Animal Organ

Systems
Level of organization
THE DIFFERENT ORGAN SYSTEM
• DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
• URINARY SYSTEM
• NERVOUS SYSTEM
• MUSCULAR SYSTEM
• SKELETAL SYSTEM
• REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 3
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
It converts the essential nutrients in food
into a form that can be absorbed by the
body.
 ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

❑MOUTH
❑ESOPHAGUS
❑STOMACH
❑SMALL INTESTINE
❑LARGE INTESTINE
❑RECTUM
❑ANUS
❑PANCREAS
❑GALL BLADDER
❑LIVER
 4 components of the digestive system
1. GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT – a twisting channel that transports
your food and has an internal
surface area of 30-40 square
meters enough to cover a half of
a badminton court.
• -- it is where the food and liquids
travel through when they are
Swallowed, digested, absorbed,
and leave the body as feces.
•2. PANCREAS, GALL BLADDER & LIVER
– a trio of organs that break down
food using an array of special juices.

•3. ENZYMES, HORMONES, NERVES & BLOOD

– these work together to break down food,
modulate the digestion process and deliver
its final products.
•4. MESENTERY – a large stretch of tissue that
supports and position all your digestive organs in
the abdomen enabling to do their jobs.

8
9
• The Respiratory System takes in
oxygen from the air that you
breathe.

• It also expels carbon dioxide from

your body.
• The lungs are the main structures in this system.
Human Respiratory System
Functions:
• Works closely with circulatory
system, exchanging gases between
air and blood:
• Takes up oxygen from air and supplies
it to blood (for cellular respiration).
• Removal and disposal of carbon
dioxide from blood (waste product
from cellular respiration).
Structure
• Nose
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Bronchioles
• Alveoli
Human Respiratory System Organs
1. Nose: Air enters
nostrils, is filtered by
hairs, warmed,
moistened, and sampled
for odors as it flows
through a maze of nasal
passages.
Human Respiratory System Organs
2. Pharynx (Throat):
Intersection where
pathway for air and
food cross. Most of
the time, the
pathway for air is
open, except when
we swallow.
3. Larynx (Voice Box): Reinforced
with cartilage. Contains vocal
cords, which allow us to make
sounds by voluntarily tensing
muscles.
• High-pitched sounds: Vocal cords
are tense, and vibrate fast.
• Low-pitched sounds: Vocal cords
are relaxed, and vibrate slowly.
• More prominent in males (Adam’s
apple).
Human Respiratory System
4. Trachea (Windpipe):
Rings of cartilage
maintain shape of
trachea, to prevent it
from closing. Forks
into two bronchi.
Human Respiratory System
5. Bronchi (Sing.
Bronchus): Each
bronchus leads into a
lung and branches into
smaller and smaller
bronchioles,
resembling an inverted
Human Respiratory System
6. Bronchioles: Fine tubes
that allow passage of air.
Epithelium of bronchioles
is covered with cilia and
mucus to trap and remove
dust and other particles.
Human Respiratory System

7. Alveoli: air sacs

at the end of
bronchioles where
gas exchange takes
place.
Human Respiratory System
• Alveoli are grouped
in clusters.
Pulmonary
• A network of artery
capillaries
Pulmonary
surrounds each vein
alveolus.
Capillaries
Gas Exchange
• Gas exchange
takes place in the
alveoli.
• Oxygen diffuses
into the blood.
• Carbon dioxide
in the blood
diffuses into the
alveolus.
How the Lungs Work
BREATHING
Lungs are sealed in
pleural membranes
inside the chest
cavity.
At the bottom of
the cavity is a large,
flat muscle known
as the diaphragm.
How the Lungs Work
• During inhalation, the diaphragm
contracts and the rib cage rises up.
• This expands the volume of the
chest cavity.
• The chest cavity is sealed, so this
creates a partial vacuum inside the
cavity.
• Atmospheric pressure fills the lungs
as air rushes into the breathing
passages.
How the Lungs Work
• Often exhaling is a passive Air
event. Exhaled
• When the rib cage lowers Rib cage
and the diaphragm relaxes, lowers
pressure in the chest cavity
is greater than atmospheric
pressure.
• Air is pushed out of the
lungs. Exhalation
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM/ CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
Function of the Circulatory System
• Circulate blood throughout the entire body for
Transport of oxygen to cells
--

-- Transport of CO2 away from cells

-- Transport of nutrients (glucose) to cells
--Movement of immune system components (cells,
antibodies)
-- Transport of endocrine gland secretions
 THE MAIN ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

• Heart is the pump

• Arteries and veins are main tubes
-- Arteries Away from Heart
-- Veins to Heart
• Capillaries is where diffusion happens (oxygen,
CO2, and glucose diffuse in or out of blood)
• Blood – transports material to every cell of the
body
Our circulatory system is a double circulatory system.
This means it has two parts parts.

