NEW WAY SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL

SESSION:2023-2024

NAME:- AYUSH GANGWAR

CLASS:- XII SEC:- A
TOPIC:- ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS

SUBMITED TO: SUBMITED BY:

MR.ANUJ GUPTA AYUSH GANGWAR

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 Certificate
This is to certify that Ayush Gangwar a
student of class XII A , NEW WAY SENIOR
SECONDARY SCHOOL has successfully
completed the project TITLED
“Electrochemical cells” during the
academic year of 2023-2024 towards
partial fulfilment of CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL
EXAMINATION conducted by CBSE.

PRICIPALE’S SIGNATURE TEACHER’S SIGNATURE

EXTERNAL EXAMINER SIGNATURE

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 Acknowledgement
THE MAKING OF THIS PROJECT IN CHEMISTERY HAS
BEEN POSSUBLIE DUE TO THE GUIDANCE, EFFORTS AND
SUPPORT GIVEN BY VARIOUS PEOPLE. I GAVE MY
GRATITUDE AND DEEP APPRECIATION TO MY
HONOURABLE PRINCIPAL MRS. JYOTI WANCHOO
AND MY CHEMISTERY TEACHER MR. ANUJ GUPTA ,
NEW WAY SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL WHO GAVE ME
GOLDEN OPPPRTUNITY TO WORK ON THIS WONDERFUL
PROJECT ON TOPIC “ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS”
WHICH HELPED ME IN DOING A LOT OF RESEARCH AND
I CAN KNOW ABOUT SO MANY NEW THINGS. I WOULD
LIKE TO EXPRESS MY HEARTIEST GRATITUDE TO MY
FAMILY MEMBERS AND ALL THOSE PEOPLE WHO
SELFLESSLY DEVOTED TIME FOR ANY KIND HELP THAT
WAS REQUIRED.

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 INDEX :-
1.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
2.CERTIFICATE
3.ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS
• INTRODUCTION
• TYPES OF ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS
• REPRESENTATION OF ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS
• EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
• SALT BRIDGE
• FUNCTIONS OF SALT BRIDGE
• STANDARD EMF OF AN ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL
• SOME IMPORTANT FEATURES
• PROCEDURE
• OBSERVATIONS
• CONCLUSION
4.BIBLIOGRAPHY

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 INTRODUCTION
An electrochemical cell is a device that can generate electrical energy
from the chemical reactions occurring in it, or use the electrical energy
supplied to it to facilitate chemical reactions in it.

These devices are capable of converting chemical energy into electrical

energy, or vice versa. A common example of an electrochemical cell is a
standard 1.5-volt cell which is used to power many electrical appliances
such as TV remotes and clocks..

Such cells capable of generating an electric current from the chemical

reactions occurring in them care called Galvanic cells or Voltaic cells.
Alternatively, the cells which cause chemical reactions to occur in them
when an electric current is passed through them.

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 TYPES OF ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL
1.Primary cells
Primary cell is also known as the primary cell. The redox reactions
proceed in only one single direction in the primary cell. After a certain
time, the reactants in these primary batteries are consumed, usually
rendering them dead. If the chemical inside the primary battery is
exhausted, it cannot be used further for any purpose.

The dry cell is a good example of a primary cell; household batteries are
commonly used in the home to power small things like TV remotes,
clocks, small machines. Zinc works as the anode, and carbon rods act as
a cathode in primary cells. A kind of manganese dioxide mixture in
powder form is placed around the cathode. The given space between
the container and the rod is filled with ammonium chloride and zinc
chloride.

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 2. Secondary cells.
A secondary cell is a type of cell that can be electrically
recharged by passing current in the opposite direction of the
circuit. One of the best examples of secondary cells is an
alkaline battery. Energy in an alkaline battery is obtained from
the interaction of zinc metal and manganese dioxide. These
batteries live longer and have a greater energy density. It is
called alkaline because of the electrolyte of potassium
hydroxide that is used in it in place of acidic ammonium
chloride
Nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) cell is an
example of secondary cell.

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 REPRESENTATION OF ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL
An electrochemical cell is represented in a manner an
illustrated below.
Zn/Zn2+||Cu2+/Cu
I.e. by convention, the electrode on which oxidation takes place
is written on the left-hand side and the other electrode on
which reduction takes place is written on the right-hand side.
The electrode of the left-hand side is written by writing the
symbol of the metal first followed by the symbol of the ion with
its concentration in brackets. The electrode on the right-hand
side is written by first writing the ion along with its
concentration in brackets followed by the symbol of the metal.

ExPERIMENTAL SETUP
A zinc rod is placed in the zinc sulphate solution taken in a
beaker. A copper rod is placed in the copper sulphate solution
taken in another beaker. The two rods are connected by a wire
and two solutions are connected by a salt bridge.

