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A Study on Increased Fuel Injection Pressure Role in Promoting Biodiesel

Blends Usage in a Diesel Engine -A Review

Conference Paper · March 2014

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 Proceedings of
3rd International Conference on Recent Trends in Engineering & Technology
(ICRTET’2014)
Organized By: SNJB's Late Sau. K. B. Jain College Of Engineering, Chandwad
ISBN No.: 978-93-5107-222-5, Date :28-30 March, 2014

A Study on Increased Fuel Injection Pressure Role in Promoting Biodiesel Blends

Usage in a Diesel Engine - A Review

Srinath Paia, Abdul Shariefb, Shiva Kumarc, Shree Prakash Bd

a
Assistant Professor, Dept of M.E ,Srinivas School of Engineering, Mangalore-574153, Karnataka, India
b
Professor and Principal, P.A.College of Engineering, Mangalore-574153, Karnataka, India
c
Associate Professor, Dept of M.E & Manufg, MIT, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
b
Professor and Principal, S.S.E, Mukka, Mangalore-575021, Karnataka, India

Abstract

The rapid depletion of fossil fuel forced to search for substitute essential to replace the huge demand of diesel required for all sectors. In the
recent years, biodiesel is a proved substitute of diesel and its use at internal combustion engines has become a priority. Re search is still going on
to find better fuel at reasonable cost with need to reduce environmental pollution along the need. Particulate matter (PM) and NOx production
was the results of improper combustion process and considered as the major constraints of a diesel engine. From the review it was found that, the
use of biodiesel leads to the substantial reduction in PM, HC and CO emissions accompanying with the imperceptible power loss, the increase in
fuel consumption and the increase in NOx emissions on conventional diesel engine with no or fewer modification. Related studies show that
biodiesel fuel has a potential for reducing engine wear. Number of research and studies have been conducted on the DI diesel engine fuelled with
biodiesel and its 20% blend with commercial diesel. However, high viscosity and low volatility being inherent properties of most of such
biodiesel produced from plants (seeds), constraining their direct use in engines without any modifications. High viscosity interferes with fuel jet
penetration, atomization and produces thick smoke in the exhaust. Diesel engines with biodiesel produce the same power output with reduced
thermal efficiency and increased emissions hence its blend amount was limited to 20% with commercial diesel. This drawback ca n be overcome
by implementing high pressure fuel injection system. Hence, this study is devoted to the performance and emissions evaluation of a diesel
engine, when fueled with biodiesel fuel blends under high pressure fuel injection implementation.

Keywords: Performance; Emission; Diesel Engine; Fuel Injection; Biodiesel.

1. Introduction

In recent days, the rapid depletion of petroleum fuel and increasing huge demand of diesel. To overcome the dwindling of
diesel fuel, with increasingly stringent regulations, since diesel fuelled vehicles discharge a significant amount of pollutants such
as CO, UBHC, NOx, smoke, etc which were harmful to the environment and lowering these become a social need. Among them
NOx has been identified as one of the causes for generating acid rain and lowering the level of NOx, emitted from diesel engines
become must and should to a minimal value. Hence to overcome these draw backs, search for alternative fuels have been started
and were considered as a solution for global energy demands including India. Alternative fuels commonly cited as fatty acid
derived from vegetable oils or animal fats.

© Elsevier Publication 2014 313

Srinath Pai .et.al.

A number of studies reported that, biodiesel helps to cut the green house gas emissions and improve engine wear resistance.
Cetane numbers of vegetable oils were close to those of diesel fuel and hence they will be used as blend (up to 20%) with diesel,
in exhausting diesel engines with little or no modifications. Fatty acids or triglycerides called biodiesel, produced from vegetable
oil have proved as alternative fuels for diesel engines.

