Faculty of Engineering

Industrial Engineering Department

Engineering metrology and standards (10631334)

Lab report (3)

Level – pressure transducer

Team members:

Maya Abu Arayes -11923810

Ghusoon Salah -11924235
Bodor aqraa-
Yasser Isteitieh-
Khalil Juma’

Supervisor:

Eng. Waleed abu zaina

Abstract:

This report presents the findings of an experimental study conducted to analyze the performance
characteristics of a level-pressure transducer. The primary objectives were to investigate the
hysteresis, non-linearity, and error properties of the transducer by examining the relationship
between the applied level-pressure and the resulting voltage output.

The experimental setup consisted of a comprehensive measurement circuit comprising a

level-pressure transducer, power supply, digital multimeter, terminal board, and connecting
wires. The level-pressure transducer was connected to both the power supply and the digital
multimeter to enable accurate measurements.

By following the specified steps, the tank was filled incrementally, and the corresponding level
and voltage readings were recorded and tabulated. The data points were plotted on a graph with
the actual level (mm) on the x-axis and the output voltage on the y-axis. A systematic range of
level-pressure values was applied to the transducer, and the corresponding voltage readings were
recorded at each pressure point. The readings were obtained in both ascending (forward) and
descending (backward) order to assess the hysteresis behavior of the sensor.

Subsequent to the data collection, calculations were performed to evaluate the non-linearity of
the pressure transducer. Specifically designed equations were utilized to quantify the extent of
deviation from an ideal linear response. Furthermore, the error band was determined based on the
collected data, allowing for an assessment of the transducer's accuracy and precision.
Results and calculations:

Table1. shows the calculations of the hysteresis in level -pressure transducer used and other
related calculations

Sample of calculations for row 1:

H=Abs(Vo forward-Vo outward)=0.103-0.11=0.007

O ideal =KI+a = (0.015954*0)+0.103=0.103

Non-linearity=Abs(V o forward -O ideal)=0.103-0.103=0

Table2. Showing the error, slope, deflection, intercept and linearity percentage
Fig.1 the relationship between the actual level and the measured level

Fig.2 the relationship between the actual level and voltage

Equations:

𝐻 = |𝑂 ↑ − 𝑂 ↓|

𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 (%) = (𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥/(𝑂 ↑ 𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑂 ↑ 𝑚𝑖𝑛)) * 100%

𝑂 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 = 𝑘 * 𝐼 + 𝑎

𝑘 =(𝑂 ↑ 𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑂 ↑ 𝑚𝑖𝑛)/(𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛)

𝑎 = 𝑂 ↑ 𝑚𝑖𝑛 − (𝑘 * 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛)

𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 = |𝑂 ↑ − 𝑂𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙|

𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑 (ℎ) = 𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 = (ℎ/(𝑂 ↑ 𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑂 ↑ 𝑚𝑖𝑛)) * 100%

Discussions and conclusions:

Discussion:

In this experiment, a level-pressure transducer was used to measure the relationship between the
actual level and the measured level. The transducer's performance was evaluated by analyzing
various parameters and conducting calculations.

The hysteresis of the level-pressure transducer was calculated using the formula H = Vo forward
- Vo outward, where Vo forward represents the output voltage in the forward direction and Vo
outward represents the output voltage in the outward direction. The calculated hysteresis values
indicated the difference between the forward and outward measurements.
The O ideal value was determined using the equation O ideal = KI + a, where K represents the
slope, I represents the input current, and a represents the intercept. The non-linearity was
calculated by taking the absolute difference between the measured voltage (O) and the ideal
voltage (O ideal).

Table 1 provided the detailed calculations for hysteresis, O ideal, and non-linearity for each row
of the experiment. It allowed for a comprehensive analysis of the transducer's performance.

Table 2 presented additional parameters, including error, slope, deflection, intercept, and linearity
percentage. These parameters provided further insights into the accuracy and reliability of the
level-pressure transducer.

Figures 1 and 2 visualized the relationship between the actual level and the measured level, as
well as the relationship between the actual level and voltage, respectively. These graphical
representations helped in understanding the trends and patterns in the data.

Equations such as H = O - O, Hmax (%) = (Hmax / (Omax - Omin)) * 100%, O ideal = k * I + a,

k = (Omax - Omin) / (Imax - Imin), a = Omin - (k * Imin), Nonlinearity = O - O ideal, Error
band (h) = max. value of the nonlinearity, and Linearity = (h / (Omax - Omin)) * 100% were
used for the calculations and analysis.

Conclusion:

Based on the experimental results and calculations, several important conclusions can be drawn
regarding the performance of the level-pressure transducer.

1. Hysteresis: The calculated hysteresis values indicated the deviation between the forward and
outward measurements of the transducer. These values help assess the transducer's ability to
maintain consistent readings in both directions.

2. O ideal: The ideal voltage values (O ideal) were determined using the slope (k), intercept (a),
and input current (I). These values provide a reference for the expected voltage output based on
the input current.

3. Non-linearity: The non-linearity of the transducer was calculated by finding the absolute
difference between the measured voltage (O) and the ideal voltage (O ideal). A lower
non-linearity value indicates better linearity and accuracy in the transducer's readings.
4. Error and Linearity: The error, slope, deflection, intercept, and linearity percentage values
provided insights into the overall accuracy and linearity of the transducer's measurements. A
lower error and higher linearity percentage indicate better performance.

The experimental results, calculations, and graphical representations helped in evaluating the
performance of the level-pressure transducer. The findings and conclusions drawn from this
experiment can be valuable in optimizing and improving the accuracy of level-pressure
measurements using transducers.

Applications:

Pressure transducers are of the greatest utility for industrial and laboratory data acquisition and
control applications, the most common applications are:

1. Measuring inlet, outlet or system pressure in engine test setup.

2. Measuring pressure drops in a line for preventive maintenance.

3.Measuring fluid height or level in tanks.

4.Measuring the pressure of slurry/slush using a flush diaphragm pressure transducer.

5.Sanitary pressure transducers in the bio or pharmaceutical industry.

6. Measuring the level of water in a tank with a pressure transducer.

7. Isolating a water pipe leak with a pressure transducer.

8. Identifying a gas leak with a pressure transducer.