Lungs

the left side of the the right side of the

system system

deals with deals with oxygenated

deoxygenated blood. blood.
Body cells
 The Heart These are arteries.
This is a vein. It brings They carry blood
blood from the body, away from the heart.
except the lungs.

2 atria

Coronary
2 ventricles arteries, the
heart’s own blood
supply

The heart has four chambers

 The Heart
Artery to Lungs Artery to Head and Body

Vein from Lungs

Vein from Head and Body

Right Atrium Left Atrium

Valve Valve

Right Ventricle
Left Ventricle
BLOOD FLOW

33
There are 3 types of blood vessels:
a.ARTERY
b.VEIN
c. CAPILLARY
 The ARTERY
Arteries have strong, muscular walls to carry blood
away from the heart.

the elastic fibres allow

the artery to stretch
under pressure

thick muscle and

elastic fibres the thick muscle can
contract to push the
blood along.
 The VEIN
Veins carry blood toward the heart.
veins have valves that
act to stop the blood
from going in the
wrong direction.

thin muscle and body muscles surround the veins

elastic fibres so that when they contract to
move the body, they also
squeeze the veins and push the
blood along the vessel.
 The CAPILLARY
Capillaries link Arteries with Veins

they exchange materials

between the blood and
other body cells.

the wall of a capillary The exchange of materials

is only one cell thick between the blood and the body
can only occur through
capillaries.
 what’s in

red blood cells digested food

white blood cells

waste (urea)

carbon dioxide
hormones platelets
plasma
 WHAT MAKES UP OUR BLOOD?
• RED BLOOD CELLS (Erythrocytes) – The most abundant
cells in our blood; they are produced in the bone marrow and
contain a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to our
cells.
• WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leukocytes) – They are part of the
immune system and destroy infectious agents called pathogens.
• PLASMA – This is the yellowish liquid portion of blood that
contains electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins, hormones, clotting
factors, and proteins such as antibodies to fight infection.
• PLATELETS (Thrombocytes) – The clotting factors that are
carried in the plasma; they clot together in a process called
coagulation to seal a wound and prevent a loss of blood.
 BLOOD FACTS
The average adult has about FIVE liters of blood inside of their
body, which makes up 7-8% of their body weight.
Blood is living tissue that carries oxygen and nutrients to all
parts of the body, and carries carbon dioxide and other waste
products back to the lungs, kidneys and liver for disposal. It also
fights against infection and helps heal wounds, so we can stay
healthy.
There are about one billion red blood cells in two to three drops
of blood. For every 600 red blood cells, there are about 40
platelets and one white cell.
 Blood Transfusions
A blood transfusion is a procedure in which blood is given to a patient through an
intravenous (IV) line in one of the blood vessels. Blood transfusions are done to
replace blood lost during surgery or a serious injury. A transfusion also may be
done if a person’s body can't make blood properly because of an illness.
Who can give you blood?
Universal Donor
People with TYPE O blood are
called Universal Donors, because
they can give blood to any blood
type.

People with TYPE AB blood are

called Universal Recipients, because Universal Recipient
they can receive any blood type.
 What is the
urinary system?

