QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND VMC MACHINE

PROGRAMMING IN MASCOR PRECISIONS PVT.LTD.

INTERNSHIP REPORT

Submitted By

MD ABBASKHAN

In partial fulfilment for the award of the diploma of

DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PROGRAMME IN

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU POLYTECHNIC (SMPR) AIDED

THANA KUSHNOOR

DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

BENGALURU-560001

YEAR OF SUBMISSION:(JUNE,2023)
 INTERNSHIP REPORT ON

QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND VMC MACHINE

PROGRAMMING IN MASCOR PRECISIONS PVT.LTD.

In partial fulfilment for the award of the diploma of

DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

BY

MD ABBASKHAN

SUPPORTED BY COHORT OWNER

SACHEEN KUMAR B

LECTURER

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

THANA KUSHNOOR

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU POLYTECHNIC (SMPR) AIDED

THANA KUSHNOOR TQ: KAMALNAGAR, DIST: BIDAR

 DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

BENGALURU-560001

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this report “QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND

VMC MACHINE PROGRAMMING IN MASCOR
PRECISIONS PVT.LTD.” is the Bonafede work of MD
ABBASKHAN who carried out the Internship work under my
supervision.

SIGNATURE SINGNATURE

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT COHORT OWNER

Academic year-2023

Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering

Thana kushnoor TQ. Kamal Nagar Thana kushnoor TQ. Kamal Nagar

Dist - Bidar (585-436) Dist- Bidar (585-436)

EXAMINERS 1______________________

EXAMINERS 2_____________________
 DECLARATION OF CANDIDATES

I, MD ABBASKHAN a student of diploma in MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING Department bearing Register No-310ME21302 here
by Declare that I own full responsibility for the information results and
conclusion Provide in this Internship work titled “QUALITY
MANAGEMENT AND VMC MACHINE PROGRAMMING
IN MASCOR PRECISIONS PVT.LTD.” submitted to State
Board of Technical Examinations, Government of Karnataka for
the award of diploma in Mechanical engineering .To the best of my
knowledge, this Internship work has not been submitted in part or full
Elsewhere in any institution/organizations for the award of any
certificate/diploma/Degree. I have completely care in acknowledge the
contribution of others in this Academic work. I further declare that in
case of any violations of intellectual property Rights and particulars
declared, found at stage, I, as the candidate will be responsible for the
same

DATE:

PLACE:

SINGNATURE OF CANDIDATE

NAME: MD ABBASKHAN

REGISTER NO-310ME21302
 DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU POLYTECHNIC (SMPR) AIDED

THANA KUSHNOOR TQ. KAMAL NAGAR (585-436)

Department of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

Certified that this Internship report entitled “QUALITY

MANAGEMENT AND VMC MACHINE PROGRAMMING
IN MASCOR PRECISIONS PVT.LTD.” which is being submitted
By Mr. /MS MD ABBASKHAN Register No-310ME21302, a Bonafede student
of JAWAHARLAL NEHRU POLYTECHNIC (SMPR) AIDED in partial
fulfilment for the award of Diploma in Mechanical Engineering during the year
3rd YEAR is record of own carried out under my/our guidance. It is certified that
all correction /suggestion indicate for internal assessment have been Incorporated
in the report and one copy of it being deposited in the Polytechnic library.

The Internship report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirement
in respect of Internship work prescribed for the said diploma

It is further understood that by this certificate the undersigned do not endorse or

approve any statement made, opinion expressed or conclusion drawn there in but
approve the Internship only for the purpose for which it is submitted.

EXAMINER 1 Head of Department

EXAMINER 2 Dept. of___________________

 Acknowledgement
I am incredibly grateful to my internship supervisor, Gajanan lahane for their invaluable
guidance and support throughout my internship. From the moment I started, took the time to
get to know me and understand my goals for the internship. They provided me with clear
direction and expectations, and were always available to answer my questions and provide
valuable feedback, Gajanan lahane provided me with invaluable insights and advice that
helped me to grow as a professional. Their constructive feedback helped me to improve my
tasks, and their encouragement kept me motivated and focused.

