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Teacher: Diego Acevedo Date: __________

Name: ___________________________________ Last name: _______________________________

The present simple tense

Learning Objective

To confidently use the present simple tense with verbs other than "to be" in
negative, positive, and interrogative forms.

Grammar Explanation

The present simple tense is used to talk about actions or situations that are
habitual, permanent, or general. To form the present simple tense, we use the
base form of the verb for all persons, except for the third person singular where
we add "-s" or "-es" to the end of the verb. For negative and interrogative
sentences, we use the auxiliary verb "do" or "does" depending on the subject.

Positive Form:

Subject + base form of verb (+ -s/-es for third person singular)

Example: I eat breakfast every day.

Negative Form:

Subject + do/does + not + base form of verb

Example: She does not like spicy food.

Interrogative Form:

Do/Does + subject + base form of verb

Example: Do you play any musical instruments?

Exercises:

Complete the sentence in the present simple tense:

She ________ (to study) French at school.

Make a negative sentence in the present simple tense:

They ________ (to enjoy) spicy food.

Ask a question in the present simple tense:

________ he ________ (to like) chocolate ice cream?

Complete the sentence in the present simple tense:

The sun ________ (to rise) in the east.

Make a negative sentence in the present simple tense:

I __________ (to watch) horror movies.

Ask a question in the present simple tense:

________ they ________ (to live) in the city?

Complete the sentence in the present simple tense:

She ________ (to write) a new book every year.

Make a negative sentence in the present simple tense:

He ________ (to smoke) cigarettes.

Ask a question in the present simple tense:

________ you ________ (to speak) any other languages?

Complete the sentence in the present simple tense:

The train ________ (to arrive) at 7 pm every day.

Which sentence is in the present simple tense?

a) I am going to the store.

b) She has eaten breakfast.

c) They play soccer on Saturdays.

d) He will be late for the meeting.

What is the negative form of "I drink coffee every morning"?

a) I drink coffee every morning.

b) I don't drink coffee every morning.

c) I not drink coffee every morning.

d) I drinks coffee every morning.

Which sentence is in the present simple tense and is negative?

a) We will go to the party tonight.

b) She is singing a song.

c) He doesn't like spicy food.

d) They have already left for the airport.

What is the interrogative form of "She speaks French fluently"?

a) She doesn't speak French fluently.

b) Does she speak French fluently?

c) She speaks French fluently.

d) She fluently speaks French.

Which sentence is in the present simple tense and is interrogative?

a) They have already finished their work.

b) He is reading a book.

c) Do you like sushi?

d) We went to the beach last weekend.

What is the third person singular form of the verb "to watch" in the present
simple tense?

a) watch

b) watches

c) watching

d) watched

Which sentence is in the present simple tense and is positive?

a) She didn't go to the party.

b) They are playing cards.

c) He reads the newspaper every morning.

d) We have finished our project.

What is the negative form of "They study hard for their exams"?

a) They study hard for their exams.

b) They don't study hard for their exams.

c) They not study hard for their exams.

d) They doesn't study hard for their exams.

Which sentence is in the present simple tense and is negative?

a) I am going to the gym later.

b) She sings in the choir.

c) He doesn't like to exercise.

d) They went to the concert last night.

What is the interrogative form of "We enjoy spending time together"?

a) We enjoy spending time together.

b) Do we enjoy spending time together?

c) We spending time together enjoy.

d) Enjoy we spending time together?

 What are LITERARY DEVICES?

A literary device is a technique used by writers to hint at larger themes, ideas,

and meaning in a story or piece of writing.

These tools used by writers adds substance or a particular effect on the text
they are writing. This effect helps the reader create a more detailed image of
what is happening within the writing, and it employed often in various types of
written work. These works include fiction, poetry, song, and non-fictional pieces to
name a few.

There are many styles of literary devices, each serving a different purpose. Some
operate at the sentence level, while others serve the piece of writing. Writers
often use multiple literary devices in tandem.

Different Devices

Each literary device serves a specific purpose and understanding how to correctly
wield them is grossly significant for your own writing. There is a distinctive
difference between two categories for Literary Devices: Literary Techniques and
Literary Elements.

Literary Elements are part of a literary piece and are always employed by writers
to develop a literary piece. Literary elements are crucial for the development and
structure of a story. These elements include plot, setting, narrative structure,
characters, mood, theme, moral, etc.