Among various blends of biodiesel, B20 with diesel is the most suitable, which nearly satisfies the requirements without or
with a less engine modification. To improve the fuel properties of triglycerides, a suitably used way is the catalytic
transesterification of triglycerides with alcohols to form mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids called as biodiesel, which is
very similar to diesel fuel. Biodiesel produced from vegetable oil after transesterification reaction have shown a similar
performance to diesel at all loading conditions and have very less sulfur contents, mostly close to zero and hence lower green
house effect, may not damage environment than diesel.

Number of research and studies have been conducted on the diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel and its 20% blend with
commercial diesel. However, most of biodiesel having inherent properties like high viscosity and low volatility, constraining their
direct use in engines. High viscosity interferes with fuel jet penetration, atomization and produces thick smoke in the exhaust.
Apart from this, diesel engines with higher amount of biodiesel produce the same power output but reduced thermal efficiency and
increased emissions; hence its blend amount is limited to 20% with commercial diesel. This drawback may be overcome by
implementing extra high pressured fuel injection.

The fuel injection system is the most vital component in the working of CI engine. The engine performance, power output,
economy etc are greatly dependent on the effectiveness of the fuel injection system. The injection system has to perform the
important duty of initiating and controlling the combustion process. The fuel injection system must be able to meter the desired
amount of fuel, depending on engine speed and load and to inject the fuel at the correct time, with the desired rate. The fuel
injection system in a direct injection diesel engine is to achieve a high degree of atomization for better penetration of fuel in order
to utilize the full air charge and to promote the evaporation in a very short time and to achieve higher combustion efficiency.
When the fuel is injected in to the combustion chamber towards the end of compression stroke, it should be atomized into very
fine droplets. A well designed fuel injector ensures very quick and nearly complete combustion. By atomizing the fuel into very
fine droplets, it increases the surface, where a of the fuel droplets resulting in better mixing and subsequent combustion.
Atomization was done by forcing the fuel through a small orifice under high pressure. The mixing of fuel and air becomes better
during ignition delay period which causes low smoke level and low CO emissions. When fuel injection pressure is low, fuel
particle diameters will enlarge and ignition delay period during the combustion will increase. This situation leads to inefficient
combustion in the engine and causes the increase in NOx and CO emissions. But, if the injection pressure is too high ignition
delay become shorter. Hence, possibilities of homogeneous mixing decrease and combustion efficiency falls down. Therefore,
smoke was formed at exhaust of engine. Depending on the engine size and combustion type, the fuel injection pressure in a
standard diesel engine varies from 200 to 1700 atm (John B. Heywood).

2. Reviews

Number of research papers and studies has been conducted on the utility of biodiesel blends with the additional aid of higher
fuel injection pressures on a diesel engine to find the improvements in power, performance, fuel consumption and emissions
control. Numbers of reviews have taken below to complete the present study.

Kandasamy Muralidharan et al [1] in their study on “The Effect of Bio-Fuel Blends and Fuel Injection Pressure on Diesel
Engine Emissions for Sustainable Environment” conducted a study on light duty a single cylinder Kirloskar make direct
injection four stroke cycle diesel engine. Bio-fuel was prepared from non-edible Pongamia pinnata oil by transesterification and to
used as a fuel in the experimental engine. The aim of the study was to find the effect of fuel injection pressure on the engine
emissions characteristics of that engine has been investigated experimentally using pongamia pinnata methyl ester and its blends
with diesel fuel from 0-30% with an increment of 5% at full load. The tests were conducted at different injection pressures by
adjusting injector spring tension (190, 200, 210, 220 and 230 bar) and they found that a high injection pressure of 220 bar causes
improved engine emissions characteristics due to better atomization for diesel and blends at full load. Furthermore
blend B5 showed minimum emissions at 220 bar injection pressure and considered the best among other blends.

