ENG 2139 - CH03 - Fundamentals of Data Networks - Part 1

INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT)
© 2013, University of Zambia, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering

1
INTRODUCTION (1)
• First uses of computers in business
required that all the information
processing equipment (Input, CPU and
Output devices) was at a single place.
• Computer output results were printed
out and hard copies mailed to those
who needed them.
• As the need of sharing information
generated by computers grew manifold
in the business world, a solution had to
be found!.
2 © 2019 - 2024, University of Zambia, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
INTRODUCTION (2)
• In the early 1950s, the only long
distance means of data transmission
was telegraph – 600 characters/min.
• Data communications
or telecommunications all mean the
same thing – transmit and receive of
information at long distance.

DATA-COMMUNICATIONS
NEEDS (1)
• To transfer input data from one or
more remote locations to a centrally
located computer system.
• To distribute computer output results.
• To handle online enquiries to server.
• To exchange information between
computer systems.

COMMUNICATION OF INPUT
DATA
• Input data being sent to a central
computer system; e.g. Server receiving
SMS from millions of subscribers
participating in a competition.
• An airline system receiving millions of
flight bookings from travel agents
across the country.

COMMUNICATION OF
COMPUTER OUTPUT RESULTS
• A live broadcast football game to
millions of subscribers or TV viewers.
• A shipping system sending out
delivery notifications to millions of
their customers around the world.
• A university sending exam results to
millions of its students on their mobile
phone sets.
ONLINE COMMUNICATIONS
• Nowadays, an individual user can
make an online enquiry on weather
forecast, share prices from a Stock
Exchange, or even schedules of
sporting events.
• A business can implement an online
system containing customer records
which allows its sales people to know
about customers and their buying
patterns/habits.
EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION
BETWEEN COMPUTERS
• Businesses transfer large amount of
information from one location to
another for transactions, disaster
recovery purposes, etc.
• Large amount of information would
require data networks with high speed.

COMPONENTS OF DATA-
COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS (1)
• Networks components are cables,
switches, routers and other networks
devices.
• For a device to connect to a data
network, it requires a Network
Interface Controller (NIC), simply
known as Network Card.

COMPONENTS OF DATA-
Figure 4.1: Typical LAN/WAN connection

COMPONENTS OF DATA-
Figure 4.2: Samples of NICs

COMPONENTS OF DATA-
• Most commonly used communication
media are copper cables. There are
twisted pairs (shielded and unshielded),
and coaxial cable.
Figure 4.3: Network Copper cables
© 2019 - 2024, University of Zambia, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering

12
COMPONENTS OF DATA-
• A rapidly growing new technology,
fibre optics is slowly replacing Copper
cables in voice and data communi-
cations facilities.
Figure 4.4: Optic Fibre

13
COMPONENTS OF DATA-
• Microwave communications links are
one typical example of wireless communication
where a sending station transmits data
(or voice conversations) to a receiving station
by broadcasting signals.
Figure 4.5: Examples of a microwave link

14
COMPONENTS OF DATA-
• Speed of data communication is measured in
bits per second. Network engineers and
technicians use bandwidth to describe different
speed ranges in data communications.
• There are three ranges of bandwidth:
Narrowband, Broadband and Wideband

15
COMPONENTS OF DATA-
DIRECTIONAL CAPACITY OF CHANNEL
TRANSMISSION
1. SIMPLEX CHANNEL: can transmit data in only
one direction. E.g.: TV and Radio Broadcasting
2. HALF-DUPLEX CHANNEL: can be used to
transmit data in both directions, but can operate
in only one direction at a time.
3. FULL-DUPLEX CHANNEL: can be used to send
data in both directions over the channel at the
same time.
2019 - 2024, University of Zambia, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering

16
COMPONENTS OF DATA-
COMMUNICATIONS SENDING AND RECEIVING
EQUIPMENT
1. MODEM (MODulation-DEModulation): It was
known Dial-Up Internet service. Telephone
lines are designed to carry voice signals, which
differ from computer signals (binary).
When using a telephone line for data transmission, it
is necessary to convert computer
signals into analog code at the sending station
(Modulation). When the message arrives at the
receiving station, it has to be converted back into
binary code (Demodulation).
COMPONENTS OF DATA-
EQUIPMENT (GENESIS OF HOME INTERNET)
2. BROADBAND HOME DEVICES: It is a permanent
internet connection. It brings an internet signal
to and from a device through a traditional
telephone line. Previously it was using a dial-up
connection and not able to deliver the speed
we are presently enjoying. Copper and Fiber
are the common home broadband for fixed-line.

