GS 1 : Society

Notes

By : Dr. Shivin Chaudhary (AIR 297, CSE 2022)

avail →
awareness
afford
-
-

_ access
-
ex : Birhor

1M¥
 Rate
Birth/Death
Pede
↑

popagwort
BRIsof e

↳lIfiving
DR-Health
L Food Birth Rate
Time

⑦
phase: Growth/ stationary (for context: celebrating child any
stagnant Heath facilities
BRY No
=

Family planning DR4:poor

of raising childs
agrarian
-
More Hands in the field,
say-cost
-Year of greatdenied.
illiteracy, inefficientdistrb" of food.
rate.
1901-1921- India;
1911-21--regrowth
⑭ phase: Steadily4 (mostly young popul [MORTALITY INDUCED GROWTH] -

·DRI Health facilities

=

high
better;BR remains -

·dent transportand communication

of
better distribut
"systemod) -

mures) Base]
250-360 (50% [New
1921-1 - India
pop"

⑭ phase: Stage of pop" explosion;DR-minimum due to 4 health

facility
GROWTH]
High fertility (FERTILITY
Rate INDUCED
High.
-

Br- still

pop"GR Highest
-

High
Base
Carganumal -2.2%), agri-revolution
againstfamine
Better economic coud", same social values (4BR)
B'desh, Nepal,
1981-81 -
India
pop" 36cr--few [also, migration:
Tibet, Pak)
⑭ phase:slow growth
high absolute growth
rate but

/BR- urban area-

↳ high of living cost of raising child
cost

↳
size
I
small
family
more mouths to feed
quality of life.
↑

age of marriage, edu"

of
women,
 ⑤ phase
in this
phase ( 1981 present]
-

: India
currently
↓ BR and ↓ DR .

I
④ phase :
stable
pop
"

TPFR -
20 =
µ puss
- -

BR= DR
total with low
similar to
phase ⊕ ,
but
High pop ! Brand DR

V⊕ phase : .
BRLDR
Double Income No Kids Couples
-

Scandinavia
alhhlutly Japan Germany
→
-

,
,

opposite High dependents

"
old
Mostly
'

pop
-

mental
loneliness depression geriatrics
problems [ Health
-

-
, ,
, .

old
"

age
at
famines of
.
 "
Pop POLICY
IN INDIA
 1=-8--19 Potthoff
-
-
 by
2100 India
study
lancet 2020
:
→

✓ 2ⁿᵈ net
"

largest immigrant

Antenatal
→
-
Distributional .

is ed
£0 ;anvil up society
-

Sey
-
.

_
 Prema

hsantushti

spacing

distributional
mission
paeivalvikas y
=

↓
Postpartum IUCD incentive scheme urban
meal
-

↓ µ
- s

vasectomy fortnight
=

certain
States
 state
UP -

↳
Most
populous
220 Million

India -
16% pop
"

,
3% Land, 4% water

i.
NFHS
[
75 f- Men dont use contra
after wifedecisions
18% women have final say in
repro

of pop control)
adv
"
C
general
.

living stay ununp / eulogy / infra presale

•
low .
poor ↑ -

po# ↑
 ^
India 37%
RN
Forcedtube
/ doing

in LSG
> 2- No elections
2 child
people for adoption
•

children
_
.

policy \
: divorced wives ,
gave

WF -
choice based
L indicative not
directive

{ Cairo consensus (19*4) - t.PE women's

freedom
/ edu
"
Invest in evo
 ( from vision notes)
Migration
Intro
/ conclusion SDG 10.7 Census V11 -
480
[ million
(
SDG 10C Remittance
Migrants
- .

ES 17 139 million seasonal who

migrants
-

( dominate Aban, low skilled mkt

l " Migrathasa safety "

valve
n
/ onugiat
"

Tembe India is ah
moving chinwagin residence
India
L
:

spatial mobility /
change
.

( intrastate > inter) data doesnt

Types
-
Internal census
L r
Permanent / Semipermanent / eiru@ record

Cages -

Economic -
Source :

Agri
distress
Frag of
LH Basic infra

I
.
,

oppo ↓ disguised mump

"
all
employment
edu ,
- .

,
.

↑
" "

glob
dust Industrial low strata
Higher
"
edu
:

I
, ,

Rural Ruled informal jobs

lgr disparities
-

Back slums dts overcrowd

push High of living
cost :

(
. , ,

Balk NREUA PNRLM counter cities

pull Magnet
:
.

, ,

Delhi C' Munb Pune

goth
-
-

→
Social
( push
-
:
caste barrier / patriarchy / wife / linguistic exclusion
pull auouimity / diluted caste hthy / urbanism
I
:

privacy statue of / Mop pattern .

push Back :
caste
ghettos class
ghetto
No cultural

/ pullback
,

Ix Racial intolerance
,

nativism
family unity
:
,
 Dent induced / HR abuses
✓
.

Political -

\
Push -
violence doin caste -

/ corrupts governance deficit

Pull Better
gov pot freedom safety
1
-

,
,

( push Back son

of soil
-

Back Pot
pull leadership change Hope
-

-
.

Consequences

[ if surplus pop focus on rest Remittance

"

EI source
gone
-

f.
, ,

I
loss HR
fan of Agri
"

of
-

-ᵗ
India
largest
( Global Mig rat
"

available
"

dust low lost labour

report
↳
Mismanaged ghetto telling of dep of natives
, ,
Relative
and ↑ crime .

dud -
source -

↓ BR ↑ dependence ↑ Child labour Fem -

LFPR
[ , , , ,

skewed sex ratio

"

dust
guyon
-

ex :

sociocultural ¥ ④ as agents of change intermixing ,

Familial distr
-

eat
"

"

Pol
+_
↳
New ideas ✓
1¥
: Job reservat
Haryana
Regionalism song
soil
↑ parochial pot governance tail
[
,
, ,

source
ghost villages ex Uttarakhand
: :

pot capital
"

↓ pot past
-
No
 - Impaction Migrants
\ ve

¥e
-

Social :

↑ capital
-

Networks _

unorganised , exploited
Mobility identity crisis marginal
'

man
oppo
- .

of parochial
Iunovatn victims
pill
'

anon
-
.

Tolerance caste
↓ schemes
govt
acute to
•
-

No enumeration
•

/
I state -

linguistic
Barnier

schemes -
ONORC
Project Chaugathi
{ Ayushman / portable) (
( NMIS Kerala
govt
NREhA
soft ASEEM
AEPS
scheme -

Migrant
( ,

SWADESH
children
Malayalam
-

Lpmujjwala
,
Novation card
t.IS migrant
-

workmen
apply only
-

we
Migrants
{ ✓ illiterate "
census 2011
-
58% and 2B't -
edu

wcalloust
( voting policy framework
- -
.

Remote
( voting
Health .
-

data -
Research
( low Nat mim social
"

governance priority
"
-
see .

feline .

Inclusive disburse ES 19
pot
-
>

HR Based b
/ app
UNESCO Sensitisat
"
coastal states
principles -1
\
"

nlldnvigrat
Data
Portable schemes .
 Poverty rural
[ 85% poor
-

MPI , 2021 62/107

µ
( St ( MPI)
SC
33% , boy
-
-
.

Muslims -

33% ( MPI)
OBC -27-1 .

( MPI)
^
OOPE
55 million
every for poverty aft
a
(MPI) made has been setback
IMF Covid

( progress by
-
-

<
It 107
3-
poverty
extreme .

despite avid @ B) global

extreme
port first time
-

in 204 .

global
79M
WEF -
social
mobility [ India 76/82 -

Report low income

fam Mean income

Oxfam -
Richest 1%
↳
=
4 × bottom 701 .

boy .

national wealth

give
-
08=5 ( 1- perfect inequality)
"
NITI -
Nat MPI
-25%
 Mean income
% of ↓

%
6¥

MPI :
incidence / intensity of
poverty
 Poverty
measurement

Motretaly
✓
,

Specific dimensions
MPI
poverty
↓

Binary deprvnof Basic needs

gender
based P
-
•
•

WB
approach $19 MPI 50%
: •

more
age
-

- • " "

How than
monetary caste
"

many poor poor

"
-
•

"

whom
"

inwrne NOT need incidence /

intensity poor
•
- •

111th social
cultural
eaunstd.ly Pol
Health .

" " status

living poet preserved

50%
of
-

MD
-

children < 18
poor

816 Rural
Counting
-
the
poor 1000 urban
/
-

Alagh
Lakadwala Suresh Tendulkar
Rangarajan prvindpanagaeiya
→ -
-
-

A. p .
taskforce

oulytotrackpngressnidlahn.gl
Taskforce -
continue c- tendulkar -

(MTD ( poverty
entitlements SECC data
Casper Dr. NC Saxena committee
-
 ✓
IMR
tq
MMR
Malnutrition
disaster poverty nexus
 5
divide
poverty
into
01
manageable
.

small

↳ land reforms as example

 Poverty alleviation

( /
"
1/12/13

(
spa

MNREINA unskilled manual About

days
100
[
.

✓ durable assets
\ asab.ua social audit
← Future ? (
,J¥%fy
Est 9- Helps NREGA NEFMS
soft
F. 819

(
, ,

and
analytics
data
Big
-

L heotaggingof
assets
prediction
worker Financial
( JANMNRELSA assettraektfeldbalkapp
-
-

inclusion / Microfinance) brain

Sarnvadapp
ups killing
MNREGÑHDDU
grameen kaushhhfa Yojana
-

PMGKRA Returnee durable assets

Migrants
-

[
.

WASH
poverty infra ( including
(
+

Cuomnnitytoilets)
iˢ④- roieof ?
MNREGA
alongside ⑨
CGHAUDWIB not included
"
-
reverse
High
Nolongtermsol
exclusion
of
 "

Poverty alluvial
approaches

Capability approach
① Sen
Amartya quality
"
-
-
edu Healthcare .

② trickle down eeouomics -

↑ size ofpie
③ Structured Labour intensives Mechanised
transform of agri
eco -

41,42 39lb)
"
then
depeasarlt industries
alt -

✓ ,

④ Social
security Ayusvurau
Atal
pension insurance
pen only 30%
- -

, ,

⑤ dirt
Infra productive assets
-

l
Failed
6ᵗʰ FYP ✓ Rural dw poor didnt have
prog
-
-

utilise
capacity to

⑥ Affordable Housing ,
PDS bare necessities index

⑦ Affirmative action -
Rauiltian
justice
⑧ Access to credit
=
-

job
L µ in
creator not seeker
/ Self Reliance .

