By “Hamza Ijaz”

History of Western Civilization(ENG-443)8th Term (2018)

Q.1. What is the significance of myth in greek and roman civilizations?
Ans.. Myths explained who they were as a people and gave them a sense of national pride, an
understanding of valor and honor, and insight into their destiny.
Q.2. Who was Herodotus ?
Ans,, Herodotus is most well known for his historical accounts. He is remembered as being
arguably the very first historian ever.
Q.3. Role of Macedonia in expression of Hellenic culture?
Ans.., is One man, Alexander, King of Macedonia, a Greek-speaker responsible for this
blending of cultures. To understand how the Kingdom of Macedonia dominated the Greek world,
we need to first take a look at the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BC, between Sparta and Thebes.
Q.4. What do you know about Phoencian Wars?
Ans.. The Punic Wars were a series of conflicts fought between Carthage and Rome between
264 BCE and 146 BCE. The name Punic comes from the word Phoenician (Phoinix in the
Greek, Poenus from Punicus in Latin) as applied to the citizens of Carthage, who were of
Phoenician ethnicity.
Q.5. Which is the oldest democracy of World?
Ans.. Tynwald, on the Isle of Man, claims to be one of the oldest continuous parliaments in the
world, with roots back to the late 9th or 10th century. The Althing, the parliament of the Icelandic
Commonwealth, founded in 930.
Q.6. How did John Calvin transform Christian beliefs?
Ans,,John Calvin was a famous French theologian and a major leader of the Protestant
Reformation. He helped popularize the belief in the sovereignty of God in all areas of life, as
well as the doctrine of predestination. The theological approach advanced by Calvin has come
to be known as 'Calvinism.
Q.7. What is meant by Eucharist?
Ans.. The Christian sacrament in which Christ's Last Supper is commemorated by the
consecration of bread and wine. the consecrated elements of bread and wine offered in the
sacrament.
Q.8. Define Reformation in western civilization?
Ans.. The Reformation was the start of Protestantism and the split of the Western Church into
Protestantism and what is now the Roman Catholic Church.
Q.9. How can you define rationalism in western civilization?
Ans..Rationalism, in Western philosophy, the view that regards reason as he chief source and
test of knowledge. Holding that reality itself has an inherently logical structure, the rationalist
asserts that a class of truths exists that the intellect can grasp directly.
Q.10. Who wrote the Social contract in western civilization?
Ans.. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, born in Geneva in 1712, was one of the 18th century's most
important political thinkers. His work focussed on the relationship between human society and
the individual, and contributed to the ideas that would lead eventually to the French Revolution.
Q.11. Define pastiche in western civilization?
Ans.. A pastiche can also be a musical medley, or the piecing together of various songs.
Pastiche comes from the Italian word pasticcio, which can refer to a pie containing a mix of
ingredients, such as meat and pasta.
Q.12. How can you distinguish between Animism and Polytheism?
Ans.. polytheism refers to a belief in multiple gods, and animism refers to a belief in the spiritual
power of nature.
Q.13. Who was Julius Caesar?
Ans.. Julius Caesar transformed Rome from a republic to an empire, grabbing power through
ambitious political reforms. Julius Caesar was famous not only for his military and political
successes, but also for his steamy relationship with Cleopatra.
Q.14. What do you know about Constantine the great?
Ans.. He was the first emperor to convert to Christianity. Born in Naissus, Dacia Mediterranea
(now Niš, Serbia), he was the son of Flavius Constantius, a Roman army officer of Illyrian origin
who had been one of the four rulers of the Tetrarchy. His mother, Helena, was a Greek woman
of low birth and a Christian.
Q.15. Important three factors involved in the Fall of Roman Empire?
Ans.. Invasions by Barbarian tribes. ...
 Economic troubles and overreliance on slave labor. ...
 The rise of the Eastern Empire. ...
Q.16.What was the Continental Policy and who imposed it?
Ans.. On 21 November, 1806, Napoleon decreed, from his Palace in Berlin, a blockade of the
British Isles and forbade all British goods and commerce entering the continent.
By “Hamza Ijaz”

History Of Western Civilization (2021)

