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Design of Reinforced
Concrete Tanks
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TYPES OF TANKS
 BASED ON PLACEMENT OF TANK

I. RESTING ON GROUND
II. UNDER GROUND
III. ELEVATED
 BASED ON SHAPE OF TANK
I. CIRCULAR
II. RECTANGULAR
III. SPHERICAL
IV. INTZ
V. CONICAL BOTTOM
RESTING ON GROUND
ELEVATED
CIRCULAR
RECTANGULAR
SPHERICAL
INTZ
CONICAL BOTTOM
Design Considerations
Loading
Density of Retained Liquids
Liquid Weight (KN/m3)
Water 10
Raw Sewage 11
Digested Sludge Aerobic 11.4
Digested Sludge Anaerobic 11.3
Sludge from Vacuum Filters 12
Under Ground
Wall Thickness
- Extra thickness will cause higher thermal
stress when the concrete is hardening
- Minimum wall thickness
tw = 1/10 of the span for a simple cantilever
- Rectangular tanks
tw = Ls / 16 not less than 250 mm
tb = Ls /12 not less than 400 mm
- Circular tanks
tw =1.73 H2 / r n2 not less than 200 mm
n 0.5  f ct
2
H  0.25
r g w
f ct = 1.7 – 1.8 N/mm2

w =10 -5 N/mm2
H = Height of tank
r = Radius of tank
tb = r / 10 – 12 or tw + 100 which is larger
not less than 250 mm for elevated tank
–
tb = r / 6 8 or tw + 100 which is larger
not less than 400 mm for rested tank
Concrete mix Design
C35 mix to BS 8007
3
- minimum cement content: 325 kg/m3
- maximum cement content: 400 kg/m
- maximum water/cement ratio : 0.55
- minimum cover : 40 mm
Reinforcement Details
- High yield bars (460 N/mm2) = 0.0035
2
- mil steel bars (250 N/mm ) = 0.0064
Walls and Suspended Slab
- If h≤ 500 mm, the required reinforcement is
calculated for the whole area of concrete and

half the reinforcement is provided on each
face.
- If h > 500 mm, the required reinforcement
is calculated for the outer 250 mm depth of
concrete and half the reinforcement is
provided on each face.

Ground Slabs:
I. h < 300mm, the required reinforcement is
calculated on the basis of top half of the
slab only. Provide this area of reinforcement
in the top half of the slab.
II. 300< h ≤ 500 mm, Provide reinforcement for
the upper half of the slab, In addition
calculate the reinforcement for the 100 mm
depth of the slab in contact with ground and
provide the same
III. H > 500 mm, Calculate and provide
reinforcement as for (ii) above, except that the
depth of the upper half is limited to 250 mm
only
Figure A.1 — Surface zones: walls and suspended slabs
Figure A.2 — Surface zones: ground slabs
Maximum spacing of reinforcement is 300
mm or wall thickness whichever is lesser.
Minimum reinforcement should not be less
than the required thermal and shrinkage
reinforcement.
Minimum reinforcement should not be less
than the reinforcement required to control
the crack limited width
Floatation
Limit State Design

The principal steps are
1. Ultimate limit state design calculations
2. Serviceability
with either limit state design calculations
a) Calculations of crack width in mature
concrete (due to flexural and direct tension)
b) restrained thermal and shrinkage
movement in immature concrete (due to
direct tension)
Shrinkage and Thermal Reinforcement

 f ct     
   f  2 w   2 T 1  T 2 
 b  m ax 
T2 Depend on the changes in environmental
temperature between casting and subsequent
used
Crack Width
Flexural tension in mature concrete
The design surface crack with may be
calculated from equation

3a c r e m
wm a x   a - cm in 
1  2 
 h - x 
Where
em  e1 - e2
e
bt h a' x 
- x -
3 E A d x 

2
-
s s
for limiting crack width of 0.2 mm

Crack Width
- -
1.5b h t
x a ' x
e
2


3 E s A s d x   
-
For limiting crack width of 0.1 mm
Crack Width
Direct tension in mature concrete

The maximum likely surface crack width due
to direct tension may be calculated from
equation
wmax  3acr e m
Where
em  e1 - e2
e 
2bt h for 0.2 mm limiting crack width
2
3 E s A s
bt h
e 
2
E s A s for 0.1 mm limiting crack width

Combine flexural and direct tension in

mature concrete
Where flexural and direct tension are

combined, the strains due to each must be
added together in calculating crack width in
the mature concrete

 An alternative to such calculations of crack
widths, Table 3.1 of the code offers maximum
service for be
values can theshown
reinforcement and if it
to be satisfied these
may be
assumed the maximum crack width will be
below the limiting value
Where
M
f s 
 x 
A s 
 d - 3 
and ( x/d) determine from figure 4.29 in Mosley