,
finance antipoverty
:
vaccine

/
concessional ↓ \ Schemes -
JDY , Mudra,

rate small wave, credit ↑ Standup India ,

SUN Nidhi ,

4- syst
Hassle
free .

self employment ↓ ,
1 woman Kisan

Sha model Credit

Moneylender ↓ ,

Ex :
Kndurnbshsee
job providers community benefits
-

SHG
upbkilliug of
members

women
participate gender quality
④ -

ex : irulae -

knduwbswree
Rural
growth
"
and investment
Tlonsuvup
-

Boost
psychological poverty confidence
-

political poverty ↑
agency bargain power
-

.
Experimental approach
:

down schemes like IRDP

No
top
•

RCT to
/Stand what help and what
•

u interventions
dont rather than estimate
,

establish cause
effect at
•

"

No
grand generates
•

/ live and c- adversities

u stand how
cope
◦

poor
Mito small
divide
01
poverty
•

-
↓
why
shoo "

why going
to
why low own
dropouts quacks
•

takes behavioural ew .

into a / C
alleviate
goes beyond superficial critique of poverty
'

programmes
.

Another UBI Pto

approach
- :
 SFB RRB PB IPPB
Opening of
.

✓ ,

Govt schemes
,
:
Financial Inclusion

JDY →
credit
guarantee find ( overdraft )
↳ DBT (JAM)
( Micro insurance ,
pension Lakh accident insurance
free)
NCGTC -
Mudra loans stand India PMSVA Nidhi
up
•

, ,

I
=

[
④ild
/
1 Sept
Refinance loans -
1 woman

Margin money req ↓

-

SCB RRB,
,
MFI etc .

⑤ Tatum
-

,
Kishor MOHUN 10K loans, IY tenure

C- collateral free 7-1 .

interest
subsidy
4. interest subvention

SHG in each SHG v1 1 lakh

eligible
1 Mudra -
-
woman
↳
SHG member 5000
( PM
every
-

Garib
Kalyan ↳ Masks sanitiser free loans
2=201 collateral
-

[ 10 -15k procurement
revolving funds
.

Pai SA
NULM web
portal
•
-
.

worker solid Global

Micro insurance
gig security
• -

Microscope
economist
Insurance PMJ ivan PM sneaks her Binh Report ,

JyotiBharat
Bima India
:

Magazine
-

( Ayush man
,
PMFBY
,
#
5/55
life)
"

penetrat
3- 20
( Life) 1.00 ( non
-

r
Atal
pension Yojana
Pension NSODP
I
F- PF
 Paisa
NULM skills than to vendors
portal
-

c-

NRLM →
SHG

\
grauman Kaushal Yojana
DDU

startup village outrepren prog

.
.

-19
Ajeevikagranrleu express Yojana Budget
Inclusion 40% Food subs
/ error
Problems Exclusion 40J
of schemes error
.

leakage ¥
↓
8011011 ?

F-
Rupi Benefit transfer to poor (ex of shoe)
←
social
Physical DBT
may spend 1¥
-
on

1%
-
not
may match ( ex
:
alcohol >
Bribes meds@
discrete
Quality @ various
Wwf
level
levels

801
-
F-
Rupi
:
SMS / PR Based
prepaid cashless ew voucher.

[
NPCI
by
↳
use
only for intended
purpose
L freedom to choose goods Best
Quality
-
.

to customer
L power and
/
dignity
corruption
No nexus .
 less
scope of tax evasion
→

and
↓ physical interface btw Beneficiary put
-

naval merit

future ↳ food /medicines

"
in
app
→

↑ARTofDBI
=

CSR
t
travel allowances .

Inequality & Poverty

capitalism
↳
-

↑ inequality ( ex USA
!÷?•inequality)
-
income
,

Rapid
couch in ✗
Growth
tepidity
ew
-
' "

growth few wands .

xµ
F- 521 -

ADP ↑ → Tsiuofpie Redistribute

the in me .

Rich ↓
Benefit
"
tax collect

grows
more also
↓ ↓
↑
inequality ↓ absolute poverty
Raise the floor
~
i.
John Rawls basic liberties to and vulnerable
[ poor .

NOTHleti.ve)
govt [Focus
-
= onabs,
Trickle down economics

Urowtut Rich
person Tspenauigf jobs / wages for
- -
-

wealth
T investment all

( criticism
.

China

/w⑨
actual TD
continues to
underpay
- -

actually
%pwsoy
doesn't trickle .

5-
Minimum eduw
Ruled
wages
.

Health

wealth creation
=

lttuiruvalluval
wotabadthiugifdoue
-

( American
ethically
in ESH
.

survey
3¥ rich
acceptable
-
talent / risk
of
investment

i.
moderate
inequality
-

chill .

$-19 AWB-21 't

poor
India
growth ↳ J
Ew
poverty
removes
-

inequality b
-

focus on poverty
removal .

-
Redistributor
possible
nibiggerpie .
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suffer from
alleviation schemes
Poverty
:

G− Inclusion Error (समावेश त्रुिट): Non-poor (=well to do families) receive benefits = “free rider” problem.
~40% of Food subsidies wasted in this manner.
− Exclusion Error (बिहष्करण त्रुिट): Real Poor not receiving benefit. ~40-60% of real needy families don't
receive scheme benefit.
− Leakage (िरसाव): 20-36% money allotted in PDS/MNREGA is gone in corruption by the middleman /
bureaucrats.
− Suresh Tendulkar Poverty Estimation Method (2011) says
o Any rural person who is spending monthly ₹ 816/> is not poor = annual ₹ 9800 />
o Any urban person who is spending monthly ₹ 1000/> is not poor = annual ₹ 12000/>
− So, Economic Survey 2017 suggested, “better we simply give them money so they can spend minimum
aforementioned amounts, then they’ll automatically come out of the poverty!” That is the idea behind
UBI.
(Definition) Universal Basic Income (UBI: सावर्ित्रक बुिनयादी आय) means government depositing a specific sum of
money in a beneficiary’s bank account each year to augment his/her purchasing power in the open market.
The term ‘universal’ is ‘de-jure’ (औपचािरक), in reality, UBI is not meant for rich & middle class, they’ll be
excluded.
64.4.1 👌👌 UBI: Pro-Arguments by Eco Survey (इस सुधार के पक्ष में तकर् )
 Safety Net. Protects people from deprivation, destitution (अभाव, िनरािश्रतता)
 PDS= leakage, diversion. Better give ₹ ₹ to needy to buy from open market. सावर्जिनक िवतरण प्रणाली में सिब्सडी
िरसाव/धांधली ज्यादा
 MNREGA = Not good because it is creating shortage of farm labourers. Scheme is rife with corruption &
mismanagement. खेत मजदू रों की कमी, भ्रष्टाचार-धांधली बहुत है
 Some people face accident of birth (SC/ST/Rural/Poor). Some people face accident of life (e.g. drought,
disaster, husband dead, caught in debt trap by informal money lender). UBI will help them overcome
these accidents, boost their psychological aspirations. िपछड़े वगर् को कजेर् के िवष चक्र से िनकाल सकता है
 PAN cards already linked with Bank accounts so possible to exclude rich / middle class easily. So,
implementation of UNIVERSAL BASIC INCOME should not prove difficult.
 National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) has informed the United Nations Human Rights Council
(UNHRC) that the recommended implementation of a universal basic income was “under examination
and active consideration” of the Centre. राष्टी्र य मानवािधकार आयोग ने भी सं युक्त राष्ट्र की मानवािधकार सं स्था को बताया है िक
“हमारे देश की सरकार इस प्रस्ताव पर सिक्रय रूप से गौर कर रही हैं। ”
"
"
aid curse
Bread labour
-

f-
-

64.4.2 👎👎 UBI: Anti-Arguments by Eco Survey (सावर्ित्रक बुिनयादी आय िवरोधी तकर् )

 Able bodied men given ‘charity’. It’ll turn them lazy. Gandhi will not approve it. यह प्रकार से भीख/दान देना है
 1st world nations can afford UBI because their tax:GDP is high. If we give ₹ 12000 per year to poor people
(without shutting down existing schemes) then Fiscal deficit = ~12% of GDP = new variety of problems:
Crowding out of the private borrowers → Industrial expansion + job creation declines. (Counter
arguments: if we stop all schemes/subsidies and give only ₹ 2500 / per year as UBI to only poor people,
then Fiscal deficit will stay @3% while poverty will decline from 21.9% → just 9%] राजकोषीय घाटा अप्रत्यािशत
रूप से बढ़ेगा

(Batch: PCB1) Mrunal’s Economy Pillar#6B HRD: Edu, Skill, Poverty → Page 701
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 Extra money in the hands of poor without proportional increase in the supply of goods → demand side
inflation. So, poor person’s real purchasing power will not increase, he’ll remain poor only. (मांगजिनत
मं हगाई के चलते वो गरीब ही रहेगा. क्योंिक उसकी वास्तिवक खरीद शिक्त बढ़ नहीं पाएगी)
 Providing Universal basic income without crossing the fiscal deficit target will require stopping the
schemes like NFSA, MDM, MNREGA → but that will not be ‘politically feasible’. राजनीितक रूप से असं भव
 Many families hid their assets during SECC-2011 survey, so it’s not a reliable data. So if UBI given to
people based on SECC data → Inclusion Error, with non-poors getting benefit. अमीरों लोग गरीब होने का नाटक
करके योजना का लाभ लेंगे
 Men of the house may misuse ₹ ₹ on alcohol, gambling & other social ills. Better to give entitlements in
the form of ‘kind’ e.g. free food under mid day meal, subsidized grains @PDS shop. शराब और जुए में दुरुपयोग

Economic Survey 2017 gave both the pro and anti-arguments. Its intent was only to ‘generate a debate’
around the topic (without suggesting UBI for immediate implementation). However eventually,
- Interim-Budget 2019: PM-KISAN ₹ 6k / per year to small and marginal farmers.
- General Election 2019 Congress Manifesto promised to launch Nyuntam Aay Yojana (NYAY)
schemes giving ₹ 72,000 / per year to poorest 5 crore families [IF they’re elected to power].
�Conclusion-UBI-Favour: UBI can play a pivotal role in eliminating poverty and providing safety net
�
against deprivation and destitution. However, UBI should be designed & implemented in a manner that
minimizes leakage & doesn't put heavy burden on fiscal resources. गरीबी िनवारण में सावर्ित्रक बुिनयादी आय मदद कर सकती
यिद इसे सावधानी से जाए तािक भारत का राजकोषीय घाटा बहुत न बढे और अयोग्य/अमीर व्यिक्तयों को इसका लाभ न िमले।
� �Conclusion-UBI-Anti: While UBI can play a pivotal role in eliminating poverty and providing safety
net against deprivation and destitution, but in the light of the aforementioned challenges, the conditions are
not yet ripe for its introduction in India. हालाकी गरीबी िनवारण में सावर्ित्रक बुिनयादी आय मदद तो कर सकती है िकंतु भारत में इसे
लागू करने के िलए अभी पिरिस्थितयां /समय पिरपक़्व नहीं है

64.5 🤲🤲💸💸:✍→ CONCLUSION-TEMPLATE-POVERTY (िनष्कषर्- गरीबी िनवारण)

- While India’s GDP and national income is rising every year, not everyone has benefited equally from this
prosperity, as evident from <insert xyz report data>.
- Poverty acts as a barrier against gender development & human development. Therefore, SDG Goal 1 aims
to end poverty in all its forms everywhere.
- Aforementioned schemes / initiatives / challenges are important in that regard / need to be addressed on
priority basis.
भारत का सकल घरेलू उत्पाद और राष्ट्रीय आय तो बढ़ी है लेिकन इसमें हर एक व्यिक्त को इस समृिद्ध से एक समान रूप से लाभ नहीं िमला है। गरीबी
हमेशा लैंिगक िवकास और मानव िवकास में अवरोध पैदा करती है। इसिलए उक्त चीजों पर अग्रता क्रम से ध्यान देना जरूरी तभी हम सतत िवकास लक्ष्य
नं बर#1 'गरीबी का अंत' हािसल कर पाएं ग.े

64.5.1 ✍Past Questions in UPSC Mains Exams

- All Qs in the last handout 6C where we see weaker section, gender development, human development
and SDG.

