Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region VI – Western Visayas
Division of Aklan
District of Libacao
GUADALUPE NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Guadalupe, Libacao, Aklan

Cause And Effect of Teenage Pregnancy among Senior High School

in Guadalupe National High School

A Research Proposal
Presented to
Mrs. Ma. Fe S. Zaulda

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the subject

Practical Research I of the Second Semester,
S.Y. 2022-2023

Sison, Ma. Suuchie Anne Z.

Zaulda, Robilyn P.
Zaulda, Kathlea M.
Salazar, Rea Jane C.
Villorente, Angelyn R.
Sarreal, Allan Reymart Z.
Zolina, Jericho Z.
Orbista, Jayson P.
Sonio, James
 February2022

Table of Contents

Dedication ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------1
Acknowledgment ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------2
Abstract ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------3
Methodology
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4

Chapter 1: Introduction --------------------------------------------------------------------------

Background of the Study -----------------------------------------------------------------
Statement of the Problem -----------------------------------------------------------------
Conceptual Framework -----------------------------------------------------------------
Definition of Terms --------------------------------------------------------------------------
Significance of the Study -----------------------------------------------------------------
Scope and Limitations -----------------------------------------------------------------

Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature -----------------------------------------------

Synthesis --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chapter 3: Research Methodology --------------------------------------------------------
Research Design --------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sampling Technique -----------------------------------------------------------------
Research Participants -----------------------------------------------------------------
Research Instruments -----------------------------------------------------------------
Data Gathering Procedures --------------------------------------------------------

DEDICATION

This output is gracefully dedicated to our loving families namely: Sison family, Zaulda
family, Salazar family, Villorente family, Sarreal family, Zolina family, Orbista family and
Sonio family who gave us valuable support not just financially but also to the trust and care all
the way to our success of this venture.

This output is also joyfully dedicated to our understanding adviser, Mrs. Ma. Fe S.
Zaulda, who encouraged us that we can do this research proposal and for pushing us to limits to
discover what is beyond our perspective. We highly appreciate the time and effort that they have
given to us, especially to our respondents who shared their stories and experiences about using
Facebook. Without your heartfelt endeavours, we will not be able to accomplish our mission to
perceive the effects of excessive use of Facebook in the academic performance of senior high
school students.
 We give our utmost thanks to you.

Above all, we highly dedicated this research proposal to our Almighty God, who gave us
heavenly wisdom, who bestowed us the power, strength and patience to produce this output.

Thank you very much!

The Researchers

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success of this research proposal would not be materialize without the inspirations,
time, efforts and support from the people behind the making of this product of hard work and
labor that the Grade 11-Utopian Student would like to extend their heartfelt thanks and sincere
gratitude. For without them, this output would not have been possible.

Firstly, Mrs. Ma. Fe S. Zaulda, their adviser and Practical Research II teacher, for
teaching and sharing them her knowledge about research, and for the trust and advices;

Secondly, to their parents, for the financial support and love, for always believing that
they can be a better person;
 Thirdly, to their group mates, for the cooperation and support all throughout this project
and to the respondents of the survey, who allotted their genuine time and efforts;

Fourthly, to their own circle of friends, for the unremarkable support and care, for being
their best friend in the ups and downs of life, and for the unmeasurable friendship they could
ever have. For without them, their life would not be much happier than before;

Above all, to the Almighty God, whom all the perfect gifts came from, for His unending
love and through His grace made all things possible.

To God be the glory!

The Researchers

ABSTRACT

Although some research has shown a causes and effects wasof teenage pregnancy among all
teen that change thier life for an instance , more recent research suggests that this relation is likely
caused by lack of sex education, awareness and curiousity.

This report contains the findings from causes research on teenage pregnancy among Senior High
of Guadalupe National High School in March 2022. The research aimed to answer the following
questions in order to facilitate a holistic approach to teenage pregnancy in Senior High of Guadalupe
National High School.

1. What are the factors contributing to teen pregnancy in the target communities?

2. What are some of the beliefs, attitudes and practices about teenage sex, contraceptives, pregnancy
and parenthood among male and female teenagers and community members
3. What are some of the social, health, educational or economic issues that teenager’s who become
pregnant experience?
4. What social, health or economic services currently exist for teenagers who are pregnant, at risk of
becoming pregnant or have already had children?
5. What are the barriers to SRH service utilization?

