MALLABHUM INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Approved by:AICTE & Affiliated to Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology)
Campus: Bishnupur, Dist.: Bankura, WB

CA2 Technical Report Writing

on
Agricultural Revolution
Academic Year: 2022-2023

Student’s Full Name: MILAN GHOSH

University Roll Number: 15801322067

University Registration Number: 221580120083

Department: CIVIL ENGINEERING

Paper Name: CIVIL ENGINEERING – SOCIETAL AND GLOBAL IMPACT

Paper Code: CE (HS) 401

Semester: 4TH

Year: 2ND

E-mail id: milanghosh8348@gmail.com

AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION: -
Agricultural revolution in India has started in the decade of 1960’s. The Indian
agricultural revolution is known as Green Revolution.
Agricultural Revolution in India (Green Revolution): -
In 1960’s, by using advanced modern technology in Indian agriculture, the
unprecedented and revolutionary development in
agricultural production in a short period of time is
called the Green Revolution. It was named Green
Revolution because of the green colour of agricultural
crops. US government member Willian S. Gand first
use the term ‘Green Revolution’ on 8th March, 1968.
Dr. M. S. Swaminathan is the father of Green
Revolution in India. Dr. M.S. Swaminathan

Background: -
The leader of the wheat development program in Mexico, US professor Dr.
Norman Borlaug, started the Green Revolution in the world in1951 with the
discovery of high-yielding wheat seeds. The revolution in rice started with the
development of improved rice seeds by the International Rice Research
Organization in the Philippines.
During the second five-year plan in India (1956-61) to increase agricultural
production for possible drought and famine the advisor to the Union Ministry of
Agriculture, Dr. M.S. Swaminathan invited USA Ford Foundation. A group of
agronomists of USA Ford Foundation in 1963, imported only 100 kg of high-
yielding wheat seeds to the West Godavari in Andhra Pradesh, Thanjavur in
Tamil Nādu, Shahabad in Bihar, Raipur in Chhattisgarh, Ludhiana in Punjab,
Aligarh in Uttar Pradesh and Pali in Rajasthan – “Intensive Agriculture District
Project” with advanced agricultural technology started in these 7 districts. It can
see that the yield per hectare has increased by 3-4 times. Then in 1966, 16
thousand tonnes of HYV wheat seeds is imported and sowing them on 4 lakh
hectares of land in North-West India. As a result, foodgrain production increased
by 25% in 1967-68 over the previous year and the Green Revolution began.
Components: -
Green Revolution took place in India by applying a total of 12 new agricultural
techniques.
A. Main Components: -
1. High-yielding seeds: - It is the most important ingredient of the Green
Revolution.
i. HYV Wheat Seeds: - Sonalika-308, Kalyan Sona-227, Sonara-64, Hira, Sujata,
Larma Rojo-644 etc.
ii. HYV Pulses: - Ratna, Jaya, Padma, Pankaj, I.R.-5,8,20,22, Palamon-579 etc.
iii. HYV Maize Seed: - Vijay is widely used.
2. Organised Irrigation: - New irrigation services are provided by expanding
borewells, canals and reservoir in cultivated areas so that the cultivated land can
be increased.
3. Fertilizers: - Increasing crop yield by providing nutrients to the soil. Nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potash fertilizers are used.
4. Pesticides: - Various chemical insecticides-fungicides-herbicides are used to
protect crop from disease attack.
B. Secondary Components: -
5. Development of Project Area: - In 1975, Command Area Development –
CAD project adopting soil survey, land shape determination, canal digging, water
drainage, cropping irrigation are modernized.
6. Land Consolidation: - Patta funds were formed by joining small and scattered
lands and that was create great interest among the cultivators.
7. Land Reforms: - Tide is created in agriculture through abolition of zamindari
system, tendency reform, fixation of land ceiling, Operation Barga.
8. Agricultural Loan: - Various commercial banks give agricultural credit to the
farmers on easy terms.
9. Rural Electrification: - Sustaining agricultural production by providing cheap
enough electricity for irrigation and crops storage is arranged.
10. Rural Road and Market Development: - By constructing and maintaining
the village roads, communication system with the market is developed.
11. Machinery: - Used in various stages of agriculture to reduce costs and
increase production. Advance machinery such as – power tractors, power tillers,
labellers, pump sets, sprayers, chief cutters, harvesters, threshers are used in large
numbers.

Green Revolution Region: -

Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh, eastern Rajasthan in north-western
India; Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nādu in south India; Bihar and West Bengal from
east India started the Green Revolution in the production of wheat, rice, jowar,
millet, maize, pulses.