(Batch: PCB1) Mrunal’s Economy Pillar#6B HRD: Edu, Skill, Poverty → Page 702
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 "

HOMOGENISAT HYBRIDISATION
 markets for the self-employed

COVID-19 and Globalization

● Closing down of borders – To tackle the COVID-19 crisis, countries shut down their
borders which led to a stop in international travel and exchanges.
● Shi in work dynamics- With offices and public spaces closed, a shi to online working
and remote working was observed.
● Role of internet - With people locked in their homes, internet became an important
medium for communication, education, businesses, governance etc.
● Inequalities- COVID-19 led to changes such as internet workforce, businesses etc. also
came with some inequalities such as digital haves and have-nots, labour market
polarization (unskilled workforce remaining unemployed) and disproportionate
burden on women. -
shadow pandemic
● Shi in Supply chains- Rather than having a scattered supply chain, countries focusing
on a consolidated supply chain including production, assembly and packaging.
● Inflow of global ideas- Through online media such as YouTube, Netflix etc. ideas are
being spread globally which can help create an aware generation.
● Changes in migration- With remote working and online education becoming the norm,
people settling down in their home countries and working for MNCs.

© EdSarrthi
21
Globalization 4.0
● Globalization 4.0 is latest stage of globalization which involves cutting-edge new
technologies like artificial intelligence that powers forward with the explosion of
information technology. These technologies shrink distances, open up borders and
minds and bring people all across the globe closer together.

Characteristics

1. Major turbulence for Service Sector: Highly disruptive because of changing

human-technology relations and also replacing human jobs with AI.

2. Closely integrated with Industry 4.0: New models of participation such as AI,
machine learning, Big data and integrating it with industrial processes.

3. Newer modes of Migration: Changing nature of work such as work from home,
gig work etc.

Challenges
1. Political crisis and Global level conflict: Mixed results of globalization. Even
though countries are globally connected political crisis and global level conflict
have also increased.

2. Economic exclusion: Economic opportunities will be uncertain, many may not

have the skills needed for the jobs of the future.

3. Income Inequality: Negative effects of globalization have a disproportionate

impact on already marginalized populations. divide
digital
.

© EdSarrthi
22
 virtual lines

•
Mental Health

4. Human Resource: Reskilling workforce according to the job needs of

globalization 4.0 to utilize demographic dividend.

5. Unintended consequences: World is vastly unprepared for the ethical, legal,

environmental concerns that are yet to be seen for which no framework has been
sentient AI bot
laid out.
google
→

6. Infrastructural challenges: Apart from skilling, India also needs to set up

required infrastructure and technology to harness the advantages of globalization
4.0.

De- Globalization
● De globalization is the process of reducing interdependence and integration
between nations around the world.
● It is characterized by decline in economic trade and investment between
countries, protectionism and unilateral withdrawal from international organizations
and agreements.
● This decline reflects that economies become less integrated with the rest of the
world economies.

A) Factors responsible

● Tariff wars are one aspect of de-globalisation policies.

© EdSarrthi
23
 ● Right wing ideology

● Outbreak and transboundary spread of diseases and pandemics – E.g. COVID19

● Sub-prime crisis of 2008

● Stricter IPR regime, sanitary and phytosanitary measures.

● Emergence of Emerging Market Economies
● Inward looking mentality and attitude. •
JCPOA withdrawal .

● Political rivalry – Russia and USA, USA and Iran, South Korea etc.
● Brexit is another facet that can cost countries too. Britainʼs divorce with the EU
is estimated to cost companies on both sides $80 billion a year without a trade

of pairs climate
out deal TPP
deal.
Trump
-
,

● Trade: With weakening global demand, many nations are erecting import
barriers, trade is slumping.
● The decrease in migration is another aspect. Despite the flood of refugees into
Europe, net migration from poor to rich countries decreased to 12 million
between 2011 and 2015, down by four million from the previous five years.
● Refugee crisis – Climate induced and political factors E.g. Rohingya crisis.
● The flow of capital – mainly bank loans – is retreating even faster. Frozen by the
financial crisis and squeezed a erward by new regulations, capital flows had
decreased to just under 2 percent of G.D.P. from a peak of 16 percent in 2007.

© EdSarrthi
24
 B) Impact on Advanced Economies (AEs)
● Labour Market Loss: The major hurdle faced by the Advanced Economies is the
death of relatively low skilled sectors like textile and the support economies that
grew around it.
● Technology: Advanced Economies have largely depended on technological
change for per capita income growth. There is deceleration in technological
change, during the last decade, partly due to low investment in innovation and
partly due to fading additional gains from the internet computer revolution.
● Consumer Credit: As a bid to keep spending alive, Advanced Economies
focused on the consumer credit in the early 2000s. This precipitated into the
Great Financial Crisis of 2008.

C) Impact on Emerging Markets (EMs)

● Trade: The increase in tariff barriers by the Advanced Economies have led to the
shrinking of exports in EMs which is destroying their job intensive
manufacturing sector.
● Migration: Advanced Economies are the hot destination of high skilled labour
from EMs. The increased protective measure by Advanced Economies for free
movement of high skilled labour is threatening their productive growth and
job opportunities. ↳ Remittances
decline

© EdSarrthi
25
 D) Impact on India
● Social impact: It leads to a decrease in standards of living as it will impact
exports and economic growth impacting welfare of the poor, vulnerable sections
and their standard of life. " "

imported inflat
"

● Political impact: It would affect polity leading to instability in the political

framework of countries due to increase in prices and cost of living may lead to
civil Uprisings.
● Impact on technology: These tendencies limit technological advancement of
the world as whole and of developing countries in particular. The limited
knowledge sharing, lack of flow of technology to developing countries limit
advancement in science.
● Impact on women employment: It would impact women empowerment
efforts as it will impact women movements across the globe. The lack of
cooperation among nations will reduce opportunities for women across the
world.

E) Way Forward
~
Multilateralism
● Promotion of new forms of international and regional integration that
preserve and allow the multiple dimensions of life to flourish.
● More and more Cooperation is needed for hours to make the world economy
more predictable, to mitigate vulnerabilities and to strengthen the free trade
system.
● More focus should be on creating organizations/coalition like International
Solar Alliance, Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure that contribute to
© EdSarrthi
26
 global sustainable development along with promoting coordination among
nations.
● The culture of tolerance and understanding must be promoted which provides
space for positive dialogue

Additional Info

Globalization
Definition
● IMF defines globalization as the increasing integration of economies around the world,
particularly through the movement of goods, services, and capital across borders.
● Globalization is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies,
and governments worldwide.

Terms associated with globalization

● Multilateralism
● Consumerism
● MNCs- Drivers of globalization
● Global value chains, global supply chains
● Local going global
● Netizens- no physical or national over cyber space.

© EdSarrthi
27
 ● Global citizens
● Cosmopolitan
● Cultural relativism, Cultural interaction – when many cultures interact and
intermingle.
● Global humanism
● Vasudaiva kutumbakam- “the world is one family”
● Global ideas and movements
● Interlinking of economies, domino effect (as seen during COVID)
● Protectionism, expansionism.
● Cultural imperialism- Showing how one culture is supreme. Ex: showing American
culture as modern and Indian as outdated.
● Free flow of ideas, technologies, human capital etc.
● Social dynamism- changing society in face of new ideas.
● Problems without passport- not restricted to one country or region- Kofi Annan
(Former UN sec Gen) – Climate change, pandemics, economic crisis all are problems
without passport.

Thinkers of globalization
1. Rabindranath Tagore – Book “Nationalism” – Promotes a global village, cosmopolitan
society.
a. Quotes- “At every land there are my kith and kin, to reckon whom, keen I have
been”.
2. Emmanuel Macron- “Globalization can be a great opportunity”

© EdSarrthi
28
 3. Kofi Annan –“ It has been said that arguing against globalization is like arguing against
the laws of gravity.”
4. Tony Blair- “Globalization is a fact, not a choice , and itʼs here to stay.”
5. Noam Chomsky- “Globalization begets inequalities.”
6. Amartya Sen- Globalization has enriched the world scientifically and culturally and
benefited many people economically as well.

© EdSarrthi
29
 "
"

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Features of Communalism
1. Primacy of religious identity- It claims that religious identity overrides everything
else. Whether one is poor or rich, whatever oneʼs occupation, caste or political beliefs,
it is religion alone that counts.
2. Intolerant- It is multifaceted process based on orthodoxy and intolerance.
3. Methods of opposition- It adopts extremist tactics including use of violence against
other people.
4. Exclusivist- It is exclusive in outlook, a communalist considers his own religion to be
superior to other religions. It propagates intense dislike of other religions and stands
for elimination of other religions and its values.

Factors aiding Communalism in India

1. Political factors: British policy of divide and rule led them to focus on using religion
to divide India by introducing separate electorates. Other political factors include
religion-based politics, partiality of political leaders towards their communities,
^
vote bank politics etc. ④
~ Sachar committee
-

deprived
2. Economic factors: Unequal economic development between two communities. Ex:
The Mappila Rebellion, the first so-called communal clash was also more of a
proletarian strike against the landed gentry. M→ 211 BPL,
-

⑨ -33 j .

3. Historical factors: Historic projection of ancient India as being ruled by Hindus and
Medieval period as the period of Muslim rule, when Hindus were exploited and
threatened
Cnistovograpmj
© EdSarrthi
2
 cured relative deprivation
"
is at actual and per
.

