Ancient literature

Ancient literature that comprises religious & scientific documents/books, tales, poetry & plays, royal
edicts/declarations, and other forms of writing were primarily recorded on stone, stone tablets, papyri, palm
leaves, metal and other media. Before the spread of writing, oral literature did not always survive well,
though some texts and fragments have persisted. One can conclude that an unknown number of written
works too have likely not survived the ravages of time and are therefore lost. August Nitschke sees some
fairy tales as literary survivals dating back to Ice Age and Stone Age narrators.[1]

Contents
List of ancient texts
Bronze Age
Iron Age
Classical Antiquity
8th century BCE
7th century BCE
6th century BCE
5th century BCE
4th century BCE
3rd century BCE
2nd century BCE
1st century BC
1st century CE
2nd century
3rd century
Late Antiquity
4th century
5th century
6th century
See also
References

List of ancient texts

Bronze Age

Early Bronze Age: 3rd millennium BC (approximate dates shown). The earliest written literature dates
from about 2600 BC (classical Sumerian).[2] The earliest literary author known by name is Enheduanna, a
Sumerian priestess and public figure dating to ca. 24th century BC.[3] Certain literary texts are difficult to
date, such as the Egyptian Book of the Dead, which was recorded in the Papyrus of Ani around 1240 BC,
but other versions of the book probably date from about the 18th century BC.

2600 Sumerian texts from Abu Salabikh, including the Instructions of Shuruppak and the
Kesh temple hymn
2600 Egyptian The Life of Metjen, from Saqqara[4]
2500 Egyptian Diary of Merer (Oldest papyrus)
2400 Egyptian Pyramid Texts, including the Cannibal Hymn
2400 Sumerian Code of Urukagina[5]
2400 Egyptian Palermo stone
2350 Egyptian The Maxims of Ptahhotep
2270 Sumerian Enheduanna's Hymns
2250 Egyptian Autobiography of Weni
2250-2000 Earliest Sumerian stories in the Epic of Gilgamesh[6][7]
2200 Egyptian Autobiography of Harkhuf[8]
2100 Sumerian Curse of Agade
2100 Sumerian Debate between Bird and Fish
2050 Sumerian Code of Ur-Nammu
2000 Egyptian Coffin Texts
2000 Sumerian Lament for Ur
2000 Sumerian Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta

Middle Bronze Age: ca. 2000 to 1600 BC (approximate dates shown)

2000-1900 Egyptian Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor[9]

1950 Akkadian Laws of Eshnunna
1900 Akkadian Legend of Etana[10]
1900 Sumerian Code of Lipit-Ishtar
1859-1840 Egyptian The Eloquent Peasant[9]
1859-1840 Egyptian Story of Sinuhe (in Hieratic)[9]
1859-1840 Egyptian Dispute between a man and his Ba[9]
1859-1813 Egyptian Loyalist Teaching[9]
1850 Akkadian Kultepe texts
1800 Akkadian Enûma Eliš
1780 Akkadian Mari letters, including the Epic of Zimri-Lim
1754 Akkadian Code of Hammurabi stele
1750 Hittite Anitta text
1700 Akkadian Atra-Hasis epic
1700 Egyptian Westcar Papyrus
1700 Akkadian Epic of Gilgamesh
1650 Egyptian Ipuwer Papyrus
1600 Akkadian Eridu Genesis

Late Bronze Age: ca. 1600 to 1200 BC (approximate dates shown)

1600 Hittite Code of the Nesilim

 1500 Akkadian Poor Man of Nippur[11]
1500 Vedic Sanskrit Rigveda
1500 Hittite military oath
1500-1200 Ugaritic Legend of Keret
1550 Egyptian Book of the Dead
1500 Akkadian Dynasty of Dunnum[12]
1400 Akkadian Marriage of Nergal and Ereshkigal
1400 Akkadian Autobiography of Kurigalzu
1400 Akkadian Amarna letters
1330 Egyptian Great Hymn to the Aten
1240 Egyptian Papyrus of Ani, Book of the Dead
1200-900 Akkadian version and younger stories in the Epic of Gilgamesh[6]
1200 Akkadian Tukulti-Ninurta Epic
1200 Egyptian Tale of Two Brothers[13]