Results: -
Advantages: - The Green Revolution of the 1960s brought about a far-reaching
and revolutionary change in Indian agriculture, economy, and lifestyle.
1. Increase in Agricultural Production: Foodgrain production in India
increased significantly due to the impact of Green Revolution. Between 1960-61
and 2014-15, the total foodgrain production increased almost 3 times from 8.2
crore tonnes to 25.2 crore tonnes. Hence it also called Cereal Revolution. During
that period, wheat production increased 8 times from 1.1 crore tonnes to 8.65
crore tonnes, a record among grains. Hence it is also called Wheat Revolution.
Paddy production 3 times, oil seeds 4.3 times, pulses 1.5 times increases as a
result, today India is self-sufficient in foodgrains. Food imports have stopped.
Despite of huge population growth, it has been possible to solve the problem of
food crisis and famine.
2. Increase in Agricultural area: Cultivated land has increased manifold,
including the area under cultivation of various crops. Between 1960-61 and
2014-15, wheat land from 1.3 crore hectare to 3.10 crore hectare, paddy land
from 3.4 crore hectare to 4.39 crore hectare, jowar land from 18 lakh hectare to
53 lakh hectare is increased.
3. Increased in Productivity of Land: The production capacity of land has
increased manifold because of Green Revolution. The yield of foodgrains was
710 kg per hectare in 1960-61, which increased to 2028 kg in 2014-15. Again, in
the case of wheat it has increased from 851 kg to 3075 kg.
4. Crop Rotation: Crop rotation of rice, wheat, fodder, millet, maize, sugarcane,
pulses, oil seeds have become possible in India after the Green Revolution.
5. Employment: The Green Revolution has made possible the cultivation of
many crops throughout the year, creating massive livelihood in agriculture and
allied industry.
6. Industrialization: Due to the unprecedented increase in the demand for
agricultural inputs due to the Green Revolution, agricultural engineering,
fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides industry expanded widely. Agro-based
industries such as textiles, sugar, edible oil, flour etc., have greatly improved as a
result of the massive increase in the production of agricultural products.
7. Change in Farmer’s Attitude: As a result of Green Revolution, farmers have
become freed from the traditional mindset and become modern minded and
educated. Farmers can learn about modern farming practices. Thus, farmer’s
view of agriculture changed.

Disadvantages: - Due to some defects inherent in the Green Revolution, various

problems have arisen in socio-economic and natural fields.
1. Lack of Crop Diversity: The extent to which wheat and rice production has
increased as a result of the Green Revolution but the production of maize, jowar,
millet, pulses, oil seeds did not increase at that rate. Cotton, sugarcane, tea,
coffee, and jute were not affected by the revolution.
Regional Disparity: Its impact falls on 40% of India’s covered area, with 60%
outside it. The Green Revolution was concentrated in the already agriculturally
developed areas of Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh in north-western
India, and Tamil Nādu and Andhra Pradesh in southern India, while agricultural
progress did not occur in the states of eastern, western, and southern India. As a
result, regional disparity has become evident.
3. Inequality of Farmers’ Income: Large farmers with more than 10 hectares of
land are getting richer by adopting expensive modern farming methods for higher
profits and income. Small and marginal farmers cannot increase their income by
adopting modern technology. As a result, they are becoming poorer.
4. Increase in Unemployment: Due to the power-driven machinery, the demand
for agricultural labour in rural areas has decreased, resulting in severe
unemployment.
5. Increase in Salinity: In Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh, over 50%
of the arable land is becoming saline or alkaline due to excessive irrigation
throughout the year due to uninterrupted soil moisture.
6. Water Storage: In the Indira Gandhi Khal sech watershed in western India,
excessive rainfall results in thousands of acres of pasture and land being
waterlogged throughout the year. As a result, the type of crop cultivation has
changed from millet, maize, pulses, cotton, and fodder to paddy and wheat.
7. Depletion of Ground Water: Continuous withdrawal of ground water from
tube wells throughout the year is rapidly depleting the ground water table in the
Western India and there is a risk of groundwater depletion if not replenished by
adequate rainfall.
8. Pollution: As a result of the Green Revolution, the application of chemical
fertilizers and poisons on the land has increased many times, causing massive
soil pollution. Water overflows into nearby water bodies causing water pollution.
Large power-driven agricultural machinery causes massive amounts of noise and
air pollution.
9. Health Disaster: Various human diseases are caused due to the reaction of
lead, zinc, copper in vegetables, fruits, grass, cow’s milk due to the application of
chemical fertilizers and poisons. Malaria outbreaks are increasing in western
India due to water logging.

Steps to be taken for Sustainability of Green Revolution: -

During the first Green Revolution in the 1960s, cereal production increased, but
in the last two decades, the production decreased slightly and caused various
social and environmental problems. Therefore, some steps need to be taken to
extent the Green Revolution so far –
1. Bringing more areas under Green Revolution.
2. Giving importance to the production of commercial crops along with food
grain.
3. Expansion of irrigation system.
4. Development of small and marginal farmers.
5. Increasing productivity and
6. Increase crop intensity.
Various Agricultural Revolutions: -
In 2000, under the terms of World Trade Organization emphasis on exports while
meeting domestic demand, a new agricultural policy was adopted. It is called the
Rainbow Revolution. It includes various agricultural revolutions, namely –
 Green Revolution: Cereal Production
 White Revolution: Milk Production
 Blue Revolution: Fish Production
 Pink Revolution: Shrimp, Onion Production
 Yellow Revolution: Production of Oil Seeds
 Red Revolution: Meat/Tomato Revolution
 Golden Revolution: Fruit (Apple) Production
 Silver Revolution: Egg Production
 Gray Revolution: Fertilizer and Wool Production
 Round Revolution: Potato Production
 Brown Revolution: Spices, Leather Production
 Food-chain Revolution: containing agricultural production by wasting
surplus agricultural products
 Black Revolution: Petroleum Production

Second Green Revolution: -

The first Green Revolution in 1960s, increasing the production of wheat, rice and
maize, the impact of the Green Revolution was concentrated only in western
India. Agricultural production stagnates or declines and creates a variety of
socio-economic and environmental problems. Therefore, in 2004, the total
agricultural production including the production of other food grains and cash
crops increased by 4% annually, the plan for long-term agricultural development
by applying modern agricultural technology even in the agriculturally backward
areas and protecting the balance of the environment and ecosystem was adopted
as the Second Green Revolution.