(text book)
E s
modular ratio 
e

E c / 2
E s = 200 KN/mm2
Analysis
For calculating
tank, ready mademoments
tables ofin the walls
moment of the
coefficients
are available. These coefficients have been
obtained from elastic analysis of thin plates using
analytical methods or using the finite element
method.
Table 17.9 in Macginley (Text book) and 2.53 in
Reynolds (Hand book) or tables in pages 173-175
in Anchor (ref. Book)are determine the moment’
coefficients of elastic analysis for triangular
distributed loads on panels.
Analysis
An additional surcharge pressure with
rectangular distribution can be determine by
reference to Table 3.14 in BS 8110
Table 17.9 (Macginley)

Anchor Pages 170-175

DESIGN OF A RECTANGULAR COVERED TOP
UNDER GROUND WATER TANK

Specification:
Design a rectangular water tank with two
equal compartments as shown in fig.
Soil: Unit weight g=18 kN/m3
Soil: Submerged unit weight g=(18−gw)=8 kN/m3
Coefficient of friction   30 °
Surcharge: 12 kN/m2.
Unit weight of water gw=10 kN/m3
Consider the possibility of water logging up
to 1 m below the ground level.

Design for severe exposure, design crack
width=0.2 mm.
Use C35A concrete and 460 grade steel.
Assume walls and slabs are 400 mm thick.
The roof is not integrally connected to the
walls and is simply supported on the external
walls but continuous over the central dividing
wall with 250 mm thick.
5/25/2018
(a) Check uplift: Design ofReinforcedConcreteWater Tanks-slidepdf.com
Total weight W of the tank when empty:
W={5×10×8−(8 –2×0.4)(10 –3×0.4)(5-0.25-
0.4)}×24 =2985 kN
Uplift Pressure of water under the floor due to
4 m head of water
Uplift pressure=10×4=40 kN/m2
Uplift force=8×10×40=3200 kN
Design Uplift force = 3200 ×1.1 = 3520 KN
Additional weight required to have a factor of
safety against floatation of 1.1
Additional weight= 3520 – 2985= 535 kN
This can be provided by extending the base

as shown in Fig.
The submerged unit weight of the soil
=18−10 = 8 kN/m3
Pressure due to 1 m high dry soil plus 3.6 m of
submerged soil
=1×18+3.6×8 = 46.8 kN/m2
Submerged weight of additional

2
slab
=(24× 0.4 –10x0.4)=5.6 kN/m
Total additional weight of soil and additional slab =
2
46.8 +5.6 = 52.4 Kn/m
If b= 0.55 m, the additional weight is
{(11.1× 9.1) – (10×8)} × 52.4 = 1100 KN
Weight of tank = 2985+1100= 4085KN> 3520 KN
(b) Pressure calculation on the walls:
Case 1: Tank empty:

Coefficient of active earth pressure:
Pressure due to surcharge

=ka x 12=4 kN/m2
The wall is 5000 – 400 –250=4350 mm high.
For the top (1000 –250)=750 mm, unit weight
of soil=18 kN/m3
Below this level submerged unit weight of
soil=8 kN/m3

5/25/2018 In addition to the soil pressure there is also
Design ofReinforcedConcreteWater Tanks-slidepdf.com
the pressure due to ground water.
The pressures at different levels are:

(i) At 250 mm below ground:
p = 4 kN/m2 due to surcharge+ka×18×0.25
= 5.5 kN/m2
(ii) At 1000 mm below ground:
p = 4 kN/m2 due to surcharge+ka×18×1.0
=10.0 kN/m2
(iii) At 4600 mm below ground:
p = 4+ka× 8×3.6+ 10×3.6 due to ground water
= 49.5 KN/m2
Case 2: Tank full:
Ignore any passive pressure due to soil and
assume that the ground is dry.
(i) At 4600 mm below ground
p= 10×4.35=43.5 kN/m2
(c) Check shear capacity:
Effective depth:
d = 400 –40 mm cover—12 mm bar /2= 354 mm
Case 1: Tank empty:
Total shear force at base is approximately
V = 0.5×5.5×0.25+0.5×10.0×0.75
+0.5×49.5×3.6
= 93.5 kN/m
v = 93.5×103/ (1000×354)=0.26 N/mm2
Assuming minimum area of steel As=0.35%
Section thickness is adequate.

Case 2: Tank full.
Total shear force at base is approximately
× ×
V = 0.5 43.53 4.35=94.6 kN/m
v = 94.6×10 /(1000×354)=0.27 N/mm2
v < vc
Section thickness is adequate.