Politic -

-
4. Social factors: Issues like beef consumption, Hindi/Urdu imposition, conversion
efforts by religious groups etc., further created a wedge between the Hindus and
Muslims. Ex: Recent religious conversion laws in UP etc.
cultural No
5. Ghettoization and the refugee problem: These are some of the other dimensions of
synthesis
communalism induced violence. spatial pattern of communal violence
6. Administrative Failure – A weak law and order is one of the causes of communal
violence. Frustration ,
unemployment pot
+
apathy
-

7. Isolation and Economic Backwardness certain Community – The resurgence of

Hindu-Muslim economic competition, especially among the lower and middle class manipulate
strata has fuelled the communal ideology.
8. Psychological Factors – Inter-personal trust deficit and mutual understanding
between two communities o en result in perception of threat, harassment, fear and
danger in one community against the members of the other community , which in
turn leads to fight, hatred and anger phobia.
9. Role of Media – Sensationalization and dissemination of rumors as "news" which
sometimes resulted into further tension and riots between two rival religious groups.
10. Social media – Acting as an amplifier for fake news and propaganda which aims at
communal hatred and feelings of US vs THEM.

communalism
Religious
violent
Evolution of Communalism in India
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-

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avast
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the erosion
of
Ahmed Khan opposing the INC and starting the Aligarh
movement.
religious identity
.

© EdSarrthi
3
Rationale -
Globalism -
Fundamentalist believe that

(
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Consequences of Communalism

1. Voters generally vote on communal lines: The representatives try to safeguard the
interests of their community and ignore national interests.

2. Threat to Indian constitutional values: which promotes secularism and religious

tolerance. In that case, citizens donʼt fulfill their fundamental duties towards the
nation. Fundamental
duty
-

Brotherhood fraternity
,

3. Threat to the unity and integrity of the nation as a whole: It promotes only the
feeling of hatred in all directions, dividing society into communal lines.

4. Hinders social and human capital: Act as a barrier in the development of the nation.

5. Economic effects: investment attitude towards the country from foreign investors
would be cautious; they tend to avoid the countries with a highly communal country,
for not take the risk of end up losing their investment.

6. Flow of labor from productive activities is diverted to unproductive things: there is

massive destruction of public properties to spread the ideology.

© EdSarrthi
5
 7. A sudden increase in violence against any particular community causes mass exodus
and stampede which in turn kills any number of people. Ex: Exodus of North
easterners from Bangalore in 2012, which was stimulated by a rumour.

8. The real sufferers are the poor- who lose their house, their near and dear ones, their
lives, their livelihood, etc. It violates human rights from all directions.

Alltuialdeprivatn /
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Measures to deal with Communalism
1. Political measures- Politicization of religion, vote bank politics must become ethical
and must follow the SC directives regarding the same. Ex: CJI Ramana calling out
communalization of elections. RPA -

seen 12313 )
2. Social measures- Social outreach by religious leaders, community leaders,
sensitization drives regarding religious tolerance and co-existence, awareness
generation. Ex: School textbooks talking about brotherhood and peaceful
co-existence.
3. Economic measures- Eradicating the problem of unemployment among the
youths, illiteracy, and poverty and that too with honesty and without any
discrimination.
4. Emphasis on value-oriented education with a focus on the values of peace,
non-violence, compassion, secularism, and humanism as well as developing
scientific temper (enshrined as a fundamental duty) and rationalism.
5. Law and order response- Swi and prompt response to radicalization by a religious
extremist group on social media through police action, counseling sessions for those
radicalized especially adolescents etc.
© EdSarrthi
6
 - press commit
6. Media sensitivity- Media should report thoughtfully about happenings in the country
and should follow media ethics in promoting a spirit of brotherhood. Ex: Love Jihad
issue.
7. Executive reforms- Sachar Committee report on the status of Indian Muslims
recommended the creation of an Equal Opportunities Commission to deal with
complaints of intolerance and exclusion.
8. The Ranganath Mishra Commission entrusted by the Government of India to
suggest practical measures for the upli ment of the socially and economically
backward sections among religious and linguistic minorities and to include the
¥ modalities of implementation for the same.
,
9. Uniform Civil Code should be formulated and implemented with the consensus of all
religious communities so that there is uniformity in personal laws.
10. Legislative reforms- Strict laws on mob lynching, communal violence, hate speech
should be brought in which also covers the politicians.Ex: ʻPrevention of Communal
and Targeted Violence (Access to Justice and Reparations) Bill, 2011ʼ which lapsed
in the parliament.
11. Integrationist approach - Not replacing minority traditions and practices with
majority ones. Ex: State shouldnʼt promote vegetarianism in place of
out 30
non-vegetarianism. true spirit
-
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toy
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© EdSarrthi ( cousin
Akbar
-

fraternity .

7
 Contemporary issues related to Communalism

1. Love-Jihad/ Interfaith Marriages issue

a. Interfaith marriages being linked to forced conversion by religious
fundamentalist groups. The marriages being seen as a tool to convert Girls
from Hindu community into the Muslim faith.
b. Marriages not being registered under the special marriage act 1954 which is
there for interfaith marriages, but under the personal laws of one faith which
demands religious conversion.
c. Violative of Art 14, Art 19, Art 21, Art 25 .
d. Cases related- Hadiya case 2017 where Kerala HC annulled the marriage but
SC later overturned the HC judgment and ruled in favor of the girl , protecting
her Fundamental rights.

2. Beef Consumption/ Lynching

a. The issue of beef consumption and transportation has been a contentious issue
in India and has triggered communal outbreaks in various parts of the country.
b. SC judgment protecting Right to privacy as a FR under Art 21. A nine-judge
bench of SC observed “ nobody would like to be told what to eat or how to
decisional DPSP
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and Mitch
privacy

© EdSarrthi
8
 3. Religious Conversions/ Ghar Wapsi Programmes
a. Alleged Forcible religious conversions and the majority communityʼs efforts
and bringing the converted back into the mainstream through the ghar wapsi
programme (comes from the Shuddhi movement of Arya Samaj).
b. Art 25-28 – Constitution of India protects oneʼs FR to freedom of religion.
Freedom of conscience, free profession, practice and propagation of religion
subject to public order, morality and health.
c. SC observations- In Hadiya case, SC observed that, “Every person is the final
judge of his/her choice of religion or who their life partner should be.”
d. September 2020 Allahabad High Court judgement was the basis for the newly
enacted UP ordinance. The court held that conversion only for the sake of
marriage is invalid.

4. Communal riots/Delhi riots 2020-

a. The premise of the New Delhi 2020 riots is based on growing animosity and
destabilization of communal harmony in the background of the Citizenship
(Amendment) Act and the National Register of Citizens (NRC).
b. The issue of CAA-NRC protests became an issue of US vs THEM for the
fundamentalist groups and thus the riots were instigated.

© EdSarrthi
9
 5. Religious fundamentalism among youth-
a. A major challenge among the youth. There is an on-going threat of
radicalization among Kashmiri youth, which can give an impetus to already
existing separatist tendencies.
b. The Minister of Home Affairs (MHA) estimates that 75 Indians have joined ISIS.
c. Social media acting as a medium of spreading the fundamentalist ideas and
due to its over usage by the youth and an impressionist, they fall prey to such
ideas and thus become radicalized.

6. COVID and communalism- Tablighi Jamaat case

a. Role of media in instigating communal ideas- During the 1st wave of COVID , a
religious congregation was seen as violating COVID norms . This was later
amplified by mass media and anti-minority sentiments were spread. This led
to further alienation and blame shi ing on one community.
b. Media ethics come into question as media was observed as shi ing the
narrative and targeting a community.

© EdSarrthi
10
 ( federalism
/ ①
linguistic as -2
-

secularism / wmmmd
Diversity of ②
Religious
→ -

India \
③ Racial Notes
-

④
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> →

JF Notes
✓
-

salient
features -
caste -
Arturo
\
general Notes
-
.
 MAINS MENTORSHIP PROGRAM
SOCIETY

Salient Features of Indian Society

1. Traditionalism with modernity: Western food is equally popular as Indian food. Indo-
western fusion has been a popular theme in performing arts as well.
2. Multi ethnic and multi lingual society. India is home to a wide variety of ethnic
groups that include almost all racial profiles. The Indian society is characteristic of
people speaking thousands of languages including varied dialects and scripts. More
than 1600 languages are spoken in india.
3. Dynamic and syncretic: Our society promotes accommodation as well as
assimilation.

4. Cultural syncretism is when distinct aspects of different cultures blend together to

make something new and unique for rg: Urdu comes from both Arabic and Hindavi

5. Society is dynamic as it is changing every day. For example, Many ethnic tribes like
the Naga are struggling to protect their culture from the outside world

6. Unity in Diversity: Values of co-existence that had developed as a result of historical

fusion and accommodation encourage unity among the Indian people belonging to
diverse religious and ethnic groups.
7. Patriarchy: A society where actual power is with men. In this system, men make all
decisions in both society and their family unit, hold all positions of power and

© EdSarrthi
1
 authority and are considered superior. Women are treated as second-class citizens
in a patriarchal society.
~
Son Meta preference .

● Moreover, Male child preference is also one such example that shows the
patriarchal mindset.
8. Class And Caste Divide: Caste system is a peculiar feature of indian society. The
modern caste system is the result of the age-old Varna system. Economic reforms have
led to class based stratification as well. However, social mobility among class is more
common. Co-existence through inter-caste marriages and endogamy are examples of
this.
9. Tribes : Tribes have been classified as a group of home-grown people with a little
background who were entitled to have a common name, language, and territory, tied
by strong kinship bonds, practising endogamy, distinct customs, rituals and
beliefs, simple social rank, and political organization, common ownership of resources
and technology. There are about 705 Scheduled tribes in the country and constitute 6
per cent of the population of the country
10. Family : In some way or the other, a family is a universal group. It exists in tribal,
rural, and urban communities and among the followers of all religions and cultures.
Joint family system of Indian society is one of its characteristic features. However,
Indian society is now witnessing various new forms of family such as nuclear families,
extended families, patrilocal families, neo local families etc.

11. Balance between Individualism and collectivism : Indian society shows a

beautiful blend of individualism and collectivism as people here are moving towards
individual tendencies where they take their own decisions but at the same time they
© EdSarrthi
2
 do not forget their roots and work in tandem with the community they belong to and
'
follow the spirit of brotherhood.
'

Moksha
concept of
12. Presence of Spirituality and Materialism : In Indian society both features of
spirituality and materialism are present. Spiritualism is concerned with the human
soul and it is a principle that aims to alleviate the human soul. It is a way to od. India is
known as the centre of spirituality in the world.
● On the other hand, Materialism values worldly goods and services. This
philosophy advocates valuing the materialistic things of the world. This
advocate accommodating luxury items.
13.Tolerance And Mutual Respect: Accommodative values of tolerance and mutual
respect that have existed from the early times. Buddhism and Jainism promoted these
values through ancient texts. Also, the principle of “Sarva- dharma-sam-bhava”
represents such secular values.
14.Society is largely agrarian and rural : Still majority of population (68%) lives In rural
areas.