I am deeply thankful to our beloved Principal Shri RajShekar Patil sir for his support and
giving permission to get more technical knowledge in company

I am deeply thankful to HOD of Mechanical Department Anteshwar Wadale sir for his
motivation to complete my internship work in Mascor precisions pvt. Ltd.

I am deeply thankful to our Mechanical Department Lecturer’s Siddramappa Mulimani sir,

Mallikarjun seegi sir & Suneel kumar karanje sir for their support and guidance to complete
my internship work in Mascor precisions pvt. Ltd.

I am deeply thankful to our cohort owner Sacheen kumar B sir for his time and effort, and for
their commitment to my success to complete my Internship in Mascor precisions pvt. Ltd.

+
 TABLE OF CONTENT
SL.NO TOPIC NAME PAGE
NO
01 CHAPTER 1
OVERVIEW OF THE ORGANIZATION 1-3

1.1 ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE

1.2 VISION AND MISSION OF THE
ORGANIZATION
02 CHAPTER 2
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE 4-5
PERSONNEL IN THE ORGANIZATION
2.1 ROLES
2.2 RESPONSIBILITIES
2.3 PRODUCT AND MARKET PERFORMANCE
03 CHAPTER 3
STUDY AREA 6-16
3.1 MATERIAL
3.2 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
3.3 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
3.4 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
3.5 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
3.6 DESIGN OF CONNECTING ROD
3.7 POSSIBLE METHODS FOR
MANUFACTURING SEMI PRODUCT
3.8 FORGING
3.9 MATERIAL PREPARATION FOR FORGING
3.10 PRE-HEATING
3.11 TYPE OF FORGING MACHINE WAS
SELECTED IN CONTEXT WITH TABLE
3.12 ADVANTAGES OF FORGING
3.13 DESIGN OF FORGED PART
3.14 MANUFACTURING OF FINAL PRODUCT
3.15 ANNEALING
 TABLE OF CONTENT
04 CHAPTER 4
MANUFACTURING METHODS 17-23

4.1 INTRODUCTION TO MANUFACTURING

METHOD OPTIMIZATION
4.2 MACHINING METHODS
4.3 POST MACHINING OPERATIONS
05 CHAPTER 5 24-25
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
06 CHPTER 6 26-27

CONCLUSION
 MASCOR PRECISIONS PVT. LTD.
CHAPTER 1
Overview of the organization:
A Joint Venture started in 2017 between MASO, India & SIFCOR, France for
‘Engine Components and Critical Precision Forgings and Machinings’, Mascor is a
Greenfield project on the Aurangabad – Pune road, a short way from Aurangabad
City.

Maso Group, one of the well-known companies in India is known for offering
differentiated products, services and technology-based solutions to its customers.

The Group's main business is manufacturing precision gears & shafts, sub-assemblies,
forged and machined components.

Forges de Courcelles, a company of the SIFCOR group, is a leading European

hot forging company with 9 mechanical presses ranging from 2500 T to 8000 T, and
3 CNC Hydraulic Hammers.

Forges de Courcelles is one of the largest suppliers of crankshafts and other

safety parts to the global auto industry counting among its esteemed customers such
as BMW, Renault Nissan, Stellantis, VW-Audi.

1
 MASCOR PRECISIONS PVT. LTD.
1.1 Organizational Structure:

2
 MASCOR PRECISIONS PVT. LTD.
1.2 Vision and mission of the organization:

Mascor Precisions is committed to keep up with the Group’s Quality policies

to meet and exceed customer expectations and to deliver top quality products.

Mascor Precisions strives to continually improve on the effectiveness of its

Quality Management systems to keep up with the statutory and regulator Quality
engineering is the discipline of engineering that creates and implements strategies for
quality assurance in product development and production as well as software
development requirements.

Mascor precision is getting equipped with latest inspection equipment’s for

building its inhouse state of the art quality lab.

3
 MASCOR PRECISIONS PVT. LTD.
CHAPTER 2
Roles and responsibilities of personnel in the organization:
2.1 Roles:
A quality assurance specialist is a professional who is responsible for
monitoring, inspecting and proposing measures to correct or improve an
organizations final product in order to meet established quality standards.