H. M. Dharmadhikari et al [2] in their study on “Performance and Emissions of C.I. Engine Using Blends of Biodiesel and
Diesel at Different Injection Pressures”conducted an experimental investigation to analyze the emissions and performance
characteristics of a single cylinder Kirloskar make compression ignition DI engine fuelled with the blends of mineral diesel and
biodiesel at the different injection pressures in the range of 180 to 220 bar. The optimal value of the injection pressure was
obtained at 200 bar. The performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency, break specific fuel consumption and the emissions
© Elsevier Publication 2014 314
of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbon (HC), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) were measured.
Results concludes that, without any modifications Karanja and neem based biodiesel can be directly used in diesel engines.The
brake specific fuel consumption was found to be increased when biodiesel were used. The brake thermal efficiency of B100 was
found to be poor in comparison with B20 and B60.

Dimitris Tziourtzioumis et al [3] in their study on “Experimental investigation of the effect of a B70 biodiesel blend on a
common rail, passenger car Diesel engine”did the experimental work on a PSA 2.0 l., DW10 ATED model 4 cylinder, 4 stroke,
turbocharged, intercooled, common rail, direct injection, light duty diesel engine connected to an Froude - Consine eddy current
dynamometer with Texcel 100 direct digital controller and a PWM engine throttle actuators. The biodiesel used for these tests
were Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) based on 40% rapeseed oil, 30% soybean oil and 30% waste cooking oils as raw material,
collected from a local factory. Engine Control Unit (ECU) have analyzed for its reacts to the different fuel quality. A number of
characteristics operation points for engine testing were selected to better results. INCA software was used for the data attainment
of the engine ECU variables. Software was utilised to collect the additional data based on external sensors. The results of engine
bench tests of a 2.0 liter, common rail, high pressure injection passenger car Diesel engine fuelled by B70 biodiesel blend were
compared to the respective results of baseline tests with standard EN 590 Diesel fuel. Engine performance and CO, THC
and NOx emissions were measured. A simplified, undiluted exhaust sampler indicative was used for particulate sampling.

L.Karikalan et al [4] in their study on “Investigation on Emissions Characteristics of C.I Engine using Vegetable Oil with SCR
Technique” conducted an investigation experimental work has been carried out on a KIRLOSKAR Model SV1, single cylinder,
four strokes, and water cooled diesel engine. The brake thermal efficiency was measured to find the performance characteristics of
the engine, meanwhile smoke, HC, CO, CO2, and NOX were noted to evaluate emissions characteristics. Combustion and
emissions characteristics were compared with the results of baseline diesel engine. Outcome of the study concludes that, from
selective catalytic reduction technique (SCR) NOx was reduced from 69 to 81 percent, HC was reduced from 43 to 58 percent,
CO was reduced from 90 to 100 percent and at full load operation CO2 was reduced from 80 to 84 percent, when compared
without diesel SCR for pure diesel as well as for the biodiesel.

A. Haiter Lenin et al [5] in their study on “Performance Characteristics of a Diesel Engine using Mahua Biodiesel as Alternate
Fuel” conducted an experimental investigation work on a KIRLOSKAR Model TV1, single cylinder, direct injection diesel engine
with mahua methyl esters and its blends with diesel were used as fuel to evaluate the performance, emissions and combustion
characteristics of diesel engine. 25% and 50% by proportions of mahua methyl ester fuel blends were used for at varying load
conditions. Parameters like, thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons
emissions and nitrogen oxides in exhaust were registered. The essential properties of mahua methyl esters were compared with
diesel. From the test results it was noticed that, without any engine modifications the fuel of B25 can be used in diesel engines. It
was also observed that specific fuel consumption decreases with the increase of injection pressure.

B.K.Venkanna et al [6] in their study on “Effect of Injection Pressure on Performance, Emissions and Combustion
Characteristics of Direct Injection Diesel Engine Running on Blends of Pongamia Pinnata Linn Oil (Honge oil) and Diesel Fuel”
conducted an experimental investigation work on a, Kirloskar make single cylinder, direct injection diesel engine. Injection
Pressure was varied from 200 bar to 225, 250 and 275 bar. Research work was done to find the increased injection opening
pressure (IOP) impact on the honge oil and diesel fuel blend use in direct injection diesel engine. From the results it was
observed that, for 20% honge oil and 80% diesel fuel (volume basis), the performance, emissions and
combustion parameters were found very close to neat diesel fuel where as higher blend ratios were found inferior compared to
neat diesel fuel. Honge oil percentage in blend can be increased from 20% to 30% provided with aid of increased injection
pressure.