}
"

Modlrnisat
/
Diversity of India
Forces
addin names, style of worship, public behaviour and

GAMM
1. Religious diversity: Diversity exists

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religious beliefs.
2. Linguistic diversity: Officially there are 122 languages. However, there are more than
1600 languages spoken in India.
3. Geographical diversity. Diversity of geographic terrain is visible in the vast landscape
of our country.

© EdSarrthi
3
 3. Encourage the tribal languages which must be given all possible support and the
conditions in which they can flourish must be safeguarded.
4. Reliance should be placed on the tribals themselves, and administrators should be
recruited from amongst them and trained.
5. The governors of the states in which tribal areas were situated were given special
responsibility to protect tribal interests, including the power to modify central and
state laws in their application to tribal areas, and to frame regulations for the
protection of tribalsʼ right to land and also their protection from moneylenders.

common pot structure

geopolitical
-

geocultueal
/ Mosaic
:

Has diversity strengthened India? Or Sources of unity in diversity ? model

1. Yes
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● Geography as a source of Unity: India as a single geographical entity despite various

features within it. Swami Vivekananda

● Ideology as a source of unity: An accommodative philosophical tradition talking

about tolerance, righteousness, love, recognition of differences, through notions like
Vasudeva Kutumbakam.
pilgrimage
in Hinduism
allloruessofthe
-

-
● Religion as a source of unity: Every religion when interpreted in liberal form preaches
religious pluralism and tolerance, love and compassion. country >

unity ↑
● Language as a source of unity: Although different languages, English acts as a unifier.
so ● Polity as a source of unity: Constitutional ideals through words, like secularism,
3
socialism, liberty, equality, justice gave India a sense of political and administrative
rang Field view)
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© EdSarrthi
region unity )
.

5
 Polity
all India services Joint
family unity
• -
• -

Defence services
•

● Inter-State mobility: – The Constitution guarantees freedom to move throughout the

territory of India under 19 (1) (d), which promotes a sense of unity and brotherhood
among the masses.
● Fairs and festivals: – India is noted as the land of festivals, and Indians too enjoy every
festival with much zeal and fervour. Due to the varied culture and heritage of India,
there are various religious as well as social festivals that are confined to specific
regions of the country. Festival celebrations help in strengthening unity among the
Indians. Mosaic model
.

~
○ For eg: Festivals like Diwali, Eid, and Christmas are enjoyed by all with the same
spirit and fervour.
● Sports and Cinema: These are followed by millions in the country, thus, acting as a
"
Nationalism "
binding force across the length and breadth of India. sports

2. No
● Geography as a source of conflict: Regionalism based conflicts. Eg: Sons of soil
movement in Maharastra. Also, The North-East that is geographically isolated from
the rest of the country, i.e., the Siliguri corridor (Chickenʼs neck) acts as a source of
disintegration and conflict.
● Ideology as a source of conflict: Intolerance to othersʼ ideology is the real source
of conflict. Ex: Communalism
● Religion as a source of conflict: Some religious doctrines promote dogma and
intolerance towards other religions. Religious exclusivism, fundamentalism.
Communal antagonism has posed a serious challenge to national integration in India.

© EdSarrthi
6
 ● Language as a source of conflict: Dispute over official language. Linguistic
reorganisation of states.
● Caste system.

● Racism: Discrimination against people leading to division. Eg: discrimination against

people of North east.

● Divisive politics – Political manipulation has projected one religion against the other,
which results in communal riots, mutual distrust, and disintegration of Indian society
and country. Ascriptive identities such as caste, religion, etc. are evoked by
politicians to garner votes.
BRD ↓
-
● Development deficit – Inadequate economic policies and consequent economic
disparities can lead to the backwardness of a region, further threatening the unity of
the nation.

● Separatist movements: The on-going separatist movements in J&K and North-East

along with Naxalism have for long and continue to pose significant risks to Indiaʼs
unity.

The problem is not of diversity per se, but the handling of diversity in India society. The
problems of regionalism, communalism, ethnic conflicts etc. have arisen because the
fruits of development havenʼt been distributed equally or the cultures of some groups
havenʼt been accorded due recognition

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© EdSarrthi
7
MODELS OF ACCOMMODATION FOR DIVERSITY

1. Salad Bowl model: - No new

identity
● In the salad bowl model, different cultures are brought together – like salad
ingredients – but do not form together into a single homogeneous culture;
each culture keeps its distinct qualities
● This model of racial integration can be described as a salad bowl, with people of
different cultures living in harmony, like lettuce, tomatoes, and carrots in a
salad.
● In this type of model, cultures do not mix at all.
● For example, UK Model, where regions like Scotland, Northern Ireland are
different, and intermingling is less between people of these regions.

^
2. Melting Pot Model: New
identity overtakes old
identity
-
.

● A melting pot is for a society where many different types of people blend as
one.
● For example, America is o en called a melting pot because, with time,
generations of immigrants have melted together: they have abandoned their
cultures to become assimilated into American society.

3. Mosaic Model of society: New c- Old

identity w exists .

● Mosaic is a form of art where different rocks of different colors are joined
together and forms an image.

© EdSarrthi
8
 ● This model is the mix of ethnic groups, languages, and cultures that
coexist within society.
● The idea of a cultural mosaic is intended to suggest a form
of multiculturalism.
● This model emphasizes integration with isolation.
● Here new identity is created, but the original identity is not lost.
● For example: In India, different cultures like Bengali, Kashmiri, Punjabi coexist
with their original identity of being Indian

Conclusion
● The Unity in Diversity is disturbed in Indian society due to some communal forces with
a vested interest. But India has the strength to overcome communal violence and
religious threats.
● Every Indian must li oneself up above the challenges and work towards national
unity and integrity. Preamble
-
.

● The common values of democracy, equality, and justice as defined in the constitution
that we share and cherish as a part of the value system of Indian Society, is Indiaʼs
strength.

© EdSarrthi
9
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Some key points: Nonreligious sources .

● Secularism is the principle that determines the relationship between the state and the
religion.

● The term “Secular” means being "separate" from religion, or having no religious
basis.

● A secular person is one who does not owe his moral values to any religion. His values are
the product of his rational and scientific thinking.

○ It emphasized dissociation of the state from religion and full freedom to all
religions as well as tolerance of all religions.

● Secularism means separation of religion from political, economic, social and cultural
aspects of life, religion being treated as a purely personal matter.

● In India , the word secularism was introduced to the constitution through the 42nd
amendment act 1976 , which added ʻsecularismʼ to the preamble. However, the guiding
spirit of the Constitution of India has always been secular.

● Indian secularism is not an end in itself but a means to address religious

plurality and sought to achieve peaceful coexistence of different religions.
© EdSarrthi
1
 Mutual
Western model of secularism – The negative model Mutual
'

Noninterference / exclusion

1. Complete separation of religion and state- The State and religion has their own
separate spheres and one must not intrude in otherʼs sphere.
2. No room for religious reforms- There can be no religious reforms as the state cannot
④ says woman state cant
digress into religious sphere. F-± cant become
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interfere .

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education institutions of religious minorities.
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reflected in oneʼs public life.
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Over the years, India has developed its own unique concept of secularism that is
fundamentally different from the parallel western concept of secularism in the following
ways:
1. Principle of Harmony than separation: Focus on harmony among all religions than
tight separation between state and religion.
2. State sponsored religious reforms: Indian model allows state intervention to help
reform various evils and superstition. Ex: Judicial orders on triple talaq, Sabrimala
temple entry, Abolition of Sati. ☒Rlprincipkd distances
3. Both Individual and community rights: By accepting community-based rights for
religious minorities, state can protect rights of Indian citizens.

© EdSarrthi
2
 /
4. Religious Tolerance: By acceptance of all religions rather than tight separation it
reflects tolerant attitude of state and its people.
5. Liberal and Egalitarian: Indian secularism help liberal and egalitarian principles by
reforming illiberal practices through state intervention. Ex: Women entry in religious
places.
6. Humanism at its core- Indian secularism is humane and is not affected by spiritual
beliefs or values of any particular religions.

}
this
multiculturalism :
Tradition
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I diverse
Secularism in the History of India

● Secular traditions are very deep rooted in the history of India. Indian culture is
based on the blending of various spiritual traditions and social movements.
1. In ancient India, the Sanatan Dharma (Hinduism) was basically allowed to
develop as a holistic religion by welcoming different spiritual traditions and
trying to integrate them into a common mainstream.
2. Emperor Ashoka announced, as early as 3rd century B.C. that, the state
would not prosecute any religious sect.
3. In his 12th Rock Edict, Ashoka made an appeal not only for the toleration
of all religion sects but also to develop a spirit of great respect toward
them.
4. Even a er the advent of Jainism, Buddhism and later Islam and
Christianity on the Indian soil, the quest for religious toleration and
coexistence of different faiths continued.

© EdSarrthi
3
 5. In medieval India, the Sufi and Bhakti movements bond the people of
various communities together with love and peace.
6. In medieval India, religious toleration and freedom of worship marked the
State under Akbar. He had a number of Hindus as his ministers, forbade
forcible conversions and abolished Jizya. He even sponsored a series of
religious debates which were held in the ʻIbadat Khanaʼ of the Hall of
Worship, and the participants in these debates included theologians from
amongst Brahmins, Jains and Zoroastrians
7. The spirit of secularism was strengthened and enriched through the Indian
freedom movement too, though the British have pursued the policy of
divide and rule.
8. In the initial part of the Indian freedom movement, the liberals like Sir Feroz
Shah Mehta, Govind Ranade, Gopal Krishna Gokhale by and large pursued a
secular approach to politics.
9. The constitution dra ed by Pandit Moti Lal Nehru as the chairman of the
historic Nehru Committee in 1928, had many provision on secularism as:
ʻThere shall be no state religion for the commonwealth of India or for any
province in the commonwealth, nor shall the state, either directly or
indirectly, endow any religion any preference or impose any disability on
account of religious beliefs or religious statusʼ.
10.Gandhijiʼs secularism was based on a commitment to the brotherhood of
religious communities.

© EdSarrthi
4
Elements of Indian Model of Secularism-

1. Sarva-Dharma-Sambhava- “All paths lead to the same destination”. In political sense

it means equal respect to all religions.
2. Sarva-Dharma-Sadbhava – Peaceful co-existence and a sense of fraternity amongst all
religions.
3. Principled Distance approach- State can intervene in a principled manner for religious
reforms or to protect, preserve and propagate the identity. Ex: Art 29,30.
4. Dharma Nirpekshta- Indifference of state to religion. State doesnʼt discriminate on the
basis of religions. But it can promote all the religions equally. Ex: Hajj subsidy
alongwith state sponsored Char Dham yatras.

Secularism and Indian Constitution-

1. The term ʻSecularʼ was added to the preamble by the forty-second constitution
Amendment Act of 1976, (India is a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic, republic).