2.2 Responsibilities:
 Ensure that standards and safety regulations are observed.
 Address and discuss issues and proposed solutions with superiors.
 Document quality assurance activities and create audit reports.
 Make recommendations for improvement.
 Create training materials and operating manuals.

2.3 PRODUCT AND MARKET PERFORMANCE:

Automotive Connecting Rod Market report summaries top key players
overview as Albon Engineering & Manufacturing Plc., Cummins Inc., MAHLE
GmbH, and more.

The global market players in the engine system and components

manufacturing fields are continuously working to improve the essential engine
components to enhance the performance and driving experience. This development is
expected to reduce fuel consumption and emissions. The growing demand for the
carbon fiber connecting rod owing to its numerous advantages such as lighter and
stronger in the race cars is likely to boost the connecting rod market. The stringent
government emission regulation is leading to a rise in technological advancement in
the engine components.
The major players that are present in the global automotive connecting rod
market include albon engineering and manufacturing.
Globally connecting rod market has been segmented on the basis of process
type, vehicle type, material, and by region. Based on process type, further, the market
has been segmented as a powder metal, forged and cast rods. The cast rods segment is
expected to dominate the market over the forecast period owing to higher usage in the
gasoline and diesel engines. The powder metals segment is also expected to show
good growth in the market over the forecast period.

4
 MASCOR PRECISIONS PVT. LTD.
By material type, further, the market has been segmented into aluminum, steel,
and others. The aluminum segment is expected to dominate the market over the
forecast period owing to its greater tensile strength and performance to high
temperature and pressure.
The increasing sales and production of passenger cars, coupled with rising
expenditure power of the individuals in developing countries, are likely to drive the
market. The governments incentives and subsidies are expected to propel the
adoption of electric vehicles and expected to restrain the growth of the connecting rod
market over the forecast period.
The market has been segmented into north America, Europe, Asian pacific
and the rest of the world. Asia pacific is expected to dominate the market during the
forecast period owing to the ease of availability of labor and raw material at a lower
cost in this region for the production of components. The rising production and sales
in developing countries such as china and india are also likely to drive the market
over the forecast period.
North America is also expected to show good growth in the market over the
forecast period. Euorpe is expected to have sluggish growth in the connecting rod
market over the forecast period. The OMEs in this region are investing in research
and development of the new product to curb air pollution caused by vehicle emission.

5
 MASCOR PRECISIONS PVT. LTD.
CHAPTER 3
STUDY AREA
The main focus of the quality inspector is:
 To check the forged connecting rod thickness for machining operation.
 To produce high quality of products within given tolerance and remove the
undersize and oversize jobs and keep it in rework bin or rejection bin.
 To focus on each and every dimension of the job is ok or not ok.
 To focus on the first piece report and hourly report to reduce rejection of jobs.
 Take all rejection and rework jobs details for identification that
what problem occurs to rejection in jobs.

6
 MASCOR PRECISIONS PVT. LTD.
3.1 Material
comparison of Possible Materials
Comparison of Mechanical Properties of possible connecting rod materials
(JJ fl)(J)l4J(5J

Alloy Steel Aluminium

8620 4118 4140 Allo\K Al 7075
4340 Al
Properties
6061
Tensile strength 53 51 65 74 31 572
0 7 5 5 0
MPa 38 36 41 47 27 50
Yield strength 0
5 5 5 6 3
MPa
Elastic modulus 190- 190- 190- 190- 68. 71.
210 210 210 210 9 7
GPa 80 80 80 80 26. 26.
Shear modulus
2 9
GPa 59 28 30 so 24 24
Fracture
Toughness
Poisson's MPa
ratio 0.27- 0.27- 0.27- 0.27·0.3 0.3 0.3
0.30 0.30
0.30 14 13 19 0 21 39 3
Hardness, Brlnell IS
9 7 7 7 5
65 60 65 so so O70
Machinability

Material Selection
The material used for the manufacture of the connecting rod used in
Chevrolet Big Block Gen V V8
8.2 l, i.e., Chevrolet Performance Connecting Rods

19170198 (6) is Forged 4340. Characteristics of AISI 4340

forged steel (1)(7)

