Comunicaciones Opticas

Trabajo:

Practica III, Indice de refraccion

Grupo 6899

Darien Rosario Pimentel, A00107579

Domingo Perez Bourdierd

Santo Domingo Este

08 de abril del 2023

2-2. Plot numerical aperture versus acceptance angle over the range 𝟎 ≤ 𝑵𝑨 ≤ 𝟕
Assume that the refractive index of the surrounding material is 1.0 in the
calculation.

For this one we have:

𝑁𝐴 = 𝑛0 sin(𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒)

𝑛0 = 1, On this case

𝑁𝐴 = sin(𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒)

Then we plot this data:

2-9. A 6,000km undersea glass fiber telephone line crosses the Atlantic ocean
connecting the United States and France, (a) How long does it take for a message
to traverse this link? (b) How long does it take for a message to travel from the
United States to France by using a satellite link? The satellite is stationed about
22,000 miles above the earth between the United States and France , (c) Will two
people having a conversation across these two different links notice the travel
delays?

(a) This one is easy to do; we just have to take the classic formula for time;

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 =
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

Where the speed here is 1.5 the speed of light, because the speed on a fiber glass is
around that.

6000 × 103 𝑚 6000 × 103 𝑚

𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = =
3 2 × 108 𝑚/𝑠
× 108 𝑚/𝑠
1.5
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 0.03𝑠 = 𝟑𝟎𝒎𝒔

(b) Same principle as the last one:

First we convert 22,000 miles in meters

𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 = 22,000 × 1.609 = 35398𝑘𝑚

Since the message goes from one point to another of each country using the satellite, the
distance doubles essentially:

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 35398𝑘𝑚 × 2 = 70796𝑘𝑚

70796 × 103 𝑚
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 =
3 × 108 𝑚/𝑠

𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 0.236𝑠 = 𝟐𝟑𝟔𝒎𝒔

(c) Human reaction time is around 230 to 250ms, with train you would notice the delay
for part (b), but overall it happens very quickly to even notice on part b. As of part (a)
you won’t even notice the time delay since is way too quick for the human brain to
process in that fraction of a second.

2-10. A beam of light is incident on a plane boundary between two dielectrics. The
incident ray angle is at 10 ° to the boundary normal and the transmitted beam is at
12 °. Which of the two media has the higher refractive index?

We use the refraction law of snell;

𝑛1 sin (𝜃𝑖 ) = 𝑛2 sin (𝜃𝑡 )

From here we just put the coefficients on one side and the angles on other side:

𝑛1 sin (𝜃𝑡 )
=
𝑛2 sin (𝜃𝑖 )

Then we just plug the values:

𝑛1 sin(12°) 0.2079116908
= = = 1.197315
𝑛2 sin(10°) 0.1736481777
The value is greater than one, that means that 𝑛2 < 𝑛1 therefore the incident medium
has the highest refractive index.

The problem could have been done by looking at the angles, when the transmitted angle
is greater than the incident angle that means that the refractive index of the incident
angle is greater than the index from the transmitted angle.

𝒊𝒇 𝜽𝒕 > 𝜽𝒊 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒏𝟏 > 𝒏𝟐

2-11. A beam of light is incident on a boundary between two dielectrics as in Fig. 2-

1. The refractive indices are n1 = 1.46 and n2 = 1.48. Plot the transmitted angle as
a function of the incident angle for incident angles from 0 °to 90 °.

For this one we have to remember the refraction law of snell:

𝑛1 sin (𝜃𝑖 ) = 𝑛2 sin (𝜃𝑡 )

We just work for the angle transmitted and we get

𝑛1
sin (𝜃𝑡 ) = sin (𝜃𝑖 )
𝑛2
𝑛1
𝜃𝑡 = arcsin ( sin (𝜃𝑖 )))
𝑛2

Then we plot it to a range from 0 to 90 degrees:

2-12. A beam of light is incident on a boundary between two dielectrics as in Fig. 2-

1. The refractive indices are n1 = 1.48 and n2 = 1.46. Plot the transmitted angle as
a function of the incident angle for incident angles from 0 ° to 90 °. (Something
unusual seems to occur at an incident angle near 80.6 °. We will be discussing this
phenomenon in later chapters).
Same thing as the last one, the only things that change are the refractive index of the
materials.

As the exercise said, something unusual happened exactly at an angle of 80.6 degrees.