2. Article 14- Equality before the law and equal protection of the laws to all, Article
15 enlarges the concept of secularism by prohibiting discrimination on grounds of
down
religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth. 17 intra
religious
-

3. Article 16 (1)- Equality of opportunity to all citizens in matters of public employment

and reiterates that there would be no discrimination on the basis of religion, race, caste,
sex, descent, place of birth and residence.

4. Article 25 - ʻFreedom of Conscienceʼ, that is, all persons are equally entitled to freedom
of conscience and the right to freely profess, practise and propagate religion.

© EdSarrthi
5
5. Article 26- Every religious group or individual has the right to establish and maintain
institutions for religious and charitable purposes and to manage its own affairs in
matters of religion.

6. Article 27- The state shall not compel any citizen to pay any taxes for the promotion or
maintenance of any particular religion or religious institution.

7. Article 28- Allows educational institutions maintained by different religious groups to

impart religious instruction.

8. Article 29 and Article 30 provides cultural and educational rights to the minorities.

9. Article 51A- Fundamental Duties obliges all the citizens to promote harmony and the
spirit of common brotherhood and to value and preserve the rich heritage of our
composite culture.

Gandhian Model of Secularism

● Sarva Dharma Sama bhava – Regarded all religions equal and as different paths to
reach the same destination.
● Religious reforms- Gandhiji did not accept all the practices of Hinduism
blindfolded rather he looked at it in the prism of liberal thoughts and
modernism so that the secular value of Indian culture would be sustained. Ex:
abolishing untouchability.
● Vision of a secular state- Gandhiʼs vision of the secular state is a place where
religious values and discourse are cherished and respected in all spheres of life, the

© EdSarrthi
6
 public as well as the private, but in which no single religion is allowed to dominate
the others.
● Religion as a private and public affair both- Gandhiji considered religion as a set of
moral principles that lead men on the right path of living. Thus it is applicable in both
private and public life.

“I do not expect any dreams to develop one religion i.e. to be wholly Hindu or wholly
Christian or wholly Mussalman, but I want it to be wholly tolerant, with its religions working
side by side with one another” – Mahatma Gandhi.

“Politics bere of religion is a crime” - Mahatma Gandhi

Nehruvian Secularism

● Scientific humanism- Development of a rational and scientific temperament which

will develop India into a progressive society from which both the Nation and Religion
will benefit.
● Principled Distance approach- Equal protection by state to all religions, principled
interventions in case of religious reforms. A secular state to be one that “protects all
religions but does not favour one at the expense of others and does not itself adopt
any religion as the state religion.”

© EdSarrthi
7
 impossible rilisatnof
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Challenges and threats to Indian Secularism

religious practice
.

● Communal politics- Politicization of religion and the politicians using it as a tool to

gather vote bank and mobilize people against one another. Ex: Ramjanmabhoomi
movement and demolition of babri masjid.
● Religious fundamentalism- Rise in religious fundamentalism and its amplification
through social media etc. Ex: Fringe elements in Hindutva movement, Islamic
Fundamentalism.
● Forced conversions- Allegations Forced conversions of people from lower strata of
Hinduism to Christianity and Islam. As a reaction, the Ghar wapsi movement was
launched by the Hindutva right wing.
● Constitutional contradiction- There are certain secular principles that are mutually
exclusive. Ex: Article 48 bans cow slaughter for respecting the religious sentiment of
Hindu but such actions are approved of as a part of other faiths as well as tribal
tradition.

● Rise in Majoritarianism- Majority religious group rising as the sole representative of

the Indian ethos and society , thus trying to integrate the minority cultures into the
mainstream.

● Exclusion of minorities- The overall participation of religious minorities in the

political sphere continues to occupy a tiny space. Sachar Committee reported “while
Muslims constitute 14 percent of the Indian population, they comprise only 2.5
percent of the Indian bureaucracy”

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© EdSarrthi
through facilitating
liberal voiustouphold
8
values
 ● Discriminative state intervention- To retain vote banks, governments show bias in
regulating the religious customs and practices. Ex: CAA-NRCʼs exclusion of certain
minorities leading to the allegation of it being anti minority.

● International influences- International events and their influence on Indian secular

ethos and the society. Ex: Israel-Palestine issue, attacks on Hindus in Bangladesh,
Afghanistan issue.
TT Bill
intervention Shameem
Begum
-
•
,

VOI
4s
Ways to Promote Secularism
Muslim
mige practices
challenged
.

● Religious freedom- Best approach to nurture secularism is to expand religious

freedom rather than strictly practicing state neutrality.
● Role modelling- Ideas of religious harmony and universal brotherhood spread
through the thoughts of great leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi.
● Education – The most potent tool to inculcate ideas of secularism, fraternity, religious
tolerance, peaceful co-existence.
● Acceptance of social reforms- The society must become welcoming to social reforms
and keep a rational outlook while practicing religion thus keeping away from
dogmatism.
● Legislative reforms- Reforms such as Uniform civil code are much needed to make
the society come out of religious norms and laws.
● Political sensitivity- Politicians and leaders must adhere to constitutional norms and
must become sensitive to the feelings of the people.

© EdSarrthi
9
 ● Promoting cultural ideas – Ideas such as “Ekam Sat Vipraha Bahuda Vadanti” i.e.
“thereʼs only one truth and the wise call it as many”, or Anekantavada of Jainism that
talks about plurality of thought.
● Religious pluralism and a heterogeneous society- Promoting Indian credentials as a
pluralist and heterogeneous society.
● Periodical convention of the National Integration Council with the true spirit of
secularism.
● Consider the suggestions of 2nd ARC (4th report-Ethics in Governance, 5th
report-Public Order) to offer secular governance and handle communal clashes
effectively and promptly.

Contemporary Issues

1. Uniform Civil Code

Article 44 (DPSP) of the Constitution states that “the State shall endeavour to secure for
citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India.” It essentially means
a common set of laws governing personal matters for all citizens of the
country, irrespective of religion.

© EdSarrthi
10
 3. Dra ing of UCC is another obstacle. There is no consensus regarding whether
it should be a blend of personal laws or should be a new law adhering to the
constitutional mandate.

2. Entry Movements to places of Religious Worship by Women Organizations

● Movements for entry into temples such as Sabrimala temple, Shani-Shignapur temple
and dargahs and mosques such as the Haji-Ali Dargah.
○ Fundamental rights of women- Not allowing entry of women goes against the
Fundamental rights of women. Art 14,15,19,21,25 are clearly violated.
○ Gender Justice- Equal access to God and faith to women and men.
Discrimination on this ground cannot be acceptable.
● Judicial Pronouncements
○ Sabrimala temple entry case- SC allowed temple entry of women and
denounced the practice as not an “Essential religious practice.” Further the case
is subjudice and sent to a 9 judge bench.
○ Bombay HC in Haji Ali Dargah case- Trust could not enforce a ban “contrary to
the fundamental rights”

3. CAA-NRC

● Issue arises out of inclusion-exclusion of certain communities from the law and the
contentious issue that whether citizenship can be provided or denied on the grounds
of religion. Also, without any comprehensive refugee law in India, this issue becomes
contentious.
© EdSarrthi
12
 Social M out :

defined as collective action to further a

common interest outside established
institutions
Dalit movement
.

Reformative
Dalits are those groups of people who have faced social discrimination including the
untouchability. They largely belong to the economically disadvantaged groups of our society.
east) They are placed in the Scheduled Caste categories in our constitution. The category of dalits was
① in )
first used by Jyotiba Phule in the nineteenth century. It was first popularly used by the Dalit
(gandhi Panther in the 1970s. But it has come in currency quite recently – from the 1980s onwards.

Last few decades have seen a spate of dalit movement in various parts of the country. This is
alternative reflected in their social, cultural and political activities at various levels, i.e., state, local and all
Chet) India.
(outside
Dalit movement raises issues of caste-based discrimination and economic inequality. It is a
(BR A) struggle for social justice. The issues on which dalit movement is launched are: self – respect,
harassment of women, payment of wages, forced labour or begar, disputes over land,
implementation of the reservation policy, promotion in the job, denial of democratic rights
like casting of votes.

Ghanshyam Shah classifies the Dalit movements into reformative and alternative movements.
The former tries to reform the caste system to solve the problem of untouchability. The
alternative movement attempts to create an alternative socio-cultural structure by conversion
to some other religion or by acquiring education, economic status and political power. Both
types of movements use political means to attain their objectives.

Dalit movement in the post – Independence period in India can be divided into three phases,
i.e., phase I (1950s – 1960s), phase II (1970s –1980s); and phase III (1990s) onwards.

There has been a common feature of dalit politics throughout the post – Independence period,
especially from the 1960s onwards, e.g., to strive to have a party of their own or a party led by
the dalits. The shift in dalit support from the Congress to RPI in the 1960s, to the Janata Party in
1977, the Janata Dal in 1989 and to the BSP in the 1990s onwards are examples of this desire of
the dalits. Several factors have contributed to the rise of dalit movement, especially from the
1980s onwards. These include emergence of a new generation among dalits, which is conscious
of their rights, explosion of mass media and the impact of the ideas of Dr. B R Ambedkar.

f  Phase I: Implementation of the universal adult franchise, reservation in educational and

political institutions, and in jobs for the Schedules Castes as per the provisions of the
Ist constitution enabled a large number of them to take advantage of these facilities in the
generation of period following independence. Besides, the political parties, especially Congress party
attempted to mobilize them as its vote bank. Despite the difficulties in availing of their right
dalit to vote in many parts of the country, politicization of the dalits took place to a considerable
politicians extent. Such process made them conscious of their rights. The policies and strategies of the
Congress helped it create its social base which consisted of Dalits as major social group. The
politicization of dalits during this phase took as a constituent of the social base of the
political parties, especially the Congress.

Meanwhile, there emerged the first generation of dalit leadership borne after
independence, which included educated middle class professional as well. This group
became critical of dominant political parties and the cultural ethos, especially the Congress
 Alternative
and the Hindu belief system. They started feeling that the Congress was using them as the
↓ vote bank; the high castes were holding the leadership of this party and not allowing dalits
to get the leadership. On the cultural front they felt that the Hindu religion does not provide
.

gain power them a respectable place. Therefore, in order to live respectfully they should discard Hindu
religion and convert to Buddhism. The advocates of this opinion were influenced by the
-

lowest ideas of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. Ambedkar, understanding his responsibility as a political leader
of a vast population, formulated a new politi-cal outfit, the Republican Party of India (RPI)
to be able to parti-cipate in the democratic polity. Surprisingly, the secular principles of the
political organizations, which Ambedkar established, reiterated the teachings and social
ideals of Buddhism. For Ambedkar societal reforms vis-à-vis the Constitution became the
prime task and therefore his new political party never constructed any hyperactive political
ideology, but revolved round the same principles of social change.