COMPONENTS OF DATA-
EQUIPMENT
3. SWITCH: This is a network device that connects other
computer equipment (desktops, laptops, printers, etc. )
together so that they can communicate, in a Local
Area Network (LAN) environment.
The switch uses the Ethernet (IEEE 802.3), a
network protocol which directs the traffic based
on the MAC (Media Access Control) address of
each computer equipment.

19
COMPONENTS OF DATA-
EQUIPMENT
3. SWITCH: When new, the Network Switch must first
build its MAC Address Table; which is blank by default.
(a) Whenever a connected sends a frame, besides the
payload (the message content), the frame also
contains both the source and the destination MAC
addresses. (b) Then the Switch will record the source
MAC address associated with the port where the frame
came from; and broadcast the frame to the remaining
connected devices. (c) Only the device which owns the
destination MAC address will respond and its
20
COMPONENTS OF DATA-
EQUIPMENT
3. SWITCH: (c) Only the device which owns the
destination MAC address will respond and the Switch
will add a second entry (source MAC address, port of
the recipient device) into its MAC Address Table. (d)
And the Switch will go on learning its connected
devices to fill up its MAC Address Table.

21
COMPONENTS OF DATA-
EQUIPMENT
4. ROUTER: This is a network device that connects
two or more Local Area Networks (LANs) together
to form a Wide Area Network (WAN).
The router uses the Internet Protocol (IP), a
network protocol which directs the traffic based
on the IP address of each computing device.

22
NETWORK DESIGN (1)

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES – the main ones are:
1. STAR: In a LAN where network nodes (hosts) are
connected to a central switch with a point-to-
point connection.
The disadvantage of the STAR topology is the
“single point of failure”.
2. MESH: In a LAN where each node (host) is
connected to all other nodes (hosts) in a point-to-
point connection is known as a full MESH.
The advantage of the MESH topology is built-in
redundancy.

23
NETWORK DESIGN (2)

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES – the main ones are:
3. BUS: In a LAN where each network node (host) is
connected to a single medium link, also known as
the backbone. There two types of buses: linear
and distributed.

24
NETWORK DESIGN (3)

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS – the following are
things to consider when designing a data
communications network:
1. BUDGET
2. NUMBER OF USERS
3. THE USAGE OF THE NETWORK
4. AVAILABILITY OF TELECOMS SERVICES
5. NEED FOR EXPANSION
6. TECHNOLOGY TRENDS

25
WIRELESS NETWORKS
1. WiFi : uses IEEE 802.11 standard and allows
network hosts with wireless Network Interface
Controller to connect to the Wireless LAN (WLAN)
through an Access-Point.
2. WiMax: uses IEEE 802.16 standard and provides
the “last mile” connectivity of the Metropolitan
Area Network (MAN) high speed internet access.

26

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INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT)

© 2013, University of Zambia, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering

3 © 2019 - 2024, University of Zambia, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering

4 © 2019 - 2024, University of Zambia, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering

5 © 2019 - 2024, University of Zambia, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering

8 © 2019 - 2024, University of Zambia, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering

9 © 2019 - 2024, University of Zambia, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering

Figure 4.1: Typical LAN/WAN connection

10 © 2019 - 2024, University of Zambia, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering

Figure 4.2: Samples of NICs

11 © 2019 - 2024, University of Zambia, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering

Figure 4.3: Network Copper cables

© 2019 - 2024, University of Zambia, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering

Figure 4.4: Optic Fibre

© 2019 - 2024, University of Zambia, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering

Figure 4.5: Examples of a microwave link

© 2019 - 2024, University of Zambia, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering

2019 - 2024, University of Zambia, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering

18 © 2019 - 2024, University of Zambia, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering

© 2019 - 2024, University of Zambia, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering

© 2019 - 2024, University of Zambia, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering

© 2019 - 2024, University of Zambia, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering

NETWORK DESIGN (1)

© 2019 - 2024, University of Zambia, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering

NETWORK DESIGN (2)

© 2019 - 2024, University of Zambia, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering

NETWORK DESIGN (3)

© 2019 - 2024, University of Zambia, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering

© 2019 - 2024, University of Zambia, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering

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