Methodology

This was an exploratory study that sought to gather information on the health, education and
socio- economic impact of teenage pregnancy on the teenage mother, the family and community and to
assess the current provision and utilisation of SRH services for teenagers in order to inform the design of
a project to assist in reducing the risk of teenage pregnancy and advocate for the needs of teenage
mothers. Qualitative research methodologies were utilized to address the research questions.A
combination of semi structured interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews
were administered to the research participants. Participants were drawn from GOAL’s 27 operational
communities; these communities were grouped into six clusters. The study targeted representatives
from the community, potential direct beneficiaries of the project, education providers and health
providers/policy makers:

• Sexually active teenage girls (Aged 13 – 19 years)

• Teenage mothers (Aged 13 – 19 years)

• Sexually active teenage boys (Aged 13 – 19 years)

• Community members
• Heads of schools
• Family Support Units (FSU’s)
• District Health Team (DHMT)
• Peripheral Health Units (PHU’s)
• SRH clinics

Excel spreadsheets were used to analyze demographic indicators of the participants Themes were
then recognized and coded in line with the research question and interview topics and sorted using a
copy and paste method under the research questions and instruments.
 CHAPTER I

Introduction

Background of the Study

Under-age pregnancy refers to pregnancy in children under the age of 18. The District Health Survey
(DHS) in Sierra Leone in 2008 found that there are 94 births per 1000 women annually among urban
women aged 15-19. Just over 40% of women in their late twenties had their first baby by the time they
were 18, and 12% of them by age 15. It also showed that only 1.2% of married women in this age group
are using contraception.
The most obvious impact of underage pregnancy is on the health of the mother and child. Complications
from pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of death in young women aged 15 to 19 in
developing countries (State of the Worlds Mothers, 2007). Teenage mothers have a higher risk of
obstructed labour, premature labour, low birth weight, fistula and sexually-transmitted infections,
including HIV.

An estimated 70 000 adolescent mothers worldwide die each year because they have children before
they are physically ready for parenthood. Their children are 50% more likely to die than those born to
women in their twenties. Due to tigma and fear, it is also likely that teenagers may seek to terminate a
pregnancy.

Abortion is illegal in Sierra Leone and unsafe abortion carries a high health risk. Underage pregnancy is a
major contributor to maternal and infant mortality rates: 1 woman has a one in eight lifetime risk of
dying due to pregnancy or childbirth and 155 out of 1000 babies die before their first birthday (UNICEF,
factsheet).

Teenage mothers often lack the resources and support from role models needed to take care of their
children’s health. The children of teenage sex workers within GOAL’s Integrated Children and Youth
Welfare Programme (ICYWP) in Freetown have higher rates of malnutrition than the general population,
where malnutrition is already common. Teenage mothers often drop out of school. This contributes to
the low levels of girls attending secondary school in Sierra Leone. Just 17% of girls attended secondary
school from 2000-2007, according to the UNICEF’s 2009 State of the World’s Children report. A survey
conducted in 2000 states that 65% of school dropouts are girls who got pregnant whilst in school
(Awareness Times Newspaper 31st March 2008).

Limited education and the responsibility of caring for a child reduce a girl’s access to paid employment,
completing a cycle of poverty for mother and Respondents in GOAL’s annual community survey in
Freetown have repeatedly identified teenage pregnancy as a problem affecting their communities. The
factors contributing to this situation are complex and poorly understood.

These pregnancies may be caused by voluntary sexual relations among school-children, early marriage,
transactional sex with adults and other forms of sexual abuse. Child marriage, a traditional practice that
denies girls their right to a better future, including education is rife among Senior High students, where
56% of girls are married by the age of 18 (mostly in rural areas).

High levels of poverty leads some young girls to look outside the family for resources to meet their
needs, going out with men they believe can provide for them. If pregnancy occurs, they may be
abandoned, increasing the financial burden on the family. This research seeks to understand the driving
factors of teenage pregnancy in Freetown and explore the unmet needs teenage mothers and sexually
active teenagers in terms of Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) information and services, education
and livelihoods.
Cause and Effects of Teenage
Overall Goal
Pregnancy of Senior
among our High of
Teenage Teenage Pregnancy
Pregnancy Research Project:
The overall Guadalupe
goal of theNational
Teenage pregnancy
High School project is to identify the cause and effects of Teenage
Pregnancy among Senior High of Guadalupe National High School.

Project Objective(s):

1. To gain deeper understanding of knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and practices relating to teenage
pregnancy through qualitative research, in GOAL’s operational communities in Freetown in order to
make recommendations to inform project design.
2. To design, implement and evaluate integrated community-based strategies to address the intricate
health, education and livelihood issues associated with teenage pregnancy.
3. To facilitate access to confidential and youth-friendly family planning services at the community level.

Dependent Variable Independent Variable

Dependent Variable Independent Variable

Figure1. Conceptual Paradigm of the Research

Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined conceptually and operationally for better understanding and
interpretation of the terms used in this study.

Teenage Pregnancy. Teenage pregnancy is when a woman under 20 gets pregnant. It usually refers to
teens between the ages of 15-19. But it can include girls as young as 10. It's also called teen pregnancy
or adolescent pregnancy.Aug 8, 2022teenage pregnancy as a ‘teenaged or underaged girl (usually within
the ages of 13–19) becoming pregnant.’ The term usually refers to women who become pregnant, who
have not reached legal adulthood; legal adulthood varies in different countries. The term teenage
pregnancy is widely used however, to mean unmarried adolescent girls who become pregnant.