The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters,

one bladder, and one urethra. It is an excretory system for
urine and the wastes it carries. It extracts wastes from the
bloodstream, converts them to urine, then transports and
eliminates it.
 The kidneys…
The kidneys are bean-shaped
organs located at the back of the
abdominal cavity, lying on each
side of the spinal column just
above the waistline.
Three layers surround each
kidney: the true capsule is a
smooth, fibrous membrane the renal fascia is fibrous
adhering to the kidney surface; tissue that anchors the
the perirenal fat is adipose kidney to surrounding
tissue surrounding each kidney; structures.
 The mark in the concave The kidneys…
area of the kidney is
called the hilum (HĪ lum).
The renal artery, renal
vein, nerves, and
lymphatic vessels enter
and leave through the
hilum. The ureter also
widens into a collection The renal cortex is the
sac called the renal pelvis outside portion; the
in the hilum area. medulla is the inside.
The kidneys… Each kidney contains
about 1 million nephrons, the structural and
functional units of the kidney. Each nephron contains a Bowman’s
capsule and a glomerulus.

The nephron filters

approximately 1,000 ml.
of blood per minute…
a little over a liter per
minute. The waste is
mixed with water to
create urine: 5% solids
in 95% water.
 The kidneys…
The nephron removes
urea, uric acid,
creatinine, and excess
sodium, chloride,
potassium ions, and
ketone bodies from the
blood.

It also helps maintain normal fluid balances in the body by

allowing reabsorption of water and some electrolytes back
into the blood.
 Ureters…
Each kidney has a
ureter. It is a
narrow, muscular
tube about 11
inches in length
and 3/8 inch in
diameter.

Ureter walls have 3 layers: the inner

mucous membrane, the middle smooth
muscle, and the outer fibrous tissue.
 The bladder… The urinary bladder is a
muscular, membranous sac
that serves as a reservoir for
urine.

NECK TRIGONE

The bladder has an upper portion called an apex, a neck that

extends downward into the urethra, and the triangular trigone
near the base.
The bladder has an inner The bladder…
mucous layer, an outside
fibrous layer, and two
inner muscle layers. As
the bladder fills with
urine, the muscular walls
thin and expand.

An adult feels senses the need to ‘void’ when the bladder

contains about 300 ml or 1 ¼ cups. An average of 1,000 ml
of urine is voided daily. It is clear to light yellow in color
with a faint odor and slightly acidic pH.
The urethra… The urethra extends from
the bladder to the outside
opening of the body
called the urinary meatus.
The urethra is about 7.8”
long in the male, and
transports both urine and
semen. It is only about
1.2” long in the female
and transports only urine.
Urinalysis…
A urinalysis (UA) is a laboratory
procedure involving the physical,
chemical and microscopic
examination of the urine sample.

Changes occur as urine is left

standing, so the urinalysis is
performed within one hour of
voiding. The tests are a valuable
diagnostic tool.
Catheterization…
Catheterization is the insertion of a
plastic tube through the urethra into
the bladder for free and complete
drainage of urine.

A Robinson catheter is for temporary

placement and drainage of the
bladder.

A Foley catheter has balloon on the tip

that holds he tube in place for a longer
term.
Incontinence… Urinary incontinence is loss of
bladder control, ranging from
leakage to uncontrollable
wetting and becoming more
common with age. Weak bladder
muscles may result in stress
incontinence, or accidents when
you sneeze, laugh or lift a heavy
object.
Overactive bladder causes a strong urge to go to the
bathroom when you have little urine in your bladder.
Prostate problems and nerve damage may also cause
 Nervous System
• Is very important in helping maintain the
human body’s homeostasis.
• The human nervous system is a complex
of interconnected systems in which larger
systems are comprised of smaller
subsystems, each with specific structures
with specific functions.
 Nervous System
• The nervous system controls and coordinates
functions throughout the body and responds to
internal and external stimuli
• Nearly all multicellular organisms have
communication systems
-- Specialized cells carry messages from one cell to
another.
 Nervous System
• Messages carried by the nervous system are
electrical signals called impulses
• Cells that transmit these impulses are called
neurons (basic units of the nervous system)
3 types of neurons
1. Motor
2. Sensory
3. Interneurons
Neurons
• Afferent (sensory): Carry impulses from
sense organs (eyes, ears, etc) to the spinal
cord and brain
• Efferent (motor): carry impulses from the
brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands
• Interneurons: connect sensory and motor
neurons and carry impulses between them
Parts of a Neuron
• Cell Body
The core section of the neuron. It contains the genetic
information, maintains the neuron’s structure and provides
energy to drive activities.
Most metabolic activities occur here
The main processing center of the cell
• Dendrites
Thin branching extensions of the cell body that conduct
nerve impulses from the environment or other neuron
toward the cell body.
• Axon
Long fiber which carries impulses away from cell body
Neurons only have one axon
Neuron
Human Nervous System
• Divided into two major divisions:
-- Central Nervous System (CNS)
Relays messages, processes info and analyzes info
Made up the brain and spinal cord
-- Peripheral Nervous System
Receives information from the environment and
relays commands from the CNS to organs and glands
Central Nervous System
• The central nervous system is composed of two
major interconnected organs:
-The brain
-The spinal cord
• These organs work together to integrate and
coordinate sensory and motor information for the
purpose of controlling the various tissues, organs
and organ systems of the body.
Central Nervous System

