Syllabus assigned for class XI Practical for the session 2023-24

Practical examination will be organized by the school as per the directions of CBSE.
:- The record to be submitted by the students at the time of annual examination, has to include:
:- Record of at least 6 Experiments to be performed by the students.
Evaluation Scheme
Time Allowed: 3 hours Max. Marks: 30

Two experiments one from each section 8 + 8 Marks

Practical record [experiments and activities] 8 Marks
Viva on experiments, and activities 6 Marks
Total 30 Marks

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR WRITING PRACTICAL RECORD FILES

AIM: Here write the name of the experiment (what you are going to find out). It will be given.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Mention all the component, device, instruments you are going to use.
THEORY OR PRINCIPLE: For every experiment, there is a principle involved and formulas to be used for
calculation.
FIGURE/DIAGRAM: Draw neat diagram for the experiment given.
PROCEDURE: Here, you have to write a brief description of the method and steps you had followed for
doing the particular experiment. The sentences should be in past tense and it should not be in
instructional language (like it is given in lab manual, don’t copy them as it is.).
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:
For this, you can use specific format for the experiment given. No scribbling, no overwriting in entering
data of the observations. It should be neat and clear.
Calculations needs formulas, mentioned in the theory. Substitute the values in the formula and write only
final value (don’t show steps of calculations)
RESULT: Write final value of the quantity or quantities or the conclusion of the result.
PRECAUTIONS: At least three.
SOURCES OF ERROR: At least two.

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Note: Matters mentioned in the blue colour should not be written in the practical record file. All
values in the tables are specimen only. Students have to take observations physically.

Experiment: 1
AIM: To find out the volume of a beaker by using Vernier Calliper
Apparatus Required: Vernier Calliper, beaker, magnifying glass.
Theory: The least count of the Vernier calliper is given by
L.C. = 1 MSD/ no. of divisions in Vernier scale
= 1/10 = 0.1 mm = 0.01cm
If a is the MSR and n is the VSR, then the measurement of a quantity is
X = a + n x L.C. (MSR - Main Scale Reading & VSR - Vernier Scale Reading)
Volume of the Beaker, V = (πd2h)/4
Where l, b, t are length, breadth and thickness of the block respectively.

Procedure: I kept the Vernier calliper in the appropriate position, as shown in figure for finding its inner
diameter. I ensured that the jaws of the calliper are touching both ends of the beaker. I took MSR and
VSR for three positions of the Vernier calliper.
Next, I kept the Vernier calliper in other position for finding the depth of the beaker. For this also, I took
three readings for three position of the Vernier calliper.
After finding the mean of the diameter and depth, I calculated the volume of the beaker, by using the
formula mentioned in the theory.

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In the above situation MSR is 2.1cm and VSR is 3 (only number of division of Vernier scale coinciding with
any of the Main scale division.)
Measurement, X = 2.1 + (3 x 0.01) = 2.13 cm
OBSERVATION TABLE

S.No. MSR VSR X = a + n x L.C. Mean

(a) (n)
Inner Diameter 1 4.3 6 4.36
d = 4.37 cm
2 4.3 8 4.38
Depth 1 6.4 3 6.43
h = 6.44 cm
2 6.4 5 6.45

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Volume V = (πd2h)/4
= (3.14 x4.372x6.44)/4 = 96.54 cm3
Results: Volume of the given beaker is 96.54 cm3.
Precautions: 1. The jaw should be pressed gently.
2. Eyes should be kept directly over the division mark.
Sources of error: 1. Improper alignment between jaws and the main scale.
2. Possible parallax error.

Experiment: 2
AIM: To find out the thickness of a sheet of paper by using Screw gauge.
Apparatus Required: Screw gauge, wire/sheet, magnifying glass.
Theory: The least count of the Screw gauge is given by
L.C. = Pitch/ no. of divisions on circular scale
= 1/100 = 0.01 mm = 0.001cm
If a is the MSR and n is the CSR, then the measurement of a Thickness is
t = a + n x L.C. (MSR - Main Scale Reading & CSR - Circular Scale Reading)
Procedure: I placed the sheets between the stud of the screw gauge and clamped. I rotated the screw till
the click sound came. I took the readings of both main scale and circular scale for three different position
of the screw gauge on the sheets. Dividing the mean of these reading by the number of sheets I got the
thickness of one sheet.

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Suppose X’ is the observed reading
And Z is the absolute error
Then as, Z = X’ – X, where X the true or accurate value
So X = X’ - Z
In the above case MSR = 7 mm OR 0.7 cm
CSR = 22 Divisions
So, measurement X = 7 + 22 x 0.01= 7. 22 mm OR X = 0.7 + 0.001 x 22 = 0.722 cm

OBSERVATION TABLE: For Thickness of 10 sheets of paper.