Adolescence.Feldman (2006) notes that adolescence, the development stage between childhood and
adulthood, is a time when teenagers start to experiment with adult behaviours. Some of these
behaviours are welcomed by parents and society, such as part time work or driving. Other adult
behaviours such as smoking, drinking alcohol and sexual relationships are not as acceptable.
Adolescence is a time of profound change and can be a time of extreme turmoil. There are many
biological changes happening including reaching physical and sexual maturity. This is a time of great
passion for everything, there are no half measures for teenagers, and it is like riding a rollercoaster. A
teenage son or daughter who comes home to tell the parent they are having a baby, needs on-going
parental love and support.

Senior High School Students. The term used in this study refers to the students who are currently in the
grades 11 and 12 with different strands of the school year 2019-2020.

Significance of the Study

This study will be beneficial to the following:

Students. The study will give them awareness about the adverse cause and effects of Teenage
Pregnancy among Senior High School student that will stop them from studying and might affect their
academic performance.

Parents. The parents will be able to coordinate with teachers to improve and maximize the capacity of
their parental guidance for their children and to guide them to aviod and minimize the cause of
Teenage Pregnancy for them to have better future when having someone to guide and remind them.
School. The study will help encourage students before doing something it must have a wise thinking not
to affect thier study and academic performance as will.

Community. The study will provide them awareness and realization about the causes and effects of
Teenage Pregnancy to them as a teenager.

Researchers. The study will help the student researchers to know the reasons, causes and effects on the
participants of being a teenage mother why they get in that point and what encourage them in
continueing their studies.

Future Researchers. The study will help them gain more idea about this topic in research.

Scope and Limitations

This study aims to know the reasons, causes and effects of Teenage Pregnancy.

The correlation of teenage pregnancy and economicgrowth. The coverage of the chosen
respondent is those teenage mothers with the age of 10 to 19 yearsold. Additionally, as stated by
National Public Radio (NPR) 2020 that age range, is those who most gettingpregnant. The researchers
focus their population in Quezon City, Metro Manila since it is stated byPhilippine Statistics Authority
and Census 2015 that is has the highest count or percentage of teenagepregnancy here in the
Philippines which every 30% of o pregnancies comes into teenagers in thispopulation.Scope And
Delimitation

The data needed for this study was obtained with the use of researcher-made questionnaires
that was validated by the teacher who is assigned for this subject. The collected data was considered
confidential to protect the anonymity of the participants.

The participants of this study were 2 students selected by the researchers among senior high
school students of Guadalupe National High School. The method used in choosing the participants was
observation.

CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature

 This chapter presents the gathered researches from different sources. These studies will be used
as a guide and support to our research. Our related literature starts with the information about Teenage
Pregnancy and its Causes, as well as the possible effects that might affect students study and academic
performance.

Background of Teenage Pregnancy.

Importance of Facebook

In an academic environment, students can use Facebook to help each other in their academic
studies, build bonds with their classmates and promote supplementary interaction between them and
their instructors (Alhazmi and Rahman, 2013). Further results found that Facebook is bridging, bonding
and maintaining the existing relationships but it is not very effective for making new relations. Facebook
is increasing the students’ social capital effectively, due to its huge popularity and most used
communication channel among students (Muhammad Kashif, 2013). Faculty and students can use
Facebook in relevant educational ways that promote student engagement (Alhazmi and Rahman, 2013).

Facebook is a medium that supports different communication features and tools that can
be used for different purposes; therefore, considering how Facebook features and tools can be
used for conducting teaching and learning activities is essential when examining students’ grades
and outcomes (Alhazmi and Rahman, 2013).

Usage of Facebook and its Effects to the Academic Performance of Students

The rapid growth and significant growing number of students have made Facebook of
great importance for many researchers wishing to study this phenomenon and its implication on
different aspects of student’s learning (Alhazmi and Rahman, 2013).

Facebook is the most popular site having a large number of users. It had more than 12
million users and has steadily increased over time. Its widespread use would seem to show that it
is the preferable SNS among students (Alhazmi and Rahman, 2013).

The Facebook has slight impacts on students’ academic performance (Muhammad

Kashif, 2013). It has a perception as a cheap, fast and entertaining medium of communication
and students do not consider Facebook as a dominated phenomenon over their studies
(Muhammad Kashif, 2013). The students considered Facebook as an integral aspect of their lives
and they are more sociable (Nida Tabassum Khan and Sohail Ahmed, 2018). Students think
Facebook as a useful for entertainment and relief during the study time and they are quite
confident to have control on Facebook use (Muhammad Kashif, 2013). Due to those phenomena,
they spend much time using Facebook that results to poor academic performances (Nida
Tabassum Khan and Sohail Ahmed, 2018).