M. Prabhahar et al [7] in their study on “Performance and emissions characteristics of a diesel engine with various injection
pressures using biodiesel” studied the Pongamia methyl ester oil suitability in CI engine. The performance and exhaust emissions
tests were carried out in a constant speed, direct injection diesel engine fuelled with diesel and 100% Pongamia methyl ester as
fuel with the various injection pressures, from 180 bar to 220 bar. The performance parameters like brake specific fuel
consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), and exhaust emissions (CO, HC, NOx and smoke) were evaluated and
analyzed. The results showed that increase in the brake thermal efficiency was about 1.5% for 100% Pongamia oil methyl ester at
220 bar injection pressure. The BSFC, CO and smoke were decreased about 7%, 33% and 25% respectively for
100% pongamia oil methyl ester at 220 bar in comparison with 180 bar injection pressure. For 220 bar injection pressure, about
10% the nitrogen oxide emissions (NO) was increased for 100% Pongamia oil methyl ester. From the results it was found
that, without any engine modification, conventional CI engine can operate with pure Pongamia methyl ester (by volume) by
implementing higher injection pressure.

3. Results and Discussion

© Elsevier Publication 2014 315

Srinath Pai .et.al.

Results from literatures with underlining the high pressures injection usage in promoting biodiesel blend percentage with the
diesel were briefly summarised as follows.

Kandasamy Muralidharan et al [1] were experimentally found that, Pongamia methyl ester blend B5 have lower emissions than
diesel and other blend percentage (prepared using Pongamia methyl ester) at 220 bar injection pressure at full load. B5 exposed
lightly lower NOx emissions than diesel for higher injection pressures compared to all blend percentage tested at full load.
Normally NOx formation was greatly dependent upon in-cylinder gas temperature and the oxygen availability throughout
combustion process. Increase in injection pressure tends to enhance the NOx emissions amount due to higher heat release rate
developed in the premixed combustion phase. With normal injection pressure, the increased blend concentration in the diesel
pertains to increase the NOx levels during combustion due to the oxygen content present in biodiesel, which intensifies
combustion process. It is very clear from the results that, at high injection pressure of 220 bar and diesel with blend B5, the value
of CO emissions is about 0.06% and was found to be lowest. It may be due to increase of injection pressure ensures better mixing
of fuel with air, thus improves combustion process with reduction in CO emissions and at the same pressure, CO2 emissions was
increased for the same diesel and biodiesel blends. This may be owing to increase of injection pressure tends to finer fuel spray
which mixes fuel and air thoroughly, makes the combustion process complete. At all injection pressures, except B5 and B10,
Unburnt Hydrocarbon emissions was found to be higher for almost all the blends combination were tested. For B5 and B10,
unburnt hydrocarbon emissions tend to decrease with the increase in injection pressure. This may be due to more complete
combustion obtained due to the oxygenated methyl ester used for blending.

H. M. Dharmadhikari et al [2] in their study conducted an experimental investigation with biodiesel blends with diesel and
compared with that of diesel at the different injection pressures. They found from the results that,
the BTE of B10, B20 of KOME / NOME were closer to that of diesel. At full load conditions BTE of B20 KOME was about 5%
less than that of diesel. The brake thermal efficiency of B10, B20 of KOME/NOME was found better. The BSFC in case of blends
were higher compared to diesel in the entire load range, due to its lower heating value, greater density and hence higher bulk
modulus. Fueling biodiesel or its blends increase NOx emissions slightly 5-10% compared with that of diesel. The results
indicates that the CO emissions and HC emissions were less for B10 and B20, and NOx emissions decreased by 39 % for B10 and
28 % for B20 compared with B100. The brake thermal efficiency of the engine decreased around 6% for all blends in comparison
with diesel, and the brake specific fuel consumption was slightly more for B10 and B20.