Iron Age

Iron Age texts predating Classical Antiquity: 12th to 8th centuries BCE

1200-800 BCE approximate date of the Vedic Sanskrit

Yajurveda
Atharvaveda
Samaveda
1050 BCE Egyptian Story of Wenamun
1050 BCE Akkadian Sakikkū (SA.GIG) “Diagnostic Omens” by Esagil-kin-apli.[14]
1050 BCE The Babylonian Theodicy of Šaggil-kīnam-ubbib.[14]
1000 BCE Akkadian Dialogue of Pessimism
900 BCE Akkadian Epic of Erra
900 CE Vedic Sanskrit Aranyaka

Classical Antiquity

8th century BCE

Greek Trojan War cycle, including the Iliad and the Odyssey
800-500 BCE: Vedic Sanskrit
Brahmanas
Brihadaranyaka Upanishad
Isha Upanishad
Chandogya Upanishad
Aitareya Upanishad
Taittiriya Upanishad
Oldest books of the Hebrew Bible (the Book of Nahum, Book of Hosea, Book of Amos, Book
of Isaiah)
7th century BCE
Vedic Sanskrit
Shulba Sutra (containing geometry related to fire-altar construction)
Manava Sulbasutra
Baudhayana sutra
Shatapatha Brahmana - Commentary on the Vedas
Nirukta (technical treatise on etymology, lexical category and the semantics of Sanskrit
words)
Kausitaka Upanishad
Greek:
Hesiod: The Theogony and Works and Days
Archilochus
Alcman
Semonides of Amorgos
Solon
Mimnermus
Stesichorus
Chinese
Classic of Poetry (Shījīng),
Classic of Documents (Shūjīng) (authentic portions),
Classic of Changes (I Ching)

6th century BCE

Persian:
Cyrus Cylinder
Hebrew Bible: Psalms[15] (according to late dating), Book of Ezekiel, Book of Daniel
(according to conservative or early dating)
Sanskrit:
Sushruta: Sushruta Samhita (Book on Surgery and Medicine)
Kapila: Samkhya-sutra, Kapilanyayabhasa, Kapila Gita, Dṛṣṭantara Yoga
Kanada: Vaiśeṣika Sūtra (Book on Atomism)

Kashyapa Samhhita (Book on Medicine)

Pratishakhyas
Greek:
Sappho
Ibycus
Alcaeus of Mytilene
Aesop's Fables

5th century BCE

 Sanskrit:
Pāṇini:Aṣṭādhyāyī
Bharata Muni: Natya Shastra (A theoretical treatise on classical Indian dance and
drama)
Kenopanishad
Apastamba: Apastamba Dharmasutra, Apastambha Smriti
Avestan: Yasht
Chinese:
Spring and Autumn Annals (Chūnqiū) (722–481 BCE, chronicles of the state of Lu)
Confucius: Analects (Lúnyǔ)
Classic of Rites (Lǐjì)
Commentaries of Zuo (Zuǒzhuàn)
Mozi: Mozi (book) (Mòzǐ)
Sun Tzu: The Art of War (Sūnzǐ Bīngfǎ)
Greek:
Pindar: Odes
Herodotus: The Histories of Herodotus
Thucydides: History of the Peloponnesian War
Aeschylus: The Suppliants, The Persians, Seven Against Thebes, Oresteia
Sophocles: Oedipus Rex, Oedipus at Colonus, Antigone, Electra and other plays
Euripides: Alcestis, Medea, Heracleidae, Hippolytus, Andromache, Hecuba, The
Suppliants, Electra, Heracles, Trojan Women, Iphigeneia in Tauris, Ion, Helen,
Phoenician Women, Orestes, Bacchae, Iphigeneia at Aulis, Cyclops, Rhesus
Aristophanes: The Acharnians, The Knights, The Clouds, The Wasps, Peace, The Birds,
Lysistrata, Thesmophoriazusae, The Frogs, Ecclesiazousae, Plutus
Hebrew: date of the extant text of the Torah