In the late 1950s and 1960s RPI launched a cultural and political movement in UP and
Maharashtra for achieving political and cultural autonomy. A large number of dalits got
converted to Buddhism. The RPI emerged one of the important political parties in the
assembly and parliamentary elections held in UP during the 1960s. But the RPI could not
remain a force in UP after the 1960s because its main leadership got co-opted into the
Congress, a party against whom it had launched movement in the preceding decade.

f  Phase II : This phase was marked by the combination of class and caste struggles. In the
rural areas of West Bengal, Bihar and Andhra Pradesh the naxalite movement launched a

ideological
struggle against the caste and class exploitation. In the cities of Bombay and Pune, the Dalit
Panther launched the similar kind of movement.
om
l.c

difference
ai

An educated group of dalits – young dalit writers and poets, in two major cities of
gm

Maharashtra set up an organization known as Dalit Panther in 1972. Influenced by

change pot sgstuAmedkarism, Marxism and “Negro literature”, they aimed at rejecting the caste system,
y@
ar

Marxist v15
dh

which according to them was based on the Brahmincal Hinduism. Spreading their ideas
au

through the media and communication network, through the discussions and debate in the
ch

Ambedkar
n.

public space, i.e., offices, houses, tea shops, public libraries, dalit writes and poets provided
vi
hi

↳ within the critique of the Hindu caste system and exploitative economic system..The activists of
rs
fo

Dalit Panther belonged to first generation educated youth, whose parents were poor
y

pot
nl

peasants and laborer, who had inherited the legacy of Ambedkar movement.
O

system Initially the movement proclaimed to have an alliance of exploited people – dalits,
backward classes, workers and peasants. Its programme centered on the problems of
women, rejection of Brahaminical principles of purity and pollution, and fight against all
kinds of political and economic exploitation. In the tradition of Ambedakarism, they aimed
at achieving the political power. This movement grow in the wake of the failure of the
Republican Movement of the 1970s which suffered because of the personality differences of
its leadership.

But like the RPI movement, it had to suffer from the split. Two main leaders of the Dalit
Panther Raja Dhale and Namdev Dhasal developed differences on the ideological ground.
The former an ardent Ambedkarite accused Namdev Dhasal, a Marxist of ignoring the caste
problem and helping the communists to peneterate the Dalit Panther movement. There
after The Dalit Panther could not be able to make an alliance of all exploited. It got divided
Phat e Ambedkarite
Raja
-

Marxist
Namdev Dhasal
-
 between the Ambedkarites and Marxists, particularly after the 1974 by election to the
Bombay parliamentary constituency.

Unlike the dalits of west UP or Maharashtra, those of Bihar did not experience anti-caste
movement in the colonial period. While the non-dalit peasantry was mobilized by different
peasant or caste organizations in Bihar, to mobilise them excepting for getting their votes. It
was only since the late 1960s that dalits of central Bihar were initiated into the political
movement. But it was not the exclusively on the caste lines; it was on the mix of caste and
class exploitation.

In Karnataka also dalits organized into the Dalit Sanghasrsh Samiti (DSS). It was an
organization which was set up in 1973 and set up its units in most districts of Karnataka. Like
Bihar it also took up caste and class issues and attempted to build an alliance of diverse
groups of the exploited classes. It also brought dalits of different persuasions – Marxism,
socialism, Ambedkarism, etc, under the banner of a single organization.

 Phase III: The 1990s have seen the proliferation of dalit organizations in different

I
states of the country. The case of the BSP in Uttar Pradesh is most important. Though
the RPI had been influential in Uttar Pradesh like Maharashtra since the 1950s, the rise
of the BSP has been the most striking feature of dalit identity and politics in India.

④ governed The BSP aimed to mobilize the majority other sections of the society, the Bahujan Samaj,
consisting of the dalits, backward class and religious minorities which excluded the high

by Bahujan
castes like Brahmans, Rajputs, and Banias. The BSP believes that the minority high castes
om
have been using the votes of the majority communities or the Bahujan Samaj. They did not
l.c

↓ let them become the leaders or the rulers. As in a democracy it is the majority who should
ai
gm

rule, the Bahujan Samaj should become the ruling class. With this perspective the BSP
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against
contested the assembly and parliamentary elections in several states in the country from
ar

1985 onwards. The BSP made its present felt in North Indian states, especially Punjab, UP,
Rajput
dh
au

Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.

ch

Barriga
n.

The BSP has been able to consolidate its position among dalits mainly for its strategy of
vi
hi

electoral alliances and the public policies. In later years, party declared to serve the serva
rs

Brahmin
fo

samaj; it was shift from her earlier position where BSP vowed to fight for the Bahujan
y
nl

Samaj. It was beginning of the BSP’s change in the electoral or alliance strategy. In the
O

subsequent elections, contrary to original principles, it gave tickets even to the high castes
Brahmins, Rajputs, Banias and Kayasthas gave them representation as ministers in her
government.

However, BSP introduced special policies for dalits. The most important of these included: –
Ambedkar Village Programmes consisting of the special programmes for the welfare of the
weaker sections in the villages identified as the Ambedakar Villages on the basis of the
substantial dalit population in such villages, and naming of the public institutions after the
low caste historical personalities. It also took prompt action against those who involved in
the discriminatory activities against the dalits. The rise of the BSP has imparted a sense of
pride and confidence among the dalits in the country.

The political power seizure by BSP had introduced the party in public with a new political
ideology different from the consistent idea of “social engineering” between the deprived
"
"
social change attitude
engineering -
to '

Bahujan smug to Saevajamsanaj

 No common issue Mortis
dying focused
on
contemporary reality
: , more
,

↓
power Luo and
must sustain
political) and
for that caste
system
anti dalit sections of the country. It led to dilution of the vital issues of social justice, law and order
wort and secularism.

emerging Secondly, due to its fixation on power, the BSP forgot the ethical idea of empowering the
“bahujans”. Thirdly In the thirst of capturing “sarvajan”, it compromised in delivering social
↓ justice to the bahujan masses. Openness to the non-bahujans undermined the moral
guidelines of the movements and offered an opportunity to the manuwadis to gradually
NCRB
says consolidate their domination under the garb of sarvajan. It was a mistake by the BSP to
↑ in crime .

think that hierarchical social relations based on sanctioned religiosity can be overhauled
through the employment of power. BSP thus underestimated the values of social
movements in fighting these ills at the ground level, especially of the Buddhist social
movement. Even Ambedkar had warned the deprived sections not to solely depend
on political power for their emancipation.
ambulation
extent dalit what caste structure 1
of
has lead to
☒ to what
1st → social justice .
Now
only 1- or
pot
.

and economic
only phase
.

power
Women’s movement
Women’s movement can be defined as the organized effort to achieve a common goal of
equality and liberation of women and it presupposes sensitivities to crucial issues affecting the
life of women. It comprises all the forms and processes of women's upsurge and assertion,
including their fights alongside of men as well as their more obviously 'anti-patriarchal struggles
with men.
om
The women’s movement, like other social movements, brings about or intends to bring about a
l.c

change in the existing social structure.

ai
gm
y@

The social change that result from a movement may be seen first in terms of the changes in the
ar

positions of the concerned section of a movement and secondly in terms of their impact on the
dh

wider society. One of the consequences of the women’s movement has been the infusion of a
au
ch

keen sensitivity on the question of women’s oppression and their contribution to all spheres of
n.

life and study.

vi
hi
rs
fo

Women’s movements in India can be divided into the following periods or waves:
y
nl
O

1. Social reform movements before 1857

2. The freedom movement
3. Movements from 1947 till 1975
4. Movements emerging during and after the international Women’s Decade

Social reform movements

The origin of contemporary women’s movements in India is often stressed to the social reform
movement within the Hindu fold. Due to the influence of the reformers, the British government
enacted laws against the sati system, permitting widow remarriage, abolishing child marriage
etc. Efforts were also made for education of girls. This phase had immense contribution towards
women’s movement in India.
•
Lead
by
Men
/ lead by women

L Pandita R Saraswati
[
.

cousins
Margaret
.
 The rights bestowed proved to be the foundation of the Women’s rights in India. The movement
in this era was limited in terms of lack of mobilization of women themselves for their own
issues.

Political rights such as equal franchise and representation in legislatures for women were
demanded by women leaders. Women’s organizations such as All India women’s conference
(AIWC) came into existence in the 1920s to spread education among women. They raised similar
issues and carried out welfare programmes

Freedom Struggle

Freedom movement was an important landmark in the history of women’s movement. It helped
women in their struggle for ‘liberation’ as feminism and nationalism were closely interlinked.

¥ Gandhi’s ideology of recruiting women in public life without disturbing their social role as
housewives and his efforts at mobilizing women were responsible for women’s participation in
the freedom struggle.

Aparna Basu says that women were accepted in India’s freedom struggle as political comrades
and given equal opportunities for participation. This paved the way for involvement of women
in the wider sphere of social, political and economic life in future.

Rajani Alexander on the other hand says that women’s participation in the independence
movement took diverse forms and was not always in the form of organized and orchestrated
political protests. Most of women’s involvement in the independence movement was based on
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community and home based participation. Nevertheless, the recognition of women as equal
l.c

participants in the freedom movement gave a boost both to the status of women and women’s
ai
gm

movement.
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After Independence
dh
au
ch

Peasant movements, tribal movements, student’s movements etc. witnessed the participation
n.

of women. These movements do not raise the issues affecting women per se but they do raise
vi
hi

societal or class issues.

rs
fo
y

Gail Omvedt aptly describes their significance when she denotes them as “pre-movements” as
nl
O

far as women are concerned. Their contribution to the cause of women in India can be gauged
from the following:

 They revealed the power of women as a force in a society

 They allowed women opportunity to bring forward their own needs
 They were often part of a process leading to the development of women’s movements as
such.

Illina Sen says that women in these movements do not strive for autonomous or independent
articulation of only their women specific demands. At the same time their articulation of
demands and issues exerts a pressure on their movements to take cognizance of the women in
their mass base.

Various studies also show the militant role played by women in various agrarian movements.
Meera Velayudhanin her study on women workers and class struggles in Alleppey examines the
role and participation of women. She shows that women participated on a large scale in the
1938 strikes. Later on, the women workers launched struggles on issues such as maternity
benefits and retrenchment of women workers.

Moreover, the promulgation of the constitution and enactment of various laws for women such
as the Hindu marriage act, the Hindu succession act etc. prepared ground for further struggle.

After the international Women’s Decade

By this time women’s mass movements had realized those women’s issues and problems to be
solved completely required to confront issues head on. Thus they went to the forefront of all
major socio-economic, political and related environmental issues.

During the last three decades a number of micro and macro struggles have been initiated by
autonomous women’s groups around issues which directly affect women and address the
question of emancipation of women.

