Computer Networks

Lecture Five

Digital Bandwidth and the OSI Model

Week Five
Shareef M. Shareef-PhD
shareef.shareef@su.edu.krd
2021-2022
1
Outline

Digital Bandwidth

Why and Benefits of Layered model

Open System Interconnection (OSI) Model

 Digital Bandwidth
• Analog Bandwidth is a frequency bandwidth or radio
bandwidth: a measure of the width of a range of frequencies,
measured in hertz,(Hz).
• Digital Bandwidth is the measure of how much information (bit
per second) can flow through a network connection in a given
amount of time, measured in bps.
• Why is it so important in Networking?
1. Bandwidth is finite – bandwidth is limited by the type of media
used, the type of signaling or encoding used, and physics.
2. Bandwidth is not free – WAN bandwidth must be bought from
an ISP.
3. Bandwidth is critical to network performance.
4. The demand for bandwidth is always increasing
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Bandwidth Pipe Analogy

4
Bandwidth Highway Analogy

5
Bandwidth Measurements

6
Internet connection bandwidths
WAN service Bandwidth
Modem / Dialup 56 kbit/s

ADSL Lite 1.5 Mbit/s

Wireless 802.11b 11 Mbit/s

T1 1.544 Mbit/s

T3 44.736 Mbit/s

E1 2.048 Mbit/s

E3 34.368 Mbit/s

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 Various DSL Techniques
ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line): is a data communication technology used to
transmit digital information at a high bandwidth, such as telephone lines. It provides
continuously-available connection. It uses most of the channel to transmit downstream to
the user and only a small part to receive information from the user.
DSL Filter, or a splitter, allows a single telephone connection to be used for both ADSL
service and voice calls at the same time.

The main difference between ADSL & SDSL is, the ADSL has "Asymmetric" or
unequal line speeds, in other words the download and upload are not the same.
However, in the SDSL the download and upload is equal. SDSL supports data rate up
to 3 Mbps.
 Types of Transmission

• Unicast - A unicast is a transmission from one node addressed

specifically to another node.

• Multicast - In a multicast, a node sends a packet addressed to

a special group address. Devices that are interested in this
group register to receive packets addressed to the group. An
example might be a Cisco router sending out an update to all
of the other Cisco routers.

• Broadcast - In a broadcast, a node sends out a packet that is

intended for transmission to all other nodes on the network
 Throughput
•Throughput is the actual measured bandwidth at any given time
Throughput  Bandwidth

Some of the factors that determine Throughput:

• Type of Internetworking devices

• Type of data being transferred
• Network topology
• Number of users on the network
• Users’ computer
• Server computer
• Power conditions

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Digital Transfer Calculation
OSI Model
 Network Communication
When computers send information through a network, all
communications begin at a source then travel to a
destination

Information travels in data packets (logical groupings of

information) from one computer to another

As the data passes between layers on each computer system,

each layer adds additional information that enables effective
communication with the corresponding layer on the other
computer

The OSI and TCP/IP models have layers that explain how data
is communicated from one computer to another
 OSI vs ISO
OSI (open systems interconnection) is a set of standards to enhance
compatibility between networks, and It was first introduced in
the late 1970s.

ISO (International Organization for Standards)

 ISO is an organization that created a conceptual model of rules
to help vendors create networks that would work together.
Founded in 1947
 Why OSI Model ?

• Helps network device manufacturers and networking software

vendors create devices and software that can communicate with
products from any other vendor.

• The OSI reference model is a good way to describe, think about and
understand networking

• Define which parts of the network their products should work with.
 Benefits of Layered Model
 It breaks network communication into smaller simpler parts.
 It standardizes network components to allow multiple vendor
development.
 It allows different types of network hardware and software to
communicate with each other
 It breaks network communication into smaller parts to make learning
it easier.
 It prevents changes in one layer from affecting the other layers, so
that they can develop more quickly.
 OSI model makes data more manageable.
Layers

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 Layers (cont.)
Let us first consider the sender site.

• Higher layer: The sender writes the letter, inserts the letter in an envelope, writes
the sender and receiver addresses, and drops it in a mailbox.

• Middle layer: The letter is picked up by a letter carrier (post man) and delivered
to the post office.

• Lower layer: The letter is sorted at the post office; a carrier transports the letter.

The letter is then on its way to the receiver. On the way to the receiver’s local
post office, the letter may actually go through a central office. In addition, it
may be transported by truck, train, airplane, boat, or a combination of these.

At the Receiver Site

• Lower layer: The carrier transports the letter to the post office.
• Middle layer: The letter is sorted and delivered to the receivers’ mailbox.
• Higher layer: The receiver picks up the letter, opens the envelope, and reads it.18
 OSI Model Layers

The highest layer (the application layer) is closest to the user.

The lowest layer (the physical layer) is closest to the media

technology.

Each layer has a different but specific processing function.

All activities needed to handle networked communication

occur between the top and bottom layers.
Layers of OSI model
 The application layer is responsible for providing services to the
user
 The presentation layer is responsible for translation,
compression, and encryption

 The session layer is responsible for dialog control and

synchronization.
 The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a message
from one process to another.

 The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual

packets from the source host to the destination host.
 The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one
hop (node) to the next.

 The physical layer is responsible for movements of individual

bits from one hop (node) to the next.
 Next Lecture (Week 6)

OSI (Open System Interconnection)

Layers (Cont.)