Q.1.What is the siginifance of Mesopotamia?
Ans.. Ancient Mesopotamia proved that fertile land and the knowledge to cultivate it was a
fortuitous recipe for wealth and civilization.
Q.2. Which region is called "cradle of Civilization" and why?
Ans.. Often called the “Cradle of Civilization,” Iraq was home to ancient Mesopotamian peoples
who developed the world's first writing, agriculture and cities, between 10,000 and 3,000 BCE.
Q.3. Which was the biggest city of Mesopotamia and what is its role?
Ans.. By around 3200 B.C., the largest settlement in southern Mesopotamia, if not the world,
was “Uruk” .
Q.4. What was the name of capital of Roman Empire and why is it important in history?
Ans.. From the accession of Caesar Augustus as the first Roman emperor to the military
anarchy of the 3rd century, it was a Principate with Italia as the metropole of its provinces and
the city of Rome as its sole capital.
Q.5. Write a brief note on Aristotle?
Ans.. Aristotle is a towering figure in ancient Greek philosophy, who made important
contributions to logic, criticism, rhetoric, physics, biology, psychology, mathematics,
metaphysics, ethics, and politics. He was a student of Plato for twenty years but is famous for
rejecting Plato's theory of forms.
Q.6. Where did Plato belong to? What was his contribution?
Ans.. Plato is one of the most important Greek philosophers. He founded the Academy in
Athens. His works on philosophy, politics and mathematics were very influential and laid the
foundations for Euclid's systematic approach to mathematics.
Q.7. What are pyramids, where are they located?
Ans.. The Egyptian pyramids are ancient masonry structures located in Egypt. Sources cite at
least 118 identified "Egyptian" pyramids. Approximately 80 pyramids were built within the
Kingdom of Kush, now located in the modern country of Sudan.
Q.8. Where is River Nile, what is its significance in history?
Ans.. The Nile, which flows northward for 4,160 miles from east-central Africa to the
Mediterranean, provided ancient Egypt with fertile soil and water for irrigation, as well as a
means of transporting materials for building projects. Its vital waters enabled cities to sprout in
the midst of a desert.
Q.9. Write a brief note on Pharaoh?
Ans.. As ancient Egyptian rulers, pharaohs were both the heads of state and the religious
leaders of their people. The word “pharaoh” means “Great House,” a reference to the palace
where the pharaoh resides.
Q.10. Where was Holy Christ born, what is the significance of this place?
Ans.. Bethlehem lies 10 kilometres south of the city of Jerusalem, in the fertile limestone hill
where the Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem, now stands is where Jesus was born
Q.11. Write a brief introduction of great Islamic Empire of Abbasids?
Ans.. The Abbasid Caliphate was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet
Muhammad. It was founded by a dynasty descended from Muhammad's uncle, Abbas ibn Abd
al-Muttalib (566–653 CE), from whom the dynasty takes its name.
Q.12. Who destroyed the great Islamic Empire of Abbasids and when?
Ans.. ʿAbbasid caliphate, second of the two great dynasties of the Muslim empire of the
caliphate. It overthrew the Umayyad caliphate in 750 ce and reigned as the Abbasid caliphate
until it was destroyed by the Mongol invasion in 1258
Q.13. What does Renaissance mean, what are its important features?
Ans.. Renaissance is a French word meaning “rebirth.” It refers to a period in European
civilization that was marked by a revival of Classical learning and wisdom.
Q.14. Where and when did Renaissance begin?
Ans.. The Renaissance arrived at different countries at varying times- Italy was the first to
experience this movement beginning in the 14th century while the it did not reach England until
the sixteenth century.
Q.15. When was America discovered by whom?
Ans.. Explorer Christopher Columbus (1451–1506) is known for his 1492 'discovery' of the New
World of the Americas on board his ship Santa Maria.
Q.16. Who discovered India?
Ans.. Vasco da Gama.
 By “Hamza Ijaz”

History of Western Civilization (2022)

Q.1. What did ancient civilization flourished near rivers?
Ans.. The rivers acted as a reliable source of water for agriculture and other human needs
Q.2. What do you know about the geography of ancient Egypt?
Ans.. Ancient Egypt was located in Northeastern Africa and had four clear geographic zones:
the Delta, the Western Desert, the Eastern Desert, and the Nile Valley.
Q.3. What do you know about Mesopotamian writing system?
Ans. Cuneiform is a method of Ancient Mesopotamian writing that was used to write different
languages in the Ancient Near East. Writing was invented multiple times in different places in
the world.
Q.4. Who were the Sumerians?
Ans.. Sumer was an ancient civilization founded in the Mesopotamia region of the Fertile
Crescent situated between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
Q.5. What is Hammurabi code?
Ans.. The Hammurabi code of laws, a collection of 282 rules, established standards for
commercial interactions and set fines and punishments to meet the requirements of justice.
Q.6. Name any two Greek tragedies?
 Ans.. Antigone.
 Prometheus Bound.
Q.7. Why is ancient near East called "the cradle of civilization'?
Ans.. Because of this region's relatively abundant access to water, the earliest civilizations were
established in the Fertile Crescent, including the Sumerians.
Q.8. Name any famous literary work of the middle ages?
Ans.. Explore some of the greatest works of medieval literature, from Beowulf and Sir Gawain
and the Green Knight to The Canterbury Tales and Le Morte Darthur.
Q.9. Who is Alexander the great?
Ans.. Alexander the Great was king of Macedonia from 336 B.C. to 323 B.C. and conquered a
huge empire that stretched from the Balkans to modern-day Pakistan. During his reign,
Alexander the Great had a massive impact in his time and sent ripples into the future.
Q.10. Who is Zeus?
Ans.. Zeus, King of the Gods