• Heat-treatable
• Low iron-carbon alloy steel, Nickel -Chromium-Molybdenum
• Addition of molybdenum prevents the steel from being susceptible to
temper brittleness
• Utilized where other alloy steels do not have the hardenability togive the
required strength
• May be heat treated to high strength levels while maint aining good
roughness

7
 MASCOR PRECISIONS PVT. LTD.
• Good balance of tensile strength, yield strength, toughness and hardness
• Ability to attain highstrengths in the heat·treated condition
• Good fatigue resistance, shock and impact resistance

Fig: temperature effect on fracture

Toughness of 4340 steel

• Excellent choice for highly stressed parts

• Fracture toughness increases
with increasing test
temperatures (8)

• can be machined by all customary methods

• Referred to as 'aircraft quality steel'

Forging Considerations:
Forging should be carried out between
980 •c and 1230 •c. Parts should be
slow cooled after forging in sand etc. (1)

8
 MASCOR PRECISIONS PVT. LTD.
3.2 ChemicalComposition
)
Element Content (%)

Iron,Fe 95.195 - 96.33

Nickel,Ni 1.65 - 2.00

Chromium, Cr 0.700 - 0.900

Manganese,Mn 0.600 - 0.800

Carbon, C 0.370 - 0.430

Molybdenum, Mo 0.200 - 0.300

Silicon, Si 0.150 - 0.300

Sulphur, S 0.04

Phosphorous, P 0.035

3.3PhysicalProperties

The physical properties of A ISIalloy steel are given in the following table.

Melting point

9
 MASCOR PRECISIONS PVT. LTD.
3.4 Mechanical-properties
The mechanicalproperties of annealed A ISIalloy steel are displayed in the following table.

Propertie Metric
Tensile strength s 745 MPa
Yield strength 470 MPa
Bulk modulus (typical for steel) 140 GPa
Shear modulus (typicalfor steel) 80 GPa
Elast ic modulus
190-210
Poisson's ratio GPa
Elongation at break 22%
Reduction of area 0.27-0.30
50%
Hardness, Brinell 217
Hardness,Knoop (converted from Brinell hardness) 240
Hardness, Rockwell B (converted from Brinell hardness) 95
Hardness, Rockwell C (converted from Brinell
hardness. Value below normal HRC range,for
comparison purposes only) 17
Hardness,Vickers (converted from Brinell hardness) 228
Machinability (annealed and cold drawn. Based on
50
100 machinability for ASTM 1212 steel.)

3.5 Design Con siderations

Forces Acting on the Connecting Rod (9)

Force on the piston due to gas pressure and inertia of the reciprocating parts

rrD2
=
Force due to gas pressure FL px-

28
= mR. w 2 • r (cos(} + ' : )
0
Inertia force of reciprocating parts F1

Net force actingon piston pin Fp = FL + F1 ± WR

I
10
 MASCOR PRECISIONS PVT. LTD.
3.6 Design of Connecting Rod
Dimensions of cross-section of the connecting rod

The cross-section of the shank may be rectangular, circular, tubular, /-section or H-

section. Circular section is seldom used. /-section is preferred for high speed engines.

For I-Section

According to Rankine's formula:

• wcr about x-axis L=CA/l+a [for both ends hinged,I = L]

+ [ I
l +a Kxx 12

•
We,·about y-axis =CA/l+a
12 [for both ends fixed, I = L
[ I
!+a L
2Kyy

11
 MASCOR PRECISIONS PVT. LTD.
3.7 Possible Methods for ManufacturingSemi Product
There are three primary methods of manufacturing connect ing rods: casting,
powdPr metal manufacturing rolled plate stock, and forging.

Casting

Casting involves heatingthe metalalloy which will be used untilit is molten,and

pouringthe molten metalalloy into "sprues" which are connected to "runners" which
channel the molten metalalloy into a multiple cavity mould.The molten metalalloy fills the
mould,and vents through "risers." After cooling, the metalcastingis separated from the
mould,the sprues,runners, and risers are removed, andthecastingismachined.