Most Common Techniques

Simile, Metaphor, Imagery, Symbolism, Flashbacks, Foreshadowing, Motif,

Allegory, Juxtaposition, Point of View.

As for Literary Techniques, they are normally words or phrases in literary texts
that writers employ to achieve artistic ends but also to give readers a greater
understanding and appreciation of their literary works. These include techniques
include metaphor, simile, alliteration, hyperbole, allegory etc.

1. Imagery: It is the use of figurative language to create visual

representations of actions, objects, and ideas in our mind in such a way that they
appeal to our physical senses.

For example:

The room was dark and gloomy. -The words “dark” and “gloomy” are visual images.

The river was roaring in the mountains. – The word “roaring” appeals to our sense
of hearing.

2. Simile and Metaphor: Both compare two distinct objects and draws
similarity between them. The difference is that Simile uses “as” or “like” and
Metaphor does not.

For example:

“My love is like a red rose” (Simile)

He is an old fox very cunning. (Metaphor)

3. Hyperbole: It is deliberate exaggeration of actions and ideas for the sake

of emphasis.

For example:

Your bag weighs a ton!

I have got a million issues to look after!

4. Personification: It gives a thing, an idea, or an animal human quality.

For example:

The Flowers are dancing beside the lake.

Have you see my new car? She is a real beauty!

5. Alliteration: It refers to the same consonant sounds in words coming together.

For example:

Better butter always makes the batter better.

She sells seashells at seashore.

6. Irony: It is use of the words in such a way in which the intended meaning is
completely opposite to their literal meaning.

For example:

The bread is soft as a stone. So nice of you to break my new PSP!

For example:

“My love is like a red rose” (Simile)

He is an old fox very cunning. (Metaphor)

7. Hyperbole: exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.

Hyperbole is used for creative writing and communication, especially when you
want to add color to a character or humor to a story.

For example: I’m so hungry, I could eat a horse.

TermDefinition
Noun :A noun is a ‘naming’ word: a word used for naming an animal, a person, a place
or a thing.

Proper noun: This is a noun used to name particular people and places: Jim, Betty,
London... – and some ‘times’: Monday, April, Easter… It always begins with a capital
letter.

Common noun: A common noun is a noun that is used to name everyday things:
cars, toothbrushes, trees,… – and kinds of people: man, woman, child …

Collective noun: This is a noun that describes a group or collection of people or

things: army, bunch, team, swarm…

Abstract noun: An abstract noun describes things that cannot actually be seen,
heard, smelt, felt or tasted: sleep, honesty, boredom, freedom, power …

Adjectives

Term Definition

Adjective

An adjective is a ‘describing’ word: it is a word used to describe (or tell you

more about) a noun.

Example: The burglar was wearing a black jacket, a furry hat and a large mask
over his face. (The words in bold tell us more about the noun that follows)

An adjective usually comes before a noun but sometimes it can be separated from
its noun and come afterwards (e.g.: Ben looked frightened; the dog was very
fierce)

Interrogative (‘asking’) adjectives e.g.: What? Which? … They are used to ask
questions about a noun. Example: Which hat do you prefer?

Possessive adjectives e.g.: my, our, their, his, your … Possessive adjectives
show ownership. Example.: Sue never brushes her hair.

Adjectives of number or quantity e.g.: much, more, most, little, some, any,
enough … These answer the question: How much?

Example: She invited five friends for breakfast; she did not have any food left

Demonstrative (‘pointing-out’) adjectives e.g.: this, that, these, those…

Demonstrative adjectives answer the question: Which? Example: Those apples and
these pears are bad; That man stole this handbag.

Verbs

Term Definition

Verb: A verb is a word, or a group of words, that tells you what a person or thing
is being or doing. It is often called a ‘doing’ word: e.g. running, eating, sitting.

All sentences have a subject and a verb. The subject is the person or thing doing
the action: Example: Cats purr (Cats is the subject and purr is the verb)

Auxiliary verb: A verb is often made up of more than one word. The actual verb-
word is helped out by parts of the special verbs: the verb to be and the verb to
have. These ‘helping’ verbs are called auxiliary verbs and can help us to form
tenses.