Zeus was regarded as the sender of thunder and lightning, rain, and winds, and his traditional
weapon was the thunderbolt. He was called the father (i.e., the ruler and protector) of both gods
and men.
Q.11. What do you know about the rise of Christianity?
Ans.. Origins. Christianity "emerged as a sect of Judaism in Roman Palestine" in the syncretistic
Hellenistic world of the first century AD, which was dominated by Roman law and Greek culture.
Q.12. Describe the role of the church during the middle ages?
Ans.. The parish church was the basic unit of the Christian community, providing the
sacraments required by the lay community.
Q.13. What is Reformation in history of western civilization?
Ans.. Reformation, also called Protestant Reformation, the religious revolution that took place in
the Western church in the 16th century. Its greatest leaders undoubtedly were Martin Luther and
John Calvin.
Q.14. What is Puritanism?
Ans.. Puritanism refers to a Calvinist movement that emphasized a personal experience of
salvation by Christ; strict moral discipline and purity as the correct form of Christian life; a
convenant of obedience to God, who was viewed as absolute sovereign over all; and societal
reform, to convert the world to the way of Christ
Q.15. What were the causes of Protestant Reformation?
Ans.. Its rise was influenced by currents of nationalism, mercantilism, anticlericalism, and
opposition to vested property interests in the hands of the church that had begun in the late
fourteenth century.
Q.16. Name a few characteristics of western civilization?
Ans.. The three main characteristics of Western civilization are: democracy, individualism, and
rationalism.
By “Hamza Ijaz”

History Of Western Civilization (2015)

Q.1. How can you define myth in history of western civilization?
Ans.. Myth is a folklore genre consisting of narratives that play a fundamental role in a society,
such as foundational tales or origin myths.
Q.2. Alexander belonged to which region of Greece?
Ans.. Alexander III was born in Pella, Macedonia, in 356 B.C. to King Philip II and Queen
Olympias—although legend had it his father was none other than Zeus, the ruler of the Greek
gods. Philip II was an impressive military man in his own right.
Q.3. Who was thales?
Ans.. Thales was an astronomer and engineer credited with discovering the position of the
constellation Ursa Major as well as the timings of the solstices and equinoxes.
Q.4. What do you know about Punic wars?
Ans.. Punic Wars, also called Carthaginian Wars, (264–146 bce), a series of three wars
between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire, resulting in the destruction
of Carthage, the enslavement of its population, and Roman hegemony over the western
Mediterranean.
Q.5. Who developed astronomy for the first time?
Ans.. In 1609, using this early version of the telescope, Galileo became the first person to
record observations of the sky made with the help of a telescope. He soon made his first
astronomical discovery.
Q.6. Who was Francois Rabelais?
Ans.. François Rabelais was a French Renaissance writer, physician, Renaissance humanist,
monk and Greek scholar. He is primarily known as a writer of satire, of the grotesque, and of
bawdy jokes and songs.
Q.7. Where did the Glorious Revolution take place?
Ans.. England
Q.8. What is meant animism?
Ans.. Animism, belief in innumerable spiritual beings concerned with human affairs and capable
of helping or harming human interests.
Q.9. What is Calvinism?
Ans.. the Protestant theological system of John Calvin and his successors, which develops
Luther's doctrine of justification by faith alone into an emphasis on the grace of God and centres on
the doctrine of predestination.
Q.10. Who was Martin Luther?
Ans.. German theologian, professor, pastor, and church reformer.
Q.11. How did Aeschylus contribute in classical Literature?
Ans.. His contribution to the form was considerable: most notably, he introduced the use of a
second actor (earlier Greek tragedy took the form of interaction between a chorus and single
actor, who might assume several roles).
Q.12. How can you distinguish between hellenic and Hellenistic?
Ans.. The Hellenic Age was the time when Greek culture was pure and unaffected by other
cultures. The Hellenistic Age was a time when Greeks came in contact with outside people and
their Hellenic, classic culture blended with cultures from Asia and Africa to create a blended
culture.
Q.13. What are the basic features of modernism?
Ans.. Some of those techniques include blended imagery and themes, absurdism, nonlinear
narratives, and stream of consciousness—which is a free flowing inner monologue.
Q.14. Who adopted the continental policy in Europe and why?
Ans.. Napoleon believed that embargo on trade with Britain imposed on the European nations
under his control would weaken the British economy.
Q.15. What do you know about Columbus?
Ans.. The explorer Christopher Columbus made four trips across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain:
in 1492, 1493, 1498 and 1502
Q.16. what is meant by Reign of Terror and where did it occur?
Ans.. The Reign of Terror (French: la Terreur) was a period of the French Revolution when,
following the creation of the First Republic, a series of massacres and numerous public
executions took place in response to revolutionary fervour, anticlerical sentiment, and
accusations of treason by the Committee of Public Safety.