The students’ perceptions about Facebook impacting on their academic performance are
quite positive and they do not think Facebook is much impacting their academic performance
(Muhammad Kashif, 2013).

The relationship between Facebook usage and academic performance found to be

negatively and positively related (Alhazmi and Rahman, 2013). Facebook use is quite favourable
regarding its use according to students’ perceptions (Muhammad Kashif, 2013). Some studies
reported no relationship existing between Facebook use and academic performance (Alhazmi
and Rahman, 2013). But other studies showed that the Facebook presences are harmful to
academic performance (Kirkpatrick, 2010).

Though Facebook is an interactive platform for the students to share their life with their
friends and peers but its excessive use has implications, not only on their academics but also on
their personal life (Nida Tabassum Khan and Sohail Ahmed, 2018). The use of social media such
as Facebook could disrupt other worthwhile activities like concentrating on schoolwork, reading,
etc. (Ronaldo Tumbokon, 2019). Those students who checked their Facebook most often also
had the lowest rates of reading retention (Kristin Trapp, 2016). Middle and high school students
who checked their Facebook once during the 15-minute study time had lower test grades (Kristin
Trapp, 2016). Further, other researchers found that Facebook users have significantly lower
GPAs (Alhazmi and Rahman, 2013).

Synthesis

The mentioned studies, or related literature of the study gives more basis on the student’s
use of Facebook. They sometimes tend to apply the assistance of Facebook to their school works
and academics. But other studies showed that it has negative effects to the academic performance
of students. This research will serve as a juncture of reflection for the use of Facebook that could
probably have negative effects on the students’ academic performance. The gathered researches
had led us to formulate several ideas and assumptions to the different effects done by the usage
of Facebook.

CHAPTER III
Research Methodology

This section will explain the research methodology used for this research under study.
Research methodology is the overall design or strategy that helps in obtaining the desired goals
and objectives of the research. It is basically a confirmation that the problem under study has
been analysed and addressed thoroughly. This gives effectiveness and completion to the
research. It includes research design, sampling technique, research participants, research
instruments and data gathering procedures and data analysis.

Research Design
 This study aims to determine the effects of using Facebook frequently in senior high
school students. It will make use of the Quali-Quanti Mixed Methods which will allow the
researchers to determine the relationship among given variables.

Mixed methods research is a methodology for conducting research that involves
collecting, analysing and integrating quantitative (e.g., experiments, surveys)
and qualitative (e.g., focus groups, interviews) research. This approach to research is used when
this integration provides a better understanding of the research problem than either of each alone.

Quantitative data includes close-ended information such as that found to measure attitudes (e.g.,
rating scales), behaviours (e.g., observation checklists), and performance instruments. The
analysis of this type of data consists of statistically analysing scores collected on instruments
(e.g., questionnaires) or checklists to answer research questions or to test hypothesis.

Qualitative data consists of open-ended information that the researcher usually gathers through
interviews, focus groups and observations. The analysis of the qualitative data (words, text or
behaviours) typically follows the path of aggregating it into categories of information and
presenting the diversity of ideas gathered during data collection.

Sampling Technique

Purposive sampling technique was utilized in this study in selecting the participants.
Purposive sampling is a non-probability form of sampling. The goal of purposive sampling is to
sample cases/participants in strategic way, so that those sampled are relevant to the research
questions that are being posed.

Research Participants

The participants for this study were 20 out of 67 senior high school students of
Guadalupe National High School S.Y. 2019-2020.
Research Instruments

This study used a researcher-made questionnaire. The instrument used was considered
appropriate as they were checked, validated, and improved by the teacher who is assigned for
this subject to determine the administrability, validity, and reliability of it.

Data Gathering Procedures

The researchers asked the participants if they are willing to be the participants of our
study. The survey questionnaires were submitted to the researchers who are assigned to do the
data gathering task.

The researchers personally submitted the questionnaires to the respondents and assured
them the confidentiality and to be able to obtain the honesty in the respondent’s answers.

Data Analysis

Data preparation and descriptive statistical technique was the methods used to analyze the
gathered data in this research. Data preparation includes: data validation, data editing and data
coding. Data validation was used to find out whether the data selection was done as per the pre-
set standards and without any bias. The researchers used data editing to conduct basic data
checks, checks for outliers and edit the raw research data to identify and clear out any data points
that may hamper the accuracy of the results. Data coding was used to group and assign the values
to responses from the survey.

To help the researchers summarize the data and find patterns, descriptive statistical
technique was used specifically, frequency distribution. Frequency distribution gives the
frequency of distribution and percentage of the occurrence of an item in asset of data.