(d) Minimum steel:
From Table A1 of 8007, ρcrit = 0.0035 for 460

grade steel.
Minimum steel As area required
= 0.0035×1000×400=1400 mm2/m
Wmax = 0.2 mm
α=12×10−6 from Table 3.2 of BS 8110, Part 2
T =25°C (Table A.2 of BS 8007)
1
From Table A1 of 8007, f ct/f b= 0.67 for
deformed bars of type 2.

Choose bar diameter  = 12 mm

f ct  
wm ax    (T 1 T 2)
f 2  2
b
 = 0.003 < 0.0035

Using continuous construction for full
restraint (Table 5.1 of BS 8007), minimum
steel required is
As = 0.0035×1000×400=1400 mm2/m
Provide T12 –150 mm c/c=755 mm2/m on
each face.
Total steel areα=1510 mm2/m.
(e) Design of walls for bending at serviceability
limit state:
the Typical
case ofresults arebottom
side and shownedges
in Table 17.9 for
being
clamped and the top edge being free
(i) Transverse walls:
The wall is designed as a 7.2 m ×4.35 m slab
clamped on three sides and free at top and
subjected to a hydrostatic loading giving base
pressures of 49.5 kN/m2 for case 1 (Tank empty)
and 43.5 kN/m2 for case 2 (Tank full). Since the
pressure difference is not large, design for Case
1 and use the same steel area for case 2.
(1) Vertical bending moment at base
From Table 17.9, interpolating between

b/a of 1.5 and 2.0,
bending moment coefficient for triangle
distributed load
=(0.084+0.058)/2=0.071
Vertical bending moment M at SL:
M= 0.071×49.5×4.352= 66.5 kN.m/m (SLS)
Vertical bending moment at base (ULS)
M=1.4×66.5=93.1 kN.m/m (ULS)
Or bending moment coefficient for triangle
distributed load for soil and water loads and

rectangular distribution load for surcharge
- Triangular load
Coefficient = 0.071, Load = 45.5 Kn/m2
- Rectangular load
Coefficient = 0. 5 from Table 3.14 BS8110,
Load = 4.0 Kn/m2

M= 0.071×45.5×4.352+ 0.063×4×4.352
= 65.9 kN.m/m (SLS)
M=1.4×65.9=92.3 kN.m/m (ULS)

M 93.1106
  0.021
bd f cu 1000 354  35
2 2
therefore lever-arm factor , la = o.95 hence

6
M 93.110 2
A s    633.5mm / m
0.95 f
y z 0.95  460  0.95  354
This could provide on both faces T12-150 with
area of 754 mm2.
(2) Horizontal bending moment at fixed vertical
edges
From data in Table 17.9, interpolating

between b/a of 1.5 and 2.0,
bending moment coefficient
=(0.064+0.039)/2=0.052
M at SLS=0.052×49.5×4.352=48.71 kNm/m
OR
=0.052×45.5×4.352+0.037×4×4.352
=47.6 kNm/m
(3) Horizontal bending moment at mid-span
From data in Table 17.9, interpolating

between b/a of 1.5 and 2.0,
bending moment coefficient
=(0.027+0.021)/2=0.024
M at SLS=0.024×49.5×4.352=22.5 kNm/m
This could provide on both faces T12-150
with area of 754 mm2.
(4) Direct tension in walls
In case 2 (Tank full) there is also direct

tension in the horizontal direction in the wall
due to water pressure on the 10 m long walls.
Average pressure p is approximately
p=0.5×43.5=21.8 kN/m2
Ignoring the resistance provided by the base,
tensile force N per meter is
N=0.5×5.0×21.8=54.5 kN/m.
OR from Table 2.53 Reynolds
N=0.265×43.5×4.35=50.15 kN/m.
Check Crack width
Using ‘deemed to satisfy’ conditions, check the
service stress in reinforcement

E c  27 KN
/ mm 2
E s 200
 c    14 .8
E c / 2 27 / 2
Therefore
A s 14.8  754
 c   0.03
bd 1000 354
From figure 4.29 x  0.23d  0. 23

 354  81.4mm
- Check width of vertical cracks (Horizontal
reinforcement) using the following data

Service moment and tension force
M = 48.71 KN.m/m, N = 54.5 KN/m
48.71 10
6
M
f s    197.6 N / mm 2
81.4
A s 
 d - x  754
 354 - 
 3   3 
This is greater than 130 N/mm2 allowable
stress and the steel area must be increased if
“deemed to satisfy” requirement are to be
met
197.6
A s   754  1146mm 2
130

5/25/2018
In addition, reinforcement for tension force
Design ofReinforcedConcreteWater Tanks-slidepdf.com
should be added
3
A s  N  54 130