(Zero Error = -ve 5 CSD, suppose)

S.No. MSR CSR CSR Thickness Mean

(Observed) (Corrected) T = a + n x L.C.
n
1 0.4 46 51 0.451
2 0.4 48 53 0.453 0.451 cm
3 0.4 45 50 0.450
Thickness of 10 sheets = 0.451 cm
So, thickness of 1 sheet = 0.451/10 = 0.0451 cm
Result: Thickness of one paper sheet is 0.0451 cm.
Precautions: 1. To avoid parallax error, eye position should be exactly above the scale.
2. Screw should always be rotated by rachet and not by the cap.

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Sources of error: 1. Instrumental and personal error.
2. Difference in size of circular scale divisions.

Experiment: 3
AIM: To determine radius of curvature of a given spherical surface by using a Spherometer.
Apparatus Required: Spherometer, Spherical surface (mirror or lens), glass slab, scale, pencil.
Theory: The least count of the Spherometer is given by
L.C. = 1 MSD/ no. of divisions on Circular scale
= 1/10 = 0.01 mm = 0.001cm
If a is the MSR and n is the CSR, then the measurement of a quantity is, X = a + n x L.C.
If h1 and h2 are the positions of the central screw, when the Spherometer is placed on a plane glass
surface and on a curved surface respectively, then the vertical shift of the screw (Sagitta) with respect to
the plane of the tips of three legs of the Spherometer, will be
h = h 2 – h1
The radius of curvature of the spherical surface is given by
R = l2/6h + h/2,
where l is the distance between the two legs of the Spherometer.

Procedure: I placed the spherical surface over plane glass surface then kept the spherometer over it in
such a way that its all three legs lied on the spherical surface. I rotated the central screw till it touched
the spherical surface. I took the readings of main and circular scale.
After removing spherical surface, I kept the spherometer on the plane glass surface and rotated central
screw till its tip again touched the plane glass surface. I took the readings of main scale and circular scale
again for this position.
Difference of these readings gave the measure of sagitta (vertical shift) h. By using the formula,
mentioned in the theory, I calculated the radius of curvature of the spherical surface.

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In the above situation, MSR = 0 mm, If bottom 10 is taken as reference point, then, MSR = 10 mm
CSR = 4
So h = 0 + 0.01 x 4 = 0.04 mm OR h = 10 + 0.01 x 4 = 10.04 mm
( My suggestion is to take bottom 10 as reference point)
OBSERVATION TABLE:
On plane glass surface

S.No. MSR(a) CSR(n) h = a + n x L.C. Mean

1 10 4 10.04 h1 = 10.04 mm
2 10 4 10.04
On Spherical Surface

1 12 24 12.24 h2 = 12.24 mm
2 12 24 12.24

Vertical Shift h = h2 – h1
= 12.24 – 10.04 = 2.20 mm = 0.22 cm

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Radius of Curvature, R = l2/6h + h/2 , here l = 3.2 cm
= (3.2)2/6x0.22 + 0.22/2
= 7.867 cm

Result: Radius of curvature of the given convex lens is 7.867 cm.

Precautions:
1. Record the readings to avoid personal error.
2. To prevent back-lash error,screw should be rotated in only one direction.
Sources of error:
1. Parallax error while reading the pitch scale.
2.Back-lash error of the spherometer.

Experiment: 4
Aim: To plot a graph between the length of a simple pendulum and time period of its oscillation and
verify that, Tα √l
Apparatus Required: A clamp stand, Metallic spherical bob with a hook, Fine inextensible tread, vernier
clliper, stop watch, meter scale.
Theory: The time period of a simple pendulum is given by
T = 2π√(L/g), where L is the length of the simple pendulum and g is the accelarion due
to gravity.
T2 = 4π2L/g
So, T2 α L, Hence the graph between T2 and l is a straight line.

Procedure: After taking metallic sphere with hook, I measured its diameter by a vernier calliper and the
height of the hook. Tied one end of the thread (with the marked lengths) to the hook and then fixed the
other end of the thread to the clamp of the stand. Adjusted the stand and the clamp such that the thread
of the bob hangs vertically in front of the edge of the table and the bob remains nearly 5 cm above the

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table. Marked a point just below the bob and drawn a line parallel to the edge of the table to ensure that
the bob oscillate along this line.
After fixing the suitable length of the thread, I displaced the bob slightly (nearly 4 cm) along the line and
released. Bob started oscillating. I took the time of 10 oscillations by the stop watch. In the same way, I
took four more readings with different lengths of the thread.

Diagram:

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Radius of the bob, r = 0.8 cm & Length of the hook, h = 0.5 cm
If l is the length of the thread, then the length of the pendulum is,
L=l+h+r

S.No. Length of the pendulum Time of 10 oscillations Time period T2

L = l + h + r (in cm) t (in second) T = t/10
1 20.8 9.1 0.91 0.837
2 26.2 10.2 1.02 1.054
3 32.4 11.4 1.14 1.303
4 38.6 12.4 1.24 1.553
5 44.8 13.4 1.34 1.802

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Result: As the graph between T2 and L is a straight line,

This implies that T2 α L

Or, T α √L, Hence verified

Precautions: 1. The experiment should the performed at a place free from air currents. Switch of the fans while

taking observations.