The central nervous system is

responsible for higher neural
functions, such as memory,
learning and emotion.
Brain
• Weighs about 1300 – 1400
grams in adults, and 350 – 400
grams in a newborn baby.
• 75% water
• 20% oxygen
• Contains over 100 billion neurons
• Controls bodily functions and interactions with the
outside world.
 Central Nervous System
• Brain (4 parts)

❑Cerebrum
❑Cerebellum
❑Brain Stem
❑Diencephalon
Brainstem
• Made up of the midbrain; pons
and medulla oblongata
-midbrain: involved
with visual reflexes
Brainstem
-Pons:
▪ located between the midbrain and the medulla
oblongata;
▪ Controls certain respiratory functions, and sleep-wake
cycle
-Medulla oblongata:
▪ Contains centers that regulate heart and lung
functioning, swallowing, coughing, vomiting, and
sneezing
Cerebellum
• Part of the brain that helps coordinate
and regulate a wide range of functions
such as balance and posture and vision.
• It also controls voluntary movements.
• Cerebellum which means “little brain”.
 Cerebrum
• The largest area of the brain
• Located above the
cerebellum
• It controls muscle
functions, control speech,
thoughts, emotions, reading, writing,
and learning.
• .
Cerebrum
• The left and the right hemisphere are each
divided into four lobes:
❑Parietal lobe
❑Frontal lobe
❑Temporal lobe
❑Occipital lobe
Cerebrum
• Parietal lobe – it processes your sense of
touch.
-- it is home to the brain’s primary sensory
area, a region where the brain interprets
input from other areas of the body.
Parietal lobe (how to parietal lobe
did this function)
Cerebrum
• Frontal lobe – important for
voluntary movement, and expressive
language for managing higher-level
executive function.
-- is considered our emotional center
and home to our personality.
FRONTAL LOBE
Frontal lobe
Cerebrum
• Temporal lobe – most commonly
associated with processing
auditory information and with
the encoding of memory
TEMPORAL LOBE
Temporal lobe
Cerebrum
• Occipital lobe responsible for
–

visual perception, including

color, form and motion.
OCCIPITAL LOBE
Occipital lobe
Diencephalon
• Acts as a primary relay and processing center
of sensory information and autonomic control.
• The deep portion of the brain containing:
❑Thalamus
❑Hypothalamus
Diencephalon
• Thalamus – is the body’s
information relay station.
• Hypothalamus – acts as your body’s
smart control coordination center.
-- to keep your body in a stable state
called homeostasis.
Diencephalon
Spinal Cord
• Main communications link between the brain and
the rest of the body
• Certain kinds of info (reflexes) are processed in
the spinal cord
• Reflex is a quick, automatic response to a stimulus
-- Sneezing and blinking
-- Allows your body to respond to danger immediately
without thinking
Peripheral Nervous System
• Lies outside of CNS
• Consists of all the nerves and cells that are
not a part of the brain or spinal cord
-Divided into 2 divisions:
• Sensory
• Motor
Peripheral Nervous System
1. somatic nervous system- regulates
consciously controlled activities
2. autonomic nervous system- regulates
activities that are automatic or
involuntary
~Divided into the sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous system
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous Parasympathetic Nervous
System System
• Prepares the body for the • Inhibits the body from
“fight or flight” response overworking and restores
during any potential the body to a calms and
danger. composed state.
• Carries signals that put • Carries signals that relaxes
your body’s systems on those systems.
alert.
Peripheral Nervous System
• Consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of
spinal nerves:
S. Cranial Nerves Function
No.
1 Olfactory Sense of smell
2 Optic Sense of vision
3 Oculomotor Eye movements
4 Trochlear Aids muscles that move the eyes
5 Trigeminal Eyes, tear glands, scalp, forehead, teeth, gums, lips,
and mouth muscles