4th century BCE

Sanskrit:
Katha Upanishad
Prashnopanishad
Mundaka Upanishad
Māṇḍūkya Upanishad
Bhadrabahu: Kalpa Sūtra
Chankaya: Arthshastra, Chanakya Neeti
Salihotra: Shalihotra Samhita (treatise on veterinary medicine)
Vyasa: Mahabharata, Puranas, Brahma Sutras
Jaimini: Mimamsa Sutras, Jaimini Sutras, Ashvamedhika Parva
Valmiki : Ramayana
Bhāsa: Svapnavāsavadattam, Pancarātra, Pratijna Yaugandharayaanam,
Pratimanātaka, Abhishekanātaka, Bālacharita, Karnabhāram, Dūtaghaṭotkaca,
Chārudatta, Madhyamavyayoga and Urubhanga.
Pali: Tipitaka[16]
 Hebrew: Book of Job, beginning of Hebrew wisdom literature
Hebrew Torah, also called the Pentateuch or Five Books of Moses[17][18][19][20][21] with a
final redaction between 900 and 450 BCE.[22][23]
Chinese:
Laozi (or Lao Tzu): Tao Te Ching
Zhuangzi: Zhuangzi (book)
Mencius: Mencius
Shang Yang: The Book of Lord Shang (Shāng jūn shū)
Persian:
DNa inscription
Greek:
Xenophon: Anabasis, Cyropaedia, Oeconomicus, Memorabilia
Aristotle: Nicomachean Ethics, Metaphysics, Organon, Physics, Historia Animalium, De
Partibus Animalium, De Motu Animalium, De Mundo, De Caelo, Poetics, Politics, Magna
Moralia
Plato: Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Theaetetus, Parmenides, Symposium, Phaedrus,
Protagoras, Gorgias, Meno, Republic, Timaeus, Critias, Laws, Menexenus, Phaedo,
Lysis, Alcibiades I, Alcibiades II, Hippias minor, Epinomis, Minos, Hipparchus
Euclid: Elements
Menander: Dyskolos
Theophrastus: Enquiry into Plants

3rd century BCE

Avestan: Avesta
Etruscan: Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis (Linen Book of Zagreb)
Sanskrit:
Pingala: Chandaḥśāstra
Moggaliputta-Tissa: Kathāvatthu
Kātyāyana: Vārttikakāra, Śulbasūtras
Vishnu Sharma: Panchatantra
Vedanga Jyotisha

Sinhalese (Elu): Sīhalattakathā or Hela Atuwā (Pali commentaries of Buddhist teachings

that were translated into Sinhalese after the introduction of Buddhism to Sri Lanka)[24]
Tamil:
3rd century BCE to 3rd century CE: Sangam poems
Tolkāppiyam (grammar book)
Korakkar(3rd century BCE),Siddhar,Physician,Philosopher
Bogar(3rd century BCE)Siddhar,Physician,Yogi
Agattiyam

Hebrew: Ecclesiastes
Greek:
 Apollonius of Rhodes: Argonautica
Callimachus (310/305-240 B.C.), lyric poet
Manetho: Aegyptiaca
Theocritus, lyric poet
Latin:
Lucius Livius Andronicus (c. 280/260 BCE — c. 200 BCE), translator, founder of Roman
drama
Gnaeus Naevius (ca. 264 — 201 BCE), dramatist, epic poet
Titus Maccius Plautus (c. 254 — 184 BCE), dramatist, composer of comedies: Poenulus,
Miles Gloriosus, and other plays
Quintus Fabius Pictor (3rd century BCE), historian
Lucius Cincius Alimentus (3rd century BCE), military historian and antiquarian

2nd century BCE

Sanskrit
Patanjali(Founder of Yoga School of Philosophy):Mahābhāṣya(Treatise on grammar and
linguistics),Patanjalatantra(medical text),Yoga sūtras
Badrayana(Founder of Vedanta School of Philosophy):Brahma Sutras
Manu:Manusmriti(Laws of Manu)