Dimitrwas Tziourtzioumwas et al [3] conducted an investigation work, by presenting comparative test results with a common
rail, high pressure injection, passenger car diesel engine fuelled by B70 versus normal diesel fuel. A sequence of 15 steady state
engine operation points was selected as representative of the engine operation map. The dyno controller
was programmed to achieve the repetitive operation points for the alternative fuels used. A programmed controller of the eddy
current dynamometer used for record the test sequence and the engine performance and emissions characteristics were recorded.
The biodiesel employed in the tests was a FAME based on 40% rapeseed oil, 30% soybean oil and 30% waste cooking oils as raw
material, procured from a local factory. Engine tests performed under low, medium and high load conditions have shown a sharp
reduction in CO and HC emissions upstream catalyst, with the use of the B70 blend. The measurements confirmed the effect of
the decreased heating value of the biodiesel (despite its slightly increased density) in the brake specific fuel consumption increase.
Engine efficiency was not found to change with biodiesel usage. It was also observed that, at all operation points the decreased air
to fuel ratio values were measured with the B70 and lambda was observed to increase at the medium to high load range. The effect
of the B70 blend on the main fuel injection parameters (common rail pressure, pilot and main injection advance and time) was
measured and explained based on the maps stored in the ECU of the engine. A substantial increase of the fuel temperatures was
observed. NOx reduction was only found at medium to high loads. Reduced PM emissions and smoke opacity was observed by a
qualitative comparison of the soot collected on filters from undiluted exhaust gas sampled directly from the exhaust line for the
total duration of each test.

L.Karikalan et al [4] in their study conducted an experimental work to investigate the carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, carbon
dioxide and oxides of nitrogen emissions level on a KIRLOSKAR SV1 type single cylinder diesel engine by Selective Catalytic
Reduction (SCR ) technique using diesel fuel and Biodiesel blends of Jatropha, Pongamia and Neem
(J20D80, P20D80 and N20D80). The performance and emissions characteristics of diesel engine using bio-diesel were
analyzed at 200bar injection pressure and without injecting the diesel SCR at crank angle 270BTDC. They found that, with diesel
SCR 100% of CO was reduced, J20-SCR can reduce 92% of CO, P20- SCR will reduce 91% of CO and 90% of CO was
reduced with N20- SCR at full load operation with comparison in SCR less injection. By using biodiesels, HC and CO level of
exhaust gas emitted can be reduced, where as the NOx level was increasing. NOx level can be bring down for pure diesel as well
as for biodiesel by the help of rocker arm operated SCR pump setup and injecting the Diesel Exhaust Fluid (Aqueous Urea
Solution made with 32.5% high-purity urea (AUS 32) and 67.5% deionized water). From the study they understood that, with
selective catalytic reduction technique (SCR) NOx was reduced from 69 to 81 percent, HC was reduced from 43 to 58 percent,
© Elsevier Publication 2014 316
CO was reduced from 90 to 100 percent and CO2 was reduced from 80 to 84 percent at full load operation when comparing
without diesel SCR for both pure diesel and biodiesel.

Haiter Lenin et al [5] in their investigation study compared standard diesel fuel and mahua biodiesel and its blends combustion
and emissions characteristics. Based on the experimental results, it was found that, at all load conditions the brake thermal
efficiency of mahua biodiesel blends was found higher than that of diesel. At lesser load, unlike all other
blends mahua B25 specific fuel consumption was low. For B25, CO2 emissions were nearly that of diesel. The biodiesel blends
smoke density and NOx were always greater than the standard diesel. The mahua B25 and B50 blends gives out less HC and CO
emissions at different loads in comparison with diesel.