6 Abducens Muscle conditioning

7 Facial Taste, facial expressions, tear, and salivary glands

8 Vestibulocochlear Hearing and equilibrium

9 Glossopharyngeal Pharynx, tonsils tongue and carotid arteries;
stimulates salivary glands

10 Vagus Speech, swallowing, heart muscle, smooth muscle

and certain glands

11 Accessory Muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, larynx, and

neck
12 Hypoglossal Tongue movement
 What is the muscular system?
The muscular system
consists of all the
muscles of the body.
These make up
approximately 42% of
total body weight, and
are composed of long,
slender cells known as
fibers.
 What is the muscular system?
Each muscle is made up of groups of
muscle fibers called fascicles surrounded
by a connective tissue layer called
perimysium.
 3 types of muscle…
Muscles cause movement, help to maintain posture, and
produce heat. There are 3 types, classified according to
function and appearance:
 3 types of muscle… Skeletal muscles are elastic and
work in pairs - one flexing while
the other is extending. They are
striated, with horizontal markings,
and are stimulated to contract by
electrical impulses from the
nervous system.

They're the muscles that connect to your bones

and allow you to perform a wide range of
movements and functions.
 3 types of muscle…
Smooth muscle lines most
hollow organs of the body,
such as the intestines,
stomach, and uterus. They
help move substances
Smooth muscle through tubular areas such
as blood vessels and the
are located in small intestines, contracting
walls of hollow automatically and
rhythmically.
visceral organs.
3 types of muscle…
The cardiac
muscle or
myocardium are
striated like
skeletal muscles,
but are smaller
and shorter.
 Major Mastoid
muscles… Pectoral
Biceps
Obliques
Abdominal

Rectus Femoris
Sartorius

Tibialis Gastrocnemius

Soleus
 Major Trapezius

muscles…
Latissimus Dorsi Deltoid

Triceps
Gluteus medius

Gluteus maximus
Hamstrings

Gastrocnemius
Achilles tendon
 Tonicity…
Muscles are
continually
working to
maintain posture.
This passive
muscle
contraction known
as residual muscle Tonicity is not the same as
tension is called achieving muscle tone
tonicity. through exercise.
 The effect of exercise…

With aging, muscles decrease in

strength, endurance, range of motion,
coordination, and elasticity.
Exercising the muscles can help
What is the
skeletal
system?

The cardiovascular system is composed of 206

bones that, along with cartilage, tendons, and
ligaments, make up the framework or skeleton of
the body.
 Axial skeleton…
The skeleton can be
divided into two main
parts. The axial
skeleton consists of
80 bones. The primary
bones of the axial
skeleton are the skull,
spine, ribs and
sternum (thorax).
AXIAL SKELETON
(2) Parietal bones
Cranial Bones
(2) Temporal bones
(1) Frontal bones
(1) Occipital
(1) Ethmoid
(1) Sphenoid
(2) Maxilla
Facial Bones
(2) Zygomatic
(1) Mandible
(2) Nasal
(2) Platine
(2) Inferior nasal concha
(2) Lacrimal
(1) Vomer
AXIAL SKELETON
(2) Malleus
Auditory Ossicles (2) Incus
(2) Stapes
(1) Hyoid
(7) Cervical vertebrae
Vertebral Column (12) Thoracic vertebrae
(5) Lumbar vertebrae
(1) Sacrum
(1) Coccyx
(1) Sternum
Thoracic Cage (24) Ribs
Presentation title 111
Presentation title 112
Presentation title 113
Appendicular skeleton…
The appendicular
skeleton consists of
126 bones. The
primary bones of this
skeleton are the
shoulder or pectoral
girdle, arms, hands,
pelvic girdle, legs,
and feet.
APPENDICULAR SKELETON u
(2) Clavicle
Pectoral Girdles
(2) Scapula

(2) Humerus
Upper Extremity (2) Radius

(2) Ulna

(16) Carpals

(10) Metacarpals

(28) Phalanges
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
(2) Hip bones
Pelvic Girdle
(2) Femur
Lower Extremity (2) Tibia
(2) Fibula
(2) Patella
(2) Tarsals
(10) Metatarsals
(28) Phalanges
Presentation title 117
Presentation title 118
 Functions of Bones are composed of
about 50% water and 50% a
bones… solid, calcified, rigid
substance known as
osseous tissue.