Avestan: Vendidad
Chinese: Sima Qian: Records of the Grand Historian (Shǐjì)
Aramaic: Book of Daniel
Hebrew: Sirach
Greek
Polybius: The Histories
Book of Wisdom
Septuagint
Latin:
Terence (195/185 BCE — 159 BCE), comic dramatist: The Brothers, The Girl from
Andros, Eunuchus, The Self-Tormentor
Quintus Ennius (239 BCE — c. 169 BCE), poet
Marcus Pacuvius (ca. 220 BCE — 130 BCE), tragic dramatist, poet
Statius Caecilius (220 BCEE — 168/166 BCE), comic dramatist
Marcius Porcius Cato (234 BCE — 149 BCE), generalist, topical writer
Gaius Acilius (2nd century BCE), historian
Lucius Accius (170 BCE — c. 86 BCE), tragic dramatist, philologist
Gaius Lucilius (c. 160's BCE — 103/2 BCE), satirist
Quintus Lutatius Catulus (2nd century BCE), public officer, epigrammatist
Aulus Furius Antias (2nd century BCE), poet
Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo Vopiscus (130 BCE — 87 BCE), public officer, tragic
dramatist
Lucius Pomponius Bononiensis (2nd century BCE), comic dramatist, satirist
 Lucius Cassius Hemina (2nd century BCE), historian
Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi (2nd century BCE), historian
Manius Manilius (2nd century BCE), public officer, jurist
Lucius Coelius Antipater (2nd century BCE), jurist, historian
Publius Sempronius Asellio (158 BCE — after 91 BCE), military officer, historian
Gaius Sempronius Tuditanus (2nd century BCE), jurist
Lucius Afranius (2nd & 1st centuries BCE), comic dramatist
Titus Albucius (2nd & 1st centuries BCE), orator
Publius Rutilius Rufus (158 BCE — after 78 BCE), jurist
Quintus Lutatius Catulus (2nd & 1st centuries BCE), public officer, poet
Lucius Aelius Stilo Praeconinus (154 BCE — 74 BCE), philologist
Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius (2nd & 1st centuries BCE), historian
Valerius Antias (2nd & 1st centuries BCE), historian
Lucius Cornelius Sisenna (121 BCE — 67 BCE), soldier, historian
Quintus Cornificius (2nd & 1st centuries BCE), rhetorician

1st century BC

Pali (Sri Lanka): Pāli Tripiṭaka (Written under the patronage of King Vattagamani of
Anuradhapura in Aluhihare, Matale)

Latin:
Cicero: Catiline Orations, Pro Caelio, Dream of Scipio
Julius Caesar: Gallic Wars, Civil War
Virgil: Eclogues, Georgics and Aeneid
Lucretius: On the Nature of Things
Livy: History of Rome (Ab Urbe Condita)

1st century CE
Sanskrit
Śabara:Sābara-bhāṣyam
Gunadhara:Kasayapahuda
Aśvaghoṣa:Buddhacharita (Acts of the Buddha),Saundarananda,Sutralankara
Chinese: Ban Gu: Book of Han (Hànshū)
Greek:
Plutarch: Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans
Josephus: The Jewish War, Antiquities of the Jews, Against Apion
The books of the New Testament of the Christian Bible and the Didache
Latin: see Classical Latin
Tacitus: Germania
Ovid: Metamorphoses; also Tristia and Epistulae ex Ponto written during his exile
Pliny the Elder: Natural History
Petronius: Satyricon
 Seneca the Younger: Phaedra, Dialogues
Statius: Thebaid; also Silvae and unfinished Achilleid

2nd century
Sanskrit: Aśvaghoṣa: Buddhacharita (Acts of the Buddha)
Pahlavi:
Yadegar-e Zariran (Memorial of Zarēr)
Visperad
Drakht-i Asurig (The Babylonian Tree)
Greek:
Arrian: Anabasis Alexandri
Marcus Aurelius: Meditations
Epictetus and Arrian: Enchiridion
Ptolemy: Almagest
Athenaeus: The Banquet of the Learned
Pausanias: Description of Greece
Longus: Daphnis and Chloe
Lucian: True History
The Shepherd of Hermas
Latin: see Classical Latin
Apuleius: The Golden Ass
Lucius Ampelius: Liber Memorialis
Suetonius: Lives of the Twelve Caesars
Tertullian: Apologeticus

3rd century
Avestan: Khordeh Avesta (Zoroastrian prayer book)
Pahlavi: Mani: Shabuhragan (Manichaean holy book)
Chinese:
Chen Shou: Records of Three Kingdoms (Sānguó Zhì)
Zhang Hua: Bowuzhi
Greek: Plotinus: Enneads
Latin: see Late Latin
Distichs of Cato
Hebrew: Mishnah
Pali (Sri Lanka): Dīpavaṃsa