B.K.Venkanna et al [6] in their study on “Effect of Injection Pressure on Performance, Emissions and Combustion
Characteristics of Direct Injection Diesel Engine Running on Blends of Pongamia Pinnata Linn Oil (Honge oil) and Diesel Fuel”
conducted an investigation experimental work on a, single cylinder, direct injection diesel engine. Based on the experimental
results of the work over the range of honge oil percentage in fuel blend and with injection pressure range of 200 bar to 225, 250
and 275 bar. It was found that, DI diesel engine can run smoothly over the range of honge oil percentage in fuel blend. With
increase percentage of honge oil in the blend, results in increased fuel consumption rate. BSFC of Diesel fuel and that
of H20 were found very close. Emissions parameters such as smoke opacity, CO, HC and NOx up to H20 were found to be close
to that of diesel fuel. Engine parameters using H20 like performance, emissions and combustion were very close to that of neat
diesel fuel. Improved premixed heat release rate were noticed with H30 when IOP was enhanced. For injection opening pressure
at 225 bar H30 performance and emissions were improved. From their study it was found that, with aid of increased injection
pressure from 200 bar to 225 bar, honge oil quantity in blend can be increased from 20% to 30%.

M. Prabhahar et al [7] studied the Pongamia methyl ester oil suitability in CI engine. The performance and exhaust emissions
tests were carried out in a constant speed, direct injection diesel engine fuelled with diesel and 100% pongamia methyl ester as
fuel, the injection pressures were varied from 180 bar to 220 bar. From the experiments results it was found that, compared with
180 bar pressure, the brake thermal efficiency was increased by 1.5% towards nozzle opening pressure 220 bar for
neat Pongamia oil methyl ester and the brake specific fuel consumptions were decreased by 7% for nozzle opening pressure 220
bar for neat Pongamia oil methyl ester compared with 180 bar pressure. About 33% of the CO and 25% of smoke emissions were
decreased for Pongamia oil methyl ester at 220 nozzle opening pressure compared with 180 bar pressure. About 10 % of the NO
emissions were increased for Pongamia oil methyl ester at nozzle opening pressure 220bar with respect to180 bar pressure. On the
whole, it was concluded that the engine nozzle opening pressure will increases the engine performance with decrease in emission
from exhaust of the engine.

4. Conclusion

Literature review suggested that; an increase in injection pressure will improve the combustion, which in turn improves
the performance parameters and emission reduction. Literature review also emphasized the high pressures injection to produce
very fine atomization of fuel droplets which cuts down the delay period, combustion duration, smoke formation
and NOx emissions. Hence biodiesel inherent and interfere properties such as viscosity and volatility can be improved, high
pressures injection will improve the atomization, penetration and evaporation of bulky biodiesel blend and also blend amount can
be enhanced to make the maximum use of it. Literature review forcing for further study, required to investigate the ultra high
injection pressure impact for improving the performance and emission with direct use of higher percentage of biodiesel blends,
without transesterification. Any improvement found from the investigation, will be helpful to the society in all respects.

References

1. Kandasamy Muralidharan and Palanisamy Govindarajan, „The Effect of Bio-Fuel Blends and Fuel Injection Pressure on Diesel Engine Emission for
Sustainable Environment‟ American Journal of Environmental Sciences 7 (4): 377-382, 2011, ISSN 1553-345X
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Different Injection Pressures‟ International Journal of Applied Research in Mechanical Engineering (IJARME) ISSN: 2231 –5950, Vol-2, Iss-2, 2012
3. Dimitris Tziourtzioumis, Loucas Demetriades, Olympia Zogou and Tassos Stamatelos „Experimental investigation of the effect of a B70 biodiesel
blend on a common rail, passenger car Diesel engine‟. LTTE, Mechanical Engineering Department, Univesity of Thessaly Pedion Areos, GR-383 34
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© Elsevier Publication 2014 317

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