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 SALT BRIDGE
A salt-bridge is a U-shaped tube containing concentrated
solution of an inert electrolyte like KCL, KNO3 , K2SO4 etc. An
inert electrolyte is one whose ions do not take part in the redox
reaction and also do not react with electrolyte used. The
function of the salt bridge is to allow the movement of the ions
from one solution to the other without mixing of the two
solutions. Thus, whereas the electrons flow in the outer circuit
in the wire, the inner circuit is completed by the flow of ions
from one solution to the other through the salt bridge
moreover, it helps to maintain the electrical neutrality of the
solution of the two half cells.

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 FUNCTIONS OF SALT BRIDGE
A salt bridge’s major function is to help maintain the electrical
neutrality within the internal circuit. Also, it helps to prevent the
cell from taking its reaction to equilibrium. If salt bridges are not
used or absent, then the reaction will continue, and the solution
in one-half electrodes will find a negative charge. Likewise, the
electrodes would accumulate a positive charge in the other half.
Further, this will result in the stoppage of the reaction, and no
electricity will be produced.

Therefore, basically, a salt bridge helps to prevent the

accumulation of both positive and negative charges around the
respective electrodes and allows a smooth reaction further to
take place. The salt bridge also helps in the continual electrons
flow. However, the salt bridge’s objective is not to transfer the
electrons from the electrolyte, but rather to maintain the
balance of the charge because the electrons move from one to
the other half of the cell.

Some important points of Salt Bridge can be listed as,

• Salt bridge prevents the mechanical flow or diffusion of a
solution from one-half cell to another.
• It also minimizes or prevents the liquid-liquid junction
potential. (Potential arises between the two solutions when
they are in contact with each other)
• The bridge acts as an electrical contact between the two
half cells

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 Standard EMF of an Electrochemical Cell
An electrochemical cell is based on reaction which can be split
into the two half reactions:
• Oxidation half reaction
• Reduction half reaction
Standard EMF of the cell:
Where,
Ecell = Electrode Potential of the cell
Ecathode = Electrode Potential of the oxidation half reaction
Eanode= Electrode Potential of the oxidation half reaction
According to Nernst Equation, the relation between
concentration of electrode and the standard electrode potential
can be given as:
Ecell = Ecathode - Eanode
E = Eo – 0.059/n Log [M]/ [Mn+]
Where,
E : Electrode Potential at non-standard conditions
Eo: Electrode potential at standard conditions
N: Number of electrons transferred in the equation.
[M]:concentration of the metal
[Mn+]: concentration of metal ion.

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 SOME IMPORTANT FEATURES
• The electrode at which oxidation takes place is called the
anode. The electrode at which the reduction takes place
is called the cathode.
• Since electrons are produced at the zinc electrodes, this
electrode is rich in electrons, which pushes the electrons
into the external circuit and hence it is designated as the
negative pole. The other electrode, i.e. the copper
electrode is in the need of electrons for the reduction of
Cu2+ ions into the Cu.
• The electrons flow from the negative pole to the
positive pole in the external circuit. However,
conventionally, this current is set to flow in the opposite
direction.
• The oxidation of Zn into ions produces excess of Zn2+
ions in the left beaker. This creates an unbalanced
positive charge in the solution. To maintain electrical
neutrality of the solution in the two beakers, the cations
and anions move through the salt bridge.
• As copper from copper sulphate solution is deposited on
the copper electrode and sulphate ions migrate to the
other side, the concentration of the copper sulphate
solution decreases. As the cell operates consequently, the
current falls.
• Evidently , the weight of the copper rod will increase
while that of zinc rod will decrease as the cell works.

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 PROCEDURE
• Take two clean beakers.
• In one beaker take 0.5M copper sulphate solution and in
the other take 0.5M zinc sulphate solution.
• Take a copper strip and clean it using a sandpaper.
• Dip the copper strip into the beaker containing the 1M
copper sulphate solution.
• Similarly, take a zinc strip and clean it using a sandpaper.
• Then dip into the beaker containing 1M zinc sulphate
solution.
• Take a salt bridge and connect the two solutions using the
salt bridge.
• Take a voltmeter and connect the copper strip to the
positive terminal and the zinc strip to the negative
terminal using connecting wires.
• Note the positive of the pointer in the voltmeter and
record the reading.
• Repeat the experiment by taking different concentration
of zinc sulphate and the copper sulphate solutions.

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 OBSERVATIONS

CONCLUSION
With these observations, we conclude that EMF of the cell
increases with decreases in the concentration of the electrolyte
around the anode and the increase in the concentration of the
electrolyte around the cathode.

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 BIBILOGRAPHY
I have taken help from given resources .
1. Chemistry text book part-1 class XII
2. https://www.cbse.gov.in/
3. https://byjus.com
4. http://vedantu.com
5. https://www.wikipedia.org

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