Late Antiquity

4th century
 Latin: see Late Latin
Augustine of Hippo: Confessions, On Christian Doctrine
Faltonia Betitia Proba: Cento Vergilianus de laudibus Christi ("A Virgilian Cento
Concerning the Glory of Christ")
Apicius (De re coquinaria, "On the Subject of Cooking")
Pervigilium Veneris ("Vigil of Venus")
Sanskrit
Asanga:Dharma-dharmata-vibhaga(Distinguishing Phenomena and Pure
Being),Mahāyānasaṃgraha (Summary of the Great Vehicle)
Vasubandhu:Verses on the Treasury of the Abhidharma,Pañcaskandhaprakaraṇa
(Explanation of the Five Aggregates),Pañcaskandhaprakaraṇa (Explanation of the Five
Aggregates),Vyākhyāyukti ("Proper Mode of Exposition"),Vādavidhi ("Rules for
Debate"),Dharmadharmatāvibhāgavṛtti (Commentary on Distinguishing Elements from
Reality),Madhyāntavibhāgabhāṣya (Commentary on Distinguishing the Middle from the
Extremes),Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkārabhāṣya (Commentary on the Ornament to the Great
Vehicle Discourses)
Dignāga:Pramāṇa-samuccaya (Compendium of Valid Cognition),Hetucakra (The wheel
of reason)
Haribhadra:Anekāntajayapatākā [The Victory Banner of Anekantavada
(Relativism)],Dhūrtākhyāna (The Rogue's Stories),Yogadṛṣṭisamuccaya (An Array of
Views on Yoga),Ṣaḍdarśanasamuccaya (Compendium of Six Philosophies)
Syriac: Aphrahat, Ephrem the Syrian
Aramaic: Jerusalem Talmud
Pali (Sri Lanka): Mahāvaṃsa

5th century
Chinese:

蕪城賦, Wú chéng fù)

Bao Zhao: Fu on the Ruined City (
Fan Ye: Book of the Later Han (後漢書, Hòuhànshū)
Sanskrit:
Kālidāsa (speculated): Abhijñānaśākuntalam (अ भ ान शाकु तलम्, "The Recognition of
Shakuntala"), Meghadūta (मेघ त, "Cloud Messenger"), Vikramōrvaśīyam ( व मोवशीयम्,
"Urvashi Won by Valour", play)
Pujyapada:Iṣṭopadeśa (Divine Sermons),Sarvārthasiddhi (Attainment of Higher
Goals),Jainendra Vyākaraṇa (Jainendra Grammar),Samādhitantra (Method of
SelfContemplation),Daśabhaktyādisangraha (Collection of Ten
Adorations),Śabdāvatāranyāsa (Arrangement of Words and their Forms)
Aryabhata: Aryabhatiya
Kamandaka:Nitisara(The Elements of Polity)
Bodhidharma:Two Entrances and Four Practices,Treatise on Realizing the Nature
,Refuting Signs Treatise
Bhartṛhari:Vākyapadīya(Treatise on Sanskrit grammar and linguistic
philosophy),Śatakatraya(The three hundred poems of moral values)
Siddhasena:Nyāyāvatāra,Sanmati sutra,Kalyan Mandir stotra
Sarvanandi:Lokavibhaga(Text on Jain Cosmology)
 Tamil:[25]
Tirukkural (Sacred verses)
Silappatikaram (The Tale of the Anklet)
Pahlavi:
Matigan-i Hazar Datistan (The Thousand Laws of the Magistan)
Frahang-i Oim-evak (Pahlavi-Avestan dictionary)
Pali (Sri Lanka)
Buddhaghosa: Visuddhimagga (The Path of Purification)
Latin: see Late Latin
Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus: De Re Militari
Augustine of Hippo: The City of God
Paulus Orosius: Seven Books of History Against the Pagans
Jerome: Vulgate
Prudentius: Psychomachia
Consentius's grammar
Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite: De Coelesti Hierarchia (Περὶ τῆς Οὐρανίας
Ἱεραρχίας, "On the Celestial Hierarchy"), Mystical Theology
Socrates of Constantinople: Historia Ecclesiastica

