Q Contribution of modern Management thinkers: (Peter Ferdinand

Drucker, Joseph Moses Juran, William Edwards Deming, Warren Gamaliel

Bennis)

Peter Ferdinand Drucker was an Austrian-born American business management

theorist and consultant, widely regarded as one of the most influential
management thinkers of the twentieth century. Drucker's theories and insights
have had a tremendous influence on the development of modern management
and the corporate world. One of Drucker's most significant contributions was
the introduction of the concept and practice of Management by Objectives
(MBO). The key idea behind this approach was to set measurable goals based
on the organization's core mission and strategies, and work backwards from
these objectives to develop action plans that would help to achieve desired
business outcomes.

Joseph Moses Juran was another key management thinker influential in the
twentieth century. Joseph Moses Juran was a renowned American management
theorist who was credited with establishing quality management as a discipline.
He developed the Juran Trilogy, a comprehensive approach to managing
quality, and also contributed to the conceptualization of Total Quality
Management (TQM). His main contribution to modern management is that he
produced evidence that suggested that quality standards should be set by
managements and then improved upon. He also argued that quality should be
considered and implemented at every level of an organization.

. William Edwards Deming: William Edwards Deming is best known for his
emphasis on quality control in business and industry, which he believed was
necessary to improve the products, processes and services of a company and to
reduce costs. He also believed that management was the key to success and
called for a partnership between management and workers to create a total
quality system. He was an advocate of Total Quality Management (TQM),
which is a system of continuous improvement through small incremental
changes. Deming also believed that statistical methods could be used to evaluate
and monitor quality so that continuous improvement could be achieved. To
support this, he developed several statistical methods like the Control Chart and
the Pareto Chart.
Warren Bennis

Warren Bennis (1925-2014) was a leading management thinker who helped

establish the field of leadership studies. He wrote extensively on the topics of
leadership and organizational development, and was best known for his popular
books on the topic, such as On Becoming a Leader, The Challenges of
Leadership, and Leaders: The Strategies of Taking Charge.

Bennis was an early believer in the power of leadership to shape organizations,

teams, and society, and he wrote often on the need for leaders to craft and
execute their own vision. He was strongly influenced by the works of social
psychologist Kurt Lewin and the writings of management theorist Peter
Drucker. His most renowned work, On Becoming a Leader, was lauded for its
thoughtful insights into the characteristics of successful leaders and its
pragmatic approach to leadership development.

Bennis was also a strong advocate for the need for organizations to provide a
sense of meaning and purpose to employees.

Q Q Contribution of Management thinkers: Robert Owen, Henry Fayal, FW

Taylor & Elton Mayo)

Modern management thinkers have had a profound impact on the way

businesses are managed today. From the early 20th century to the present day,
their ideas and theories have shaped the way organizations are structured, how
they operate, and how they interact with their employees and customers.

Henry Fayol- Henri Fayol was known as the father of modern management. He
gave us the famous 14 principles of management. According to him, the 5 main
functions of management are Planning, Organizing, Commanding, Coordinating
and Controlling.Henri Fayol theorized that these functions were universal, and
that every manager performed these functions in their daily work.

Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915) is widely regarded as the “father of

scientific management.” With little formal education, Taylor educated himself
and developed a keen interest in industrial organization and efficiency. By
combining the analytical methods of scientific inquiry with the practical
concerns of business management, Taylor was instrumental in revolutionizing
the field of management.

Taylor developed the idea of "one best way” to increase efficiency and
profitability. His early studies demonstrated the connection between wages and
incentives on the productivity of individual workers and helped to create the
"time and motion" studies, which focused on empirical analysis of work
patterns. He looked at factors such as tools, motion, environment and fatigue
levels in order to fine-tune job tasks and efficiency. He then developed a system
of incentives for workers to motivate them and encourage increased
productivity

Elton Mayo is one of the most famous of management thinkers, known for his
idea that worker productivity is improved by understanding the psychological
needs of workers. He believed that companies could not merely focus on
improving working conditions and wages as a way to boost worker morale and
output, but that effective management must also tap into employees’ individual
needs, such as sense of purpose, recognition and job satisfaction. His ground
breaking work with the Hawthorne studies in the early 20th century provided
invaluable research that was vital to the later development of management
theory.

Robert Owen, often referred to as the father of modern management, was an

early pioneer of the human relations movement who created the concept of the
'social organism' and helped found the cooperative movement. He helped to
create the first successful cooperative business. is credited with being the father
of British socialism.Robert Owen was a British social reformer who developed
ideas of ethical business and advocated for better working conditions in the
early 19th century. He opposed the competitive spirit of employers and argued
for improved conditions and pay. He is best known for founding the utopian
community at New Lanark, Scotland, which he used to showcase his ideas of
respectful and cooperative employment. Owen believed that employers should
recognize the need for employees to achieve satisfaction and economic
independence,.
Q Describe the evolution of management thought (C2)

Management thought has evolved over the last century from a top-down
approach rooted in scientific management to a more decentralized, process-
oriented view. Mobility of management models and ideas predated the 20th
century, but the Industrial Revolution led to the emergence of new paradigms.
Early approaches focused on specialization, efficiency, and standardization of
personnel, roles, and processes.

Frederick Winslow Taylor was the first to formally introduce 'Scientific

Management', which was based on work processes monitored by the manager
and adjusted to bring out the best performance of each worker. Max Weber then
developed the 'Bureaucratic Theory' which focused on the structure, roles, and
hierarchy of authority as a way to achieve organizational efficiency. Later,
Henri Fayol's 'Administrative Theory' built on Weber's bureaucracy but also
emphasized the need for top managers to plan, coordinate, and control processes
and staff.

In the mid-20th century, the 'Human Relations Movement' emerged,

emphasizing employee participation and improved communication between the
staff and their managers. In the late 20th century, the 'Total Quality
Management' model emerged, focusing on customer satisfaction and process
simplification.

Currently, the management landscape is changing yet again, with the emergence
of digital tools, artificial intelligence powered process automation, and agile
models of management. These new management techniques focus on
decentralization of power, agility and innovation, customer centricity, and
continuous learning.