2. The bob should be placed gently so that it may oscillate in a straight line. It should not make any

conical or spin motion.

3. Use an accurate stopwatch having small least count.

Sources of Error: 1. Personal error cannot be avoided in the starting and stopping stopwatch.

2. It is very difficult to obtain an ideal simple pendulum.

Experiment: 5
Aim: To find the force constant of a helical spring by ploting a graph between the load and extension.
Apparatus Required: A helical spring, a stand, slotted weights, meter scale.
Theory: For a spring,
Load α Extension
Or, Load/Extension = K, a constant called spring constant or Force constant
Or K = mg/x, where mg is the load suspended & x is the extension produced in the spring.
The graph between mg and x is a straight line.
From graph, spring constant, K = Slope of the line between mg and x.
Procedure: I took a sring balance for finding the spring constant of its spring. I suspended it through the
clamp of a stand and mark the pointer position when no load was suspended. I suspended the hanger
with the load and measured the length through which pointer moved from initial mark. This gave the
measurement of extension corresponding to the load suspended.
In this way, I took the measurements of three more extensions by adding slotted weight of 50 gram each,
on the hanger. Similar thing I repeated by removing the slotted weights.
Diagram:

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OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.No. Load(F = mg) Extension (in cm) Mean K = F/x Mean

Extension
(in N) Increasing Load(x1) Decreasing Load(x2) x = (x1 + x2)/2 (In N/cm)
1 50x10-3x10 0.5 0.5 0.5 1
2 100x10-3x10 1.0 1.0 1.0 1
1 N/cm
3 150x10-3x10 1.5 1.5 1.5 1
4 200x10-3x10 2.0 2.0 2.0 1

Result: Force constant of the given spring, From Formula, K = 1 N/cm

From Graph, K = ………….

Precautions: 1. The spring should not be loaded beyond elastic limit.

2. Take the reading when pointer comes to rest.

3. Loading and unloading should be done gradually.

Sources of Error: 1. The support may not be rigid.

2. The spring may have been loaded beyond the elastic limit.

Experiment: 6
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Aim: To study the relationship between the temperature of a hot body and time by plotting a cooling
curve.
Apparatus Required: Newtons’s law of cooling apparatus, Celcius Thermometer, a stand, heater, stop
watch.
Theory: According to Newton’s law of cooling, the rate of loss of heat ( or rate of fall in temperature) of a
hot body is directly proportional to the differene of temperatute of the body and the surounding.
dQ/dt α (T – Ts ) Or dT/dt α (T – Ts )
The graph between temperature of the body, T and time t, is an exponential curve, called
cooling curve.

Procedure: I took sufficient warm water in a beaker. After keeping it on the table, I suspended a celsius
thermometer with the help of a stand. I took the reading of the thermometer and the current time. I kept
taking readings of the thermometer after the gap of 2-2 minutes. In this way, I took as many readings as
possible during the time I had.

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 S.No. Time (t) Temperature of water (T)
1 10:10 am 82.0
2 10:12 am 74.5
3 10:14 am 67.5
4 10:16 am 61.0
5 10:18 am 55.5
6 10:20 am 53.0
7 10:22 am 51.0
8 10:24 am 49.0
9 10:26 am 47.5
10 10:28 am 46.5

Precautions: 1. The thermometer should not touch the wall of the beaker.

2. The starting temperature of water in the beaker should be about 30o C above the room

temperature.

3. The hot water in the beaker should be continuously stirred in a gentle manner.

Sources of Error: 1. Simultaneous reading of temperature and time may have some personal error.

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR WRITING EXPERIMENT DETAILS DURING PRACTICAL

EXAMINATION
EVERY STUDENT HAS TO DO TWO EXPERIMENTS .
AIM: Here write the name of the experiment (what you are going to find out). It will be given.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Mention all the component, device, instruments you are going to use.
THEORY OR PRINCIPLE: For every experiment, there is a principle involved and formulas to be used for
calculation.
FIGURE/DIAGRAM: It is optional. If you can draw figure or diagram of the instrument then draw neatly,
otherwise leave it. Graphs are be plotted (if required) in graph sheets only, by sharp pencil.
PROCEDURE: Not Required. (So no need to write this sub heading)
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS: For this, you can use specific format for the experiment given. No
scribbling, no overwriting in entering data of the observations. It should be neat and clear. Calculations
needs formulas, mentioned in the theory. Substitute the values in the formula and write only final value
(don’t show steps of calculations)
RESULT: Write final value the quantity or quantities or the conclusion of the result.
PRECAUTIONS: At least three.
SOURCES OF ERROR: At least three.

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