Protest against Social Evils/Issues

Anti-Price Rise Movement: In 1973, Women of the urban areas organized to fight against the
hike in the prices of essential commodities that was followed by the famine. The movement
grew rapidly becoming a mass women’s movement for consumer protection.

Anti Arrack Movement: Thousands of women joined in picketing liquor outlets, disciplining
habitual drunkards, and demanding from the administration a total ban on alcohol sales.
om
Women realized their strength and importance and the government bowed to the wishes of
l.c

people. Sale of arrack was banned in the district of Nellore to begin with and later on the ban
ai
gm

was extended to the rest of the state of Andhra Pradesh. This agitation inspired people of other
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states, especially Haryana, to take up similar issues.

ar
dh

Ecological and Environmental Issues

au
ch
n.

Chipko Movement: The Chipko movement originated around 1970s (though the seeds of the
vi
hi

movement were there from the British period) against indiscriminate forest felling for
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commercial interests.
fo
y
nl
O

Protesting Violence against Women

Anti Rape Movement: The anti rape movement begun in 1977 by the Civil Rights groups
following an incidence of custodial rape. The Mathura rape case in 1978 was a landmark in the
history of mobilization of women. Demonstrations, dharnas, public mass petitions etc were
sparked off with the incident. Rape was signified as a form of violence by the powerful on
powerless, poor and disadvantaged. Desai and Patel say that when women’s groups condemned
the state and society, they signified that the laws and institutions have created hierarchies
between men and women.

Anti Dowry Movement: It began around 1977 with the organized protest of Mahila Dakshata
Samiti. They protested against the violence inflicted upon women for dowry, especially against
murder and abetment of suicide. Protests in the form of demonstrations and other means by
feminist groups were able to change the indifferent attitude of the wider public and policy
makers to the issues of women’s death by kerosene. The feminist groups devised a series of
 1975 Mexico
conference Movements
begun
:

equality report
)
"

entry
"
submit a towards ① temple add
to tell about status
of women .

↓ ② # Metoo
-

India found status

dilapidated
↓

change
in
approach to women

dllhdlof
17-5-85 :
UN women

approach
/ ↓

Before 75 After 75

women imdvvt ↓
wonuuauddevt
(passive
recipient) ( active participant)
 strategies to enhance the public awareness of the problems associated with dowry. In 1980 a
year after the anti dowry agitation began, the government passed a law against dowry related
crimes that recognized abetment of suicide because of dowry demands as a special crime and
made mandatory a police investigation into the death of any women within five years of
marriage.

Vi Shaka V15 Anti Sexual Harassment Movement: In the Vishaka case a petition in the Supreme Court was
filed by social action groups and NGOs seeking legal redress for women whose work was
1997)
Raj(
obstructed or inhibited because of sexual harassment at the workplace. The Supreme Court
issued guidelines to tackle the menace in the absence of action from executive and legislature.
↓ The movement continued by advocacy groups. Its culmination is the bill for protection against
sexual harassment at the workplace which has recently been passed by the Loksabha, signifying
POSH fool 3) an important step towards complete emancipation of women in India.

Today a number of women’s organizations have mushroomed with and without the support of
the state and donor international organizations. The contemporary women’s movement in India
is characterized by decentralized structure and multiple arenas of interaction. Women’s
movement is also widening its domain and getting involved with issues related to environment,
population, child rights, globalization, marketisation etc.

Social and liberal feminists criticize the rise of right forces in India and the world over which
have mobilized middle class women for creating hatred against others including the women of
other community. Barbara Epstein says that it is strongly felt by many that women’s movements
are in doldrums and almost directionless. It has become more an idea than a movement.
om
Nevertheless, it is beyond any doubt that women’s movement in India in each stage contributed
l.c

to the emancipation of women- though the magnitude of contribution may have varied.
ai
gm

Over the decades, women’s groups stood for issues that are not just women-centric but are
y@
ar

concerns of wider society as well. The problems that women face are that of other social
dh

categories too. Women’s mobilizations of the past proved their intended organized actions (as
au
ch

in the case of anti-arrack, anti-price rise, Chipko etc.) always bring about wider social
n.

repercussions. Participating in such mobilizations definitely gives the women of the community
vi
hi

a social identity. And this social identity of course makes way for their empowerment. Their
rs
fo

further empowerment is realized through the affirmative actions taken by the state as well as
y
nl

the civil society organizations in response to their efforts and capacity to initiate collective
O

action.

survival wort / tanners , tribals / satyagrah / fluid and

✓ participative
w⑦PIw④→ empty belly eulogy
Environmental movement
.

↓ Environmental movements of various countries have emerged due to different reasons. It is

basically due to prevailing environmental quality of the locality. The environmental movements
preserve in the north are basically on the issue of quality of life. Whereas the environment movements
in the south arise due to some other reasons, such as due to conflicts for controlling of natural
love
of resources and many more.
environment
• research scholars
•
climate conferences
-

hierarchical structure tall

belly eulogy
 ( global North)
7
The participants of these movements in North are the middle class and upper class people, who
have concern for the nature. But in the south the protesters are generally the marginal
population – hill peasants, tribal communities, fishermen and other underprivileged people. The
different environmental movements in our own country support this argument. The examples
could be taken as Chipko, N.B.A., Mitti Bachao Andolan, Koel-Karo Andolan etc. That is why the
environmentalism of the North is refereed as “full stomach” environmentalism and the
environmentalism of the south is called as “empty – belly” environmentalism.

The genesis of the environmental movement in India can be traced to the Chipko movement
(1973) in Garhwal region in the new state of Uttaranchal. In fact, between1970s and 1980s

tribal
{
there were several struggles in India around issues of rights to forest and water which raised
larger ecological concerns likerights of communities in forest resources, sustainability of
large scale environmental projects like dams, issues of displacement and
m rehabilitation etc.

Environmental movements in India, therefore, are not necessarily for the 'green' or 'clean' earth
or for saving mankind’s' heritage and endangered species as in the west, but for the very
survival of the local poor .

Gadgil and Guha identify four broad strands within the environmental movements
in India based on vision, ideology and strategy. The first types are those which emphasize on
the moral necessity to restrain overuse and ensure justice to the poor and marginalised.Mainly
Gandhians belong to this strand. The second strand stresses on the need to dismantle the unjust
social order through struggle. Marxists mostly follow this strand. The Third and fourth
om
strands advocate reconstruction, i.e. employing tech nologies appropriate to the given
l.c

context and time. They reflect the concerns of the scientists or the spontaneous efforts of the
ai
gm

communities at the village level who aim at protecting local community forests or the right to
y@

pursue environment-friendly agricultural practices

ar
dh

CONTROL OVER NATURAL RESOURCES.

au
ch
n.

Control over natural resources is an important reason for emergence of environmental

vi
hi

movement in India. Some good examples of these kinds of movements are like Chipko and
rs

N.B.A. In the first case, the reason for conflict was control over forest; whereas, in the second
fo
y

the reason was control over water.

nl

Vedanta
O

-
SOCIO-ECONOMIC REASONS -
Poe so
The other angles by which we look upon the cause of emergence of environmental movements
are the socio-economic reasons. Almost most of the environmental movements in India are
somehow related with this aspect, also, if we see the location where these movements have
started then we would found that most of these areas are tribal dominated. These people have
strong beliefs regarding their forests, land and water. At the same time they are also totally
dependent upon these resources for their survival hood. Therefore, when these forests or other
sources of livelihood get disturbed by the outsiders, their socio-economic conditions get
hampered and the ultimate recourse is the movement against those people who were
harnessing those resources. Also, women had generally played an important role in these
movements, in tribal groups; women are accustomed to responsibility and leadership for
community survival. There work involves them directly and daily with forests and natural
 resources. So, whenever their survival came into risk, they take the lead role for the protection
of their community and its resources

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION/DESTRUCTION

Environmental degradation is also an important cause which many time leads to environmental
movement. One such e.g. was the silent valley case.

One another e.g. of movement which arose due to the degradation of local environment was
the movement against the limestone quarrying, in the Doon Valley in the late 1970s and early
1980s.

The spread of environmental awareness and media has also played pivotal role in emergence of
environmental movement in urban areas. People were previously unaware of the importance of
the environment.

But as the environmental awareness increased due various reasons people started protecting
their environment. Some e.g. are the local movements to protect the purity of different rivers
such as Ganga and Yamuna. The greening of many Indian cities also comes under this category.
The Bhagidari movement of Delhi is a good e.g. of this kind of environmental movement. Media
has also played an important role in sustaining theses movements.

Forced displacement:

The governmental policies resulted into a lot of displacement of people due to large projects
om
such as dams like Bhakra–Nangal and many others. These policies pushed the local people on
l.c

the edges. Due to large scale displacement of local people have resulted many environment
ai
gm

movements in different part of the country.

y@
ar

Now on the above arguments the conclusion could be drawn that the nature based conflicts, the
dh

false developmental policies of the government, the marginalization of the tribal and other
au
ch

underprivileged groups and the environmental degradation are the root causes of emergence of
n.

environmental movements in India. The lopsided, iniquitous, and environmentally destructive

vi
hi

processes of development have propelled the people to go against the state in many cases and
rs
fo

this leads to the emergence of environmental movements in the country. The risks on the
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nl

survival hood of the marginal people due to the above mentioned factors had resulted in the
O

emergence of these movements. Therefore the point comes that the environmental movements
in different parts of the country grows out of the distribution conflict over the ecological
resources needed for livelihood.

So we can conclude that environmental movements in India are the resistances by the people
for their livelihood and for their survival. all
environmental Mort as women
Role women in
Ecofeminism of
:

impacted by
climate
change
.

most

(Remember ④ components)
↳ see JP wont ub__ in
 1975
-
movt after
⑤ Falmer Mort social
constituency
initiated in 1980
Termed as new because

class and
it
class
emerged
wort in
as

supra
:
non

people of diff incorporated

which strata
Sharad joshi
Ys Bharat
Ideology India
=

Structure
Org
.

rationale that maintain carried out outside realm

Based on
govt these Mort were
-

agro pricesand raw

.

@ low level to provide of pot patties .

cheap food
material to
"
Rural criticism
subsiding
urban cutters
poor
:

Alban rich
① except Shedllari
"

Faunus have to raised

Sangathan
class issues
no other

pay high prices for

'

org von
.

industrial
goods
② issues raised were also not new in nature
Action
Repetoioe eg remunerative
pricing 1958
demand
:
was
:

Kisan Sasha in
Rail and Road Roko
of
agitation
-

preventing pot leaders from

-

entering / leaving villages

 ✓

③ although wort
initially
did NOT
smriti.saovisiouias.in#
have
affiliation c-
pot parties ,
but
later linked to
got politics
Punjab Bhartiya Kisan union
→

④ largely supported demands

of rich
farmers other than downtrodden .

to what extent new farmer 's wort

was
actually new
? Critically analyse .

is * Batt ?