no roots)
h) 𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥 + (2 − ℎ)2 = 0 (no roots)

2. Given the quadratic equation 𝑚𝑥 2 − 5𝑛𝑥 + 𝑚 = 0 has two equal roots. Find the relation
between 𝑚 and 𝑛
3. Given the quadratic equation 𝑝(𝑥 2 + 4) = 8𝑞𝑥 has two equal roots. Find the ratio 𝑝 ∶ 𝑞.
Hence, find the roots

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2.3 Quadratic Functions

Effects of changing the values of quadratic equations
Value of 𝑎:

Value of 𝑏:

Value of 𝑐:

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Types of Quadratic Expressions:

Expansion Factorisation or Formula

Vertex Form General Form Intercept Form

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + 𝒌 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂(𝒙 − 𝒑)(𝒙 − 𝒒)

Completing the Square Expansion

• The vertex form of a quadratic function is 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘, where 𝑎, ℎ and 𝑘 are
constants. the vertex is (ℎ, 𝑘) and the axis of symmetry is line 𝑥 = ℎ
• The general form of a quadratic function is 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, where 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are
constants
• The intercept form of a quadratic function is 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑝)(𝑥 − 𝑞), where 𝑎, 𝑝 and 𝑞
𝑝+𝑞 𝑝+𝑞 𝑝+𝑞
are constants. The vertex is [ ],𝑓( ) and the axis of symmetry is 𝑥 = .
2 2 2

Questions
1. Express the following in the intercept form, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑝)(𝑥 − 𝑞). Hence, state the
values od 𝑎, 𝑝 and 𝑞.
a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3(𝑥 − 1)2 − 12
b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2(𝑥 − 4)2 − 18
8 2 1
c) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 (𝑥 + 3) − 33 3
3 2 1
d) 𝑓(𝑥) = −2 (𝑥 + 2) + 2
e) 𝑓(𝑥) = −(𝑥 − 5)2 + 1

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2. Express each of the following quadratic functions in the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘. Hence,
find the minimum point or maximum point
a) 𝑓(𝑥) = −3𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 8
b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 4
c) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 1
d) 𝑓(𝑥) = −2𝑥 2 − 16𝑥 − 19

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Sketching quadratic function graph

Steps:-
- Identify the shape of graph by identifying the value of 𝑎
- Determine the maximum or minimum value by expressing the quadratic function in
vertex form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘 with the vertex (ℎ, 𝑘) and the axis of symmetry is
𝑥=ℎ
- Solve quadratic function 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 to solve the intersection points at 𝑥-axis (roots)
- Determine the y-intercept by finding the value of 𝑓(𝑥) when 𝑥 = 0// Identify the value of
𝑐

Questions
Sketch the graphs of the following quadratic functions. Then state the axis of symmetry
a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2
b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 15
c) 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 16
d) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 7

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Solving problems involving quadratic functions

1. Given the quadratic function 𝑓(𝑥) = −2𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 has a maximum point (−1,8). Find the
values of 𝑝 and 𝑞.

2. Given the quadratic function 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑥 − 4 has a maximum point (−2, 𝑞). Find the
values of 𝑝 and 𝑞.

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