Advantages Disadvantages
• Low cost • Low strength character istics
• light dimensionaltolerance • Porosity

The shape of the connect ing rod does not permit the use of cast ing as a method of
manufacturing the semi product because of the complexity of design which is not possil>le lu
creale l>y caling. Presence of non-uniform sect ion thickness willcreate shrinkage cav ities and
hot spots. (10)

Powder MetalManufacturing.

This involves placing a mixture of metalpowder into a preformed die,andlhen

compre ing lhe powder in the die with a compacting press to mechanically bond the
metalpowder into a preform. The preform is then sintered to chem ically bond the powder inthe
preform, and the preform is then heated and forged in a press. The resulting article is then
machined to finish it.

Advantages
• High tolerance
• Uniform materialcomposition
• Good surface finish
• Good materialutilization
Disadvantages
• High cost of powder metal,tooling
• Lack of grain flow strength
• Low tensile & impact strength
• Limited part size and complexity

Considering the number of parts produced, this process is not economica lly viable.
Produced parts have low strength compared to forging. (11)

12
 MASCOR PRECISIONS PVT. LTD.
3.8 Forging
Forging involves heating a piece of bar stock or rod stock (referred to as a forge slug)
to a forging temperature, placing the heated forge slug into a two-piece forging die defining a
cavity within,and forging the forge slug using a forging press or forging hammers with
multiple impacts. The part is then machined to finished dimensions.

Forging can be somewhat labour intensive due to the amount of machining which is
necessary to produce the finished article,but it produces a product which has strength
characteristics which are superior to those produced by casting or powder
metalmanufacturing. This results from the fact that the natural grain of rolled metalstock is
maintained in the finished product. The natural grain extends along the fulllength of the forged
rod,from one end where it is expanded. The naturalgrain is not truncated, as is the case with a
billet.

3.9 Material preparation for forging

Since the product ion volume is high,two connecting rods are forged
simultaneous ly . Round bar is cut on an industrialsa w from a rod in a cold state. The
dimensions are 015 x h250 mm. These values were calculated from sem iproduct
, volume, which is 173 772 mm3• This value is enlarged to 177 000 mm3 so there is
something left for inaccuracies and flash.

Pilous ARG 250 CF-NC Automat

Max. rod dimensions [mm] 250
Engine power [kW) 2,2
Feed rate of material[m/min] 1,6 / 2,s I 3
Saw blade speed [m/min] 15-90
Working height of vice [mm) 790

3.10 Pre-heating
The materialwill be pre-heated by induction heater up to llSO°C (7). The bar

diameter is 32 mm, materialis carbon steel,therefore the time of heating is 1,75 min (10

Bar Diameter [mm) 10 20 30 40 so 60 70 80 100

Carbon steels 0,2 0,6 1,2 1,8 2,5 3 3,5 4 5
low-alloyed steels 0,4 1,2 1,7 2,2 3 3,5 4,2 4,7 6

13
 3.11 Type of forging machine was selected in context with table

Common material Hammer,press

Material Strain rate sensitive Press
Rotational Mechanicalor screw press
Shape of forging
Oblong Hammer (drop h.,counterblow h.)
l ow Hammer
Middle Press (up to 60 kg), hammer
Weight of forging
arge Counterblow hammer, hydraulic p.
l ow - middle Hammer;alltype of presses
Production run High Forging press

Type of the forging machine willbe hammer. The forging energy was calculated (13):

A = 13,62 * cIoI.s9 = 13'62 * 0•9o.59 = 12,8 kJ

For grav ity hammer the minimalweight of the ram [7):

A 12.8

mb =
11 = U = 1,16 t

SmeralKHZ2A
Forging energy [kJ) 20
Oampingsurface for dies [mm] 250 x 440
Low est height of dies [mm] 250
Max. stroke of ram [mm] 400
No.of ram runs [min1·J 20
Installed power [kW) 30

14
3.12 Advantages of forging :
• Directional flow enables the improvement of impact and mechanical resistance
properties.
• Minimum porosity.
• Facilitates inspection in non-destructive tests.
• Elimination of chemical segregations.
• Better metallic yield.
• Saving in machining hours.