6th century
Latin: Boethius, De consolatione philosophiae ("The Consolation of Philosophy", 524),
widely considered to be the last work of classical philosophy[26][27]
Aramaic: Babylonian Talmud
Sanskrit:
Varāhamihira:Pañcasiddhāntikā ("[Treatise] on the Five [Astronomical] Canons"),Brihat-
Samhita(Great Compilation)Encylopedic Work
Yativṛṣabha:Tiloya Panatti(Book on Cosmology and Mathematics)
Virahanka
Prabhākara:Triputipratyaksavada ("Doctrine of Triple Perception")
Dharmakirti:Saṃbandhaparikṣhāvrtti (Analysis of Relations),Pramāṇaviniścaya
(Ascertainment of Valid Cognition),Nyāyabinduprakaraṇa (Drop of
Logic),Hetubindunāmaprakaraṇa (Drop of Reason),Saṃtānāntarasiddhināmaprakaraṇa
(Proof of Others' Mindstreams),Vādanyāyanāmaprakaraṇa (Reasoning for Debate)
Praśastapāda :Padārtha-dharma-saṅgraha (Collection of Properties of Matter)
Bhāviveka:Heart of the Middle,Wisdom Lamp
Udyotakara:Nyāyavārttika(Work on logic)
Gaudapada:Mandukya Karika

Sinhalese:
Wansaththppakāsinī (Sinhalese translation of the Pali Mahāvaṃsa)[28]
Sigiriya Poems ( Poems written by visitors to the citadel of Sigiriya)
 Pali (Sri Lanka): Cūḷavaṃsa

See also
Early Medieval literature
List of languages by first written accounts
List of years in literature

