Integument

functions of the integumentary system: Skin-Composed of 3 layer

• physical protection: barrier against the outside
• prevention of dehydration
• body temperature regulation
• sensory information via cutaneous receptors
• metabolic actions
• excretion of wastes.

Hair
hair growth cycle divided
into three phases: (1)
anagen, (2) catagen, (3)
telogen.
Growth begins to slow in
late anagen, followed by
constriction of the follicle
in early catagen. By late
catagen, the hair is
increasingly cornified,
producing a club hair that
is progressively extruded.
A 2° germ center and
papilla appear some time
after.
By early anagen, a new
hair bulb and growing hair
shaft begin to develop. The
new hair often follows the
same path as the old hair
follicle.

Galnd of skin
Sebaceous glands are classified as holocrine glands because their oily secretory product, sebum, is produced by
disintegration of epithelial cells within the glands.These are the:
(1) infraorbital pouches, found at the medial canthus of the eye and larger in rams than in ewes;
(2)interdigital pouches on the midline above the hoofs of all four feet; and
(3) inguinal pouches near the base of the udder or scrotum.
(4) horn glands (in Goats) locate base of the horn secrete product during breeding season.
(5)carpal glands(In pigs, sebaceous) are present on the mediopalmar aspect of the carpus in both boars and sows.
(6) Sudoriferous glands or sweat glands (tubular skin glands) can be found over the entire body of farm animals.

Hooves
The outer part, called the hoof capsule, is composed of various cornified specialized structures. The inner,
living part of the hoof, is made up of soft tissues and bone. 
The outside of the hoof is covered by a thin, waxy layer called the periople. The thick hoof wall grows from a belt of
epidermis at the coronary band, the region where haired skin becomes hoof.
The part of the hoof in contact with the ground features a horny sole and a softer bulb of the hoof. Deep to the bulb of
the hoof is a shock‐absorbing modification of the subcutis called the digital cushion.
Horns
Horns of cattle and sheep are formed over the cornual process, a bony core that projects from the frontal bone of the skull
. Animals that lack horns naturally are polled. The horn itself consists of dense keratin, much like the hoof wall, and
elongates from the base. A soft type of horn called the epikeras

Dewclaws
The accessory digits, commonly known as dewclaws, of ruminants correspond to digits II (medial) and V (lateral)
Ruminant dewclaws lack well developed phalanges; their hoofs have a wall and small bulb. Ruminant dewclaws do not
bear weight and as a rule have little clinical significance.

Chestnuts and Ergots

Chestnuts are hornlike
growths on the medial
sides of horses’ limbs.
Ergots are small
projections of cornified
epithelium in the center
of the palmar (plantar)
part of the fetlock of the
horse.

Wool
wool is composed of the wool hairs, or undercoat, of animals bred for their ability to produce usable fiber.
The hair coat of important wool‐producing breeds characteristically lacks any appreciable guard hairs, so that the fleece is
soft and curly, made up of long, fine hairs. The grade of wool is related to the fiber diameter, crimp , length of the fibers.
, the wool has an oily feel imparted by lanolin, a product of cutaneous sebaceous glands. Lanolin is sometimes called wool
grease or wool wax.
Most commercial wool is from sheep merino and the rambouillet being the most commercially important breeds. Angora
and cashmere goats and camelids (camels, llamas, and alpacas) are also used for wool.
The long, fine wool of the Angora goat is called mohair, whereas that of the cashmere goat is used to make cashmere
wool.