3.13 Design of forged part:

Forged part (semi-product) drawing is in Appendix B.
Outside/inside drafts for forged parts on hammer are under 2° .
Dimensions of corner and fillet radii are specified .
Table 6 Corner radii r and fillet radii R for steel forgings .

Height (depth) H.

Corner radii r and fillet radii R for the ratio.

h/f <= 2

2 <= h/f <= 4

h/f >= 4
Tolerances of forged part are based on EN 10243-1. Tolerance grade for most of
forgings is F,

material AISI 4340 has 0.40% of carbon, which places it into the group of steels
M1 (C≤0,65%).
The ratio between the weight of the forging (1365 g) and its envelope (6 kg) is
0,23. Therefore, the group is 5s.

15
3.14 Manufacturing of Final Product:
After the semi-finished part is finished, machining should be performed.
First of all, the preform should be annealed to enlarge its machinability.
Then the main shape will be done on a turning machine. Afterwards it is
important to machine the functional parts – piston end bore, crank end bearing
surface, bolt holes and threads and when it is done, the part will be surface
hardened.
After Finishing this operation, grinding will take also its part. The whole
procedure is described with all details in Appendix C.
The list of tools is specified in Appendix E.Of course, there are several
checks (dimensions and surface roughness) during the procedure.

3.15 Annealing:
Induction heater is used for pre-heating the preform for forging. It will be
also used for annealing.
A full anneal may be done at 844°C (7) followed by controlled (furnace)
cooling at a rate not faster than 15°C per hour down to 315°C. From 315°C it may
be air cooled (7).
Annealing realigns the internal molecular structure to make the metal
stronger which imbibes this steel with excellent durability.
5 Axis VMC (Vertical Milling Centre).
5 Axis VMC (16) was selected with respect to the work dimensions and
the machining operations to be performed on the semi product.
The machine is ideally suited for connecting rod manufacturing as all
machining operations can be completed in one machine and the rotating table
provides a variety of clamping methods so that multiple operations can be
completed in one process.

16
 CHAPTER 4
MANUFACTURING METHODS
4.1 Introduction to manufacturing method optimization:
The optimization of the current connecting rod’s manufacturing process
was developed considering quality and cost as main goals parameters. By
calculating how every tolerance in the process steps affects to the final dimensions,
it is possible to evaluate which tolerances should be modified to improve the
process.
Moreover, studying the connecting rod’s manufacturing process, some
possible improvements related to the process sequence were thought up to reduce
the tolerance chains.
Thus, a tolerance chain analysis was performed for the current and
proposed solutions to assess the achieved enhancement.

4.2 Machining methods:

a) Face milling

b) Boring

c) Drilling

d) Counterboring

e) Thread Tapping

f) Chamfering

17
18
19
20
4.3 Post Machining Operations:
After machining is completed, the bearing end cap is separated from the
rod part using fracture splitting and then assembled with bolts and bearings in the
Rotary Table Assembly Machine (17).
The finished part is checked for cracks in a magnetic crack detection machine.

21
22
23
 CHAPTER 5
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

24
25
 CHAPTER 6
Conclusion:
The task of this internship project report was to describe a manufacturing
process for selected part, that is connecting rod. The basic design (taken from
Chevrolet V8 Big Block Engine), calculations and material selection were
done.The material is AISI 4340 alloy steel, which is steel with Carbon, Nickel,
Chromium and Molybdenum. This material is cut from rod, then forged by close-
die forging in a hammer machine. After this procedure, semi-product is annealed
to make the machining easier. The machining is done on CNC 5 axis VMC and
fracture split and assembled in a Connecting Rod Crack and Assembly module.
In appendices, are described all process plan operations, as well as all
selected tools, used gauges and machines. In the process plan were calculated
basic operation times (for turning machine) to see, how time demanding is each
operation.

26
Reference:
 Maximizing hardness and toughness in 8260 steel. www.astmsteel.com
 The effects of surface hardening on fracture toughness of carburized steel.
 Fracture toughness and strength corrosion characteristics of ultrahigh
strength 4340 steel.
 The engineering tool box.www.engineeringtoolbox.com
 Fundamental of modern manufacturing.
 WWW.MASO-GROUP.COM

27