Auxiliary verbs for ‘to be’ include: am, are, is, was, were,

Auxiliary verbs for ‘to have’ include: have, had, hasn’t, has, will have, will not have.
Examples:

I have arrived (‘arrived’ is the main verb and ‘have’ is the auxiliary verb) We are
waiting (‘waiting’ is the main verb and ‘are’ is the auxiliary verb)

Adverbs

Term Definition

Adverb: An adverb tells you more about the verb (it ‘adds’ to the verb). It nearly
always answers the questions: How? When? Where? or Why?

Most adverbs in English end in –ly and come from adjectives:

E.g. soft – softly; slow – slowly.

Adverb or Adjective?: Some words can be either adverbs or adjectives

depending on what they do in a sentence, e.g. fast, hard, late.

If they answer the questions: How? When? Where? or Why? – they are adverbs.

If they answer the question: “What is it like?” - they are adjectives, and will be
telling you more about a specific noun.

Examples:

Life is hard. (adjective) Kim works hard. (adverb)

The train arrived early. (adverb)I took an early train. (adjective)

Pronouns

TermDefinition

Pronoun: Sometimes you refer to a person or a thing not by its actual name, but
by another word which stands for it. The word you use to stand for a noun is
called a pronoun (which means ‘for a noun’)

We use pronouns so that we do not have to repeat the same nouns over again.
Have a look at the following sentence: When Barnaby stroked the cat and listened
to the cat purring softly, Barnaby felt calm and peaceful.

Compare it with the same sentence where some of the nouns have been replaced
by pronouns: When Barnaby stroked the cat and listened to it purring softly, he
felt calm and peaceful.

Singular pronouns: Singular pronouns are used to refer to one person or thing.

E.g.: I, you, me, he, she, it, you, him, her, mine, yours, his, hers, its

Plural pronouns

Plural pronouns are used to refer to more than one person or thing. E.g.: we, they,
us, them, ours, yours, theirs

Other word classes and grammatical terms

TermDefinition

Prepositions: Prepositions are words which show the relationship of one thing to
another. Examples: Tom jumped over the cat.

The monkey is in the tree.

These words tell you where one thing is in relation to something else.

Other examples of prepositions include: up, across, into, past, under, below, above

Reading Comprehension

Today's grandparents are joining their grandchildren on social media, but the
different generations' online habits couldn't be more different. In the UK the
over-55s are joining Facebook in increasing numbers, meaning that they will soon
be the site's second biggest user group, with 3.5 million users aged 55–64 and 2.9
million over-65s.

Sheila, aged 59, says, 'I joined to see what my grandchildren are doing, as my
daughter posts videos and photos of them. It's a much better way to see what
they're doing than waiting for letters and photos in the post. That's how we did it
when I was a child, but I think I'm lucky I get to see so much more of their lives
than my grandparents did.'

Ironically, Sheila's grandchildren are less likely to use Facebook themselves.

Children under 17 in the UK are leaving the site – only 2.2 million users are under
17 – but they're not going far from their smartphones. Chloe, aged 15, even sleeps
with her phone. 'It's my alarm clock so I have to,' she says. 'I look at it before I
go to sleep and as soon as I wake up.'

Unlike her grandmother's generation, Chloe's age group is spending so much time
on their phones at home that they are missing out on spending time with their
friends in real life. Sheila, on the other hand, has made contact with old friends
from school she hasn't heard from in forty years. 'We use Facebook to arrange to
meet all over the country,' she says. 'It's changed my social life completely.'

Teenagers might have their parents to thank for their smartphone and social
media addiction as their parents were the early adopters of the smartphone.
Peter, 38 and father of two teenagers, reports that he used to be on his phone or
laptop constantly. 'I was always connected, and I felt like I was always working,'
he says. 'How could I tell my kids to get off their phones if I was always in front
of a screen myself?' So, in the evenings and at weekends, he takes his SIM card
out of his smartphone and puts it into an old-style mobile phone that can only
make calls and send text messages. 'I'm not completely cut off from the world in
case of emergencies, but the important thing is I'm setting a better example to
my kids and spending more quality time with them.'

Is it only a matter of time until the generation above and below Peter catches up
with the new trend for a less digital life?

Discussion

Write 3 main well-written and meaningful ideas from the text

Vocabulary Box. Write any new words you have learnt in this lesson.