References
1. Karimi, Edith (2016). Mimetische Bildung durch Märchen: Phantasie, Narration, Moral (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=56E_DQAAQBAJ) [Mimetic education through Märchen:
phantasy, narration, morality]. European Studies in Education (in German). 34. Münster:
Waxmann Verlag. p. 110. ISBN 9783830984726. Retrieved 2018-10-25. "Manche Märchen
ordnet [August] Nitschke den Jägern und Hirten der letzten Eiszeit zu, andere den Bauern
und Fischern im Mesolithikum, wieder andere den Seefahrern der Meglithgesellschaft oder
den Helden der Indogermanen. [August Nitschke assigns many fairy-tales to the hunters and
herders of the last Ice Age, other ones to the farmers and fisherfolk of the Mesolithic, and still
other ones to the seafarers of the megalith cultures or to the heroes of the Indo-European
peoples.]"
2. Grimbly, Shona (2000). Encyclopedia of the Ancient World (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=CRZu51yv1X4C). Taylor & Francis. p. 216. ISBN 978-1-57958-281-4. "The earliest
written literature dates from about 2600 BC, when the Sumerians started to write down their
long epic poems."
3. "Why Has No One Ever Heard of the World's First Poet?" (https://lithub.com/why-has-no-one
-ever-heard-of-the-worlds-first-poet/). Literary Hub. 2017-06-22. Retrieved 2019-01-19.
4. Toby A. H. Wilkinson: Early Dynastic Egypt. Routledge, London/New York 2001, ISBN 0-
415-26011-6.
5. Jones, Mark (2006). Criminals of the Bible: Twenty-Five Case Studies of Biblical Crimes and
Outlaws (https://books.google.com/books?id=zHnH4DJ9pr0C). FaithWalk Publishing. p. 6.
ISBN 978-1-932902-64-8. "The Sumerian code of Urukagina was written around 2400 BC."
6. Stephanie Dalley, ed. (2000). Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh,
and Others. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-953836-2.
7. Eccles, Sir John Carew (1989). Evolution of the Brain: Creation of the Self (https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=rM68T7L-lY4C). Routledge. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-415-03224-7. "The Epic
of Gilgamesh, written in Sumer about 2200 BC."
8. Miriam., Lichtheim (2006). The Old and Middle Kingdoms. University of California press.
p. 23. ISBN 9780520248427. OCLC 889165092 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/889165092).
9. James P. Allen (2015). Middle Egyptian Literature: Eight Literary Works of the Middle
Kingdom. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-08743-9.
10. Dalley, Stephanie, ed. (2000). "Etana (pp. 189ff.)" (https://books.google.com/books?id=0YHfi
Cz4BRwC&q=Etana&pg=189). Myths from Mesopotamia. Creation, The Flood, Gilgamesh,
and Others (https://books.google.com/books?id=0YHfiCz4BRwC). Oxford University Press.
ISBN 0199538360.
11. Noonan, John T. (1987). Bribes (https://books.google.com/books?id=6zgp1_zeJbEC).
University of California Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-520-06154-5. "The Poor Man of Nippur
dates from about 1500 BC."
12. Thorkild Jacobsen (1978). The treasures of darkness: a history of Mesopotamian religion.
Yale University Press. pp. 167–168, 231. “Perhaps it was brought east with the Amorites of
the First Dynasty of Babylon.”
13. Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, vol.2, 1980, p.203
14. Alan Lenzi (2008). "The Uruk List of Kings and Sages and Late Mesopotamian
Scholarship". Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions. 8 (2): 137–169.
doi:10.1163/156921208786611764 (https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156921208786611764).
15. Berlin, Adele (2005). "Psalms and the literature of exile: Psalms 137, 44, 69, and 78". In
Flint, Peter W.; Miller, Patrick D.; Brunell, Aaron; Roberts, Ryan (eds.). The Book of Psalms:
Composition and Reception (https://books.google.com/books?id=00ECWP4NZYYC).
Supplements to Vetus Testamentum: Formation and interpretation of Old Testament
literature. 99. Leiden: Brill. p. 66. ISBN 9789004136427. Retrieved 7 June 2020. "The dating
of psalms is notoriously difficult [...]. Moreover, dating the psalms also follows more general
trends in dating biblical texts, the favored period having moved from the Maccabean period,
to the maonarchical period, to the Persian period, wherein today much of the Hebrew Bible
is thought to have taken shape. To say that a psalm speaks of the destruction and exile is to
date it no earlier than 586 BCE; I would place all these psalms in the exilic or postexilic
period."
16. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qgFnyxD7Xdk
17. according to ancient Jewish and Christian tradition, and some modern scholars; see above
inline citations.
18. Talmud, Bava Bathra 146
19. Mishnah, Pirqe Avoth 1:1
20. Josephus, Flavius (1926). "11:8". The Life. Against Apion. (Loeb Classical Library). Loeb
Classical Library. p. 448. ISBN 978-0-674-99205-4. "For we have not an innumerable
multitude of books among us, disagreeing from and contradicting one another (as the
Greeks have) but only 22 books, which are justly believed to be divine; and of them, five
belong to Moses, which contain his laws, and the traditions of the origin of mankind till his
death."
21. Stuart, Douglas K (2006). New American Commentary Vol. II: Exodus. Holman Reference.
p. 826. ISBN 978-0-8054-0102-8.
22. "Introduction to the Pentateuch. Introduction to Genesis.". ESV Study Bible (https://archive.or
g/details/esvstudybibleeng00cros/page/) (1st ed.). Crossway. 2008. p. XLII, 29–30 (https://ar
chive.org/details/esvstudybibleeng00cros/page/). ISBN 978-1-4335-0241-5.
23. RA Torrey, ed. (1994). "I-XI". The Fundamentals: A Testimony to the Truth (11th ed.). Baker
Academic. ISBN 978-0-8010-1264-8.
24. Sri Lankan Journal of Librarianship and Information Management Vol.4, Nos.,3&4 (July –
Dec.2011) pp. 1 -58
25. Zvelebil, Kamil (1973). The Smile of Murugan on Tamil literature of South India. Leiden: Brill.
ISBN 9789004035911.
26. The Consolation of Philosophy (Oxford World's Classics), Introduction (2000)
27. Dante placed Boethius the “last of the Romans and first of the Scholastics” among the
doctors in his Paradise (see The Divine Comedy).
28. "International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 11, Issue 7, July
2021 682" (http://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0721/ijsrp-p11590.pdf) (PDF). International
Journal of Scientific and Research Publications. 11. 2021.

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