1. Bones provide shape, support,

and the framework of the body.
2. Bones protect internal organs.
3. Bones serve as a storage place for minerals
such as salts, calcium, and phosphorus.
 Functions of bones…

4. Bones play an important role in hematopoiesis

the formation of blood cells that takes place in
bone marrow.
5. Bones provide a place to attach muscles.
6. Bones make movement possible through
articulation.
Classifications of
bones by shape…
Bones can be classified by
shape. 4 of those
classifications are:

LONG bones include the

femur (thigh), tibia (larger
shin), fibula (smaller shin
bone), humerus (upper arm),
radius (larger forearm), and
ulna (smaller forearm).
Classifications of bones by shape…
Bones can be classified by shape.
4 of those classifications are:

SHORT bones include the carpals of the wrist

and tarsals of the ankle.
Classifications of bones by shape…
Bones can be classified by shape.
4 of those classifications are:

FLAT bones include the skull,

sternum (breastbone), and
scapula (shoulder bone).
Classifications of bones by shape…
Bones can be classified by shape.
4 of those classifications are:

IRREGULAR bones include the vertebrae (spine),

and pelvic.
 Bone The features in this long bone
structure… illustrate those found in all bones.

Epiphysis - growing end

Diaphysis - shaft
Periosteum-outside
covering
Medullary -inner space
containing bone marrow
Endosteum - lining of
medullary cavity
Joints… A joint is a place where two or more
bones connect. The manner in which
they connect determines the type of
movement allowed at that joint.

A synarthrosis
is a joint that
allows no
movement. An
example would be
a cranial suture.
 A amphiarthrosis
is a joint that allows Joints…
slight movement. An
example would be a
vertebra.

A diarthrosis is a joint that allows free movement

in a variety of directions, such as knee, hip, elbow,
wrist, and foot.
Types of body movements at
diarthrotic joints…

Flexion:
Abduction: moving a body bending a limb
part away from the middle. Extension:
Adduction: moving a body straightening a
part toward the middle. flexed limb
Types of body movements at
diarthrotic joints…

Supination: lying supine or

face upward; or turning the Circumduction:
palm or foot upward. moving a body
Pronation: lying prone or part in a circular
face downward; or turning motion
the palm downward.
Types of body movements at
diarthrotic joints…

Dorsiflexion:
Protraction: moving a body
bending a body
forward.
part backwards.
Retraction: moving a body
part backward.
Types of body movements at
diarthrotic joints…

Rotation:
Inversion: turning inward. moving a body
Eversion: turning outward. part around a
central axis
Types of body movements at
diarthrotic joints…

Trendelenburg

Lateral
Fowler’s position: sitting recumbent:
straight up or reclining slightly; lying on your
legs straight or bent. left or right side
Trendelenburg position:) lying
supine with head lower than feet.
 The vertebral column…

The vertebral column is

composed of separate
bones called vertebrae,
connected to form four
spinal curves. A curve has
more strength than a
straight line, so can
support the weight of the
body and provide balance
needed to walk.
 The vertebral column…

The cervical curve contains the first 7 vertebrae;

the thoracic curve contains the next 12; the
lumbar curve contains 5. The sacral curve does
not contain vertebrae. It contains the sacrum and
coccyx (KOCK siks) or tailbone.
7 Cervical Vertebrae
12 Thoracic Vertebrae
5 Lumbar Vertebrae
The male and female pelvis…
The pelvis is the lower portion of the trunk of the
body. The hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx form the
pelvic basin. Hip bones include the ilium, pubis, and
ischium.

Male Female
The male pelvis is shaped like a funnel and is
heavier and stronger than the female. The female
pelvis is oval to round, and wider than the male.
Bone growth and resorption…
Bone is continually remodeled. It is
broken down by osteoclasts in a
process called resorption, and
formed again by osteoblasts. Bone
formation and healing slow down as
part of the aging process.

Osteoporosis is an
age-related loss of
bone mass or density.