.5  10  419mm 2
f s
Total minimum area of steel required to satisfy

crack width of 0.2 mm is
= 1146+419/2 = 1355 mm2
provide T16-125 , Area provided 1610mm2
Check width of Horizontal cracks (Vertical

M= 0.071×43.5×4.352= 58.4 kN.m/m (SLS)
58.4  10
6
M
f s    237 N / mm 2
81.4
A s 
 d - x  754
 354 - 
 3   3 
This is greater than 130 N/mm2 allowable
stress and the steel area must be increased if
“deemed to satisfy” requirement are to be

met
237
A s   754  1375mm2
130
provide T16-125 , Area provided 1610mm2

(ii) longitudinal walls:
The wall is designed as a 4.4 m×4.35 m slab

clamped on three sides and free at top and
subjected to a hydrostatic loading giving base
pressures of 49.5 kN/m2 for case 1 (Tank
empty) and 43.5 kN/m2 for case 2 (Tank full).
Since the pressure difference is not large,
design for Case 1 and use the same steel area
for case 2.
(1) Vertical bending moment at base
From Table 17.9, b/a of 1.0,

bending moment coefficient for triangle
distributed load
= 0.032
M= 0.032×49.5×4.352= 30 kN.m/m (SLS)
M=1.4×30=42 kN.m/m (ULS)
Use minimum steel, Provide T12 –150 mm
c/c=755 mm2/m on each face.
(2) Horizontal bending moment at fixed vertical
edges
From data in Table 17.9, b/a of 1.0,

bending moment coefficient = 0.028
M at SLS=0.028×49.5×4.352=26.2 kNm/m
Use minimum steel, Provide T12 –150 mm

c/c=755 mm2/m on each face.
(3) Horizontal bending moment at mid-span
bending moment coefficient = 0.013
M at SLS=0.013×49.5×4.352=12.2 kNm/m
(4) Direct tension in walls
In case 2 (Tank full) there is also direct

tension in the horizontal direction in the wall
due to water pressure on the 8 m long walls.
Average pressure p is approximately
p=0.5×43.5=21.8 kN/m2
Ignoring the resistance provided by the base,
tensile force N per meter is
N=0.5×8.0×21.8=87.2 kN/m.
The tensile stress due to tensile force is
=87.2×103/(2×754)=57.8 N/mm2
- Check width of vertical cracks (Horizontal

M = 26.2 KN.m/m, N = 57.8 KN/m
26.2  10
6
M
f s    106.3 N / mm 2
   81.4 
A s  d - x  754 354 - 
 3   3 
This is less than 130 N/mm2 allowable stress

for “deemed to satisfy” requirement no
additional reinforcement required

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 BASED ON PLACEMENT OF TANK

Raw Sewage 11

Digested Sludge Aerobic 11.4

Digested Sludge Anaerobic 11.3

Sludge from Vacuum Filters 12

f ct = 1.7 – 1.8 N/mm2

calculated for the whole area of concrete and

provided on each face.

Figure A.1 — Surface zones: walls and suspended slabs

Figure A.2 — Surface zones: ground slabs

Limit State Design

Shrinkage and Thermal Reinforcement

for limiting crack width of 0.2 mm

For limiting crack width of 0.1 mm

Direct tension in mature concrete

E s A s for 0.1 mm limiting crack width

Combine flexural and direct tension in

Where flexural and direct tension are

the mature concrete

and ( x/d) determine from figure 4.29 in Mosley

Table 17.9 (Macginley)

Anchor Pages 170-175

UNDER GROUND WATER TANK

to 1 m below the ground level.

Total weight W of the tank when empty:

This can be provided by extending the base

Submerged weight of additional

Case 1: Tank empty:

Pressure due to surcharge

the pressure due to ground water.

The pressures at different levels are:

p = 4+ka× 8×3.6+ 10×3.6 due to ground water

Section thickness is adequate.

Section thickness is adequate.

From Table A1 of 8007, ρcrit = 0.0035 for 460

 = 0.003 < 0.0035

From Table 17.9, interpolating between

distributed load for soil and water loads and

Vertical bending moment M at SL:

M=1.4×65.9=92.3 kN.m/m (ULS)

therefore lever-arm factor , la = o.95 hence

From data in Table 17.9, interpolating

From data in Table 17.9, interpolating

In case 2 (Tank full) there is also direct

Using ‘deemed to satisfy’ conditions, check the

service stress in reinforcement

From figure 4.29 x  0.23d  0. 23

reinforcement) using the following data

A s  N  54 130

Total minimum area of steel required to satisfy

reinforcement) using the following data

“deemed to satisfy” requirement are to be

provide T16-125 , Area provided 1610mm2

The wall is designed as a 4.4 m×4.35 m slab

From Table 17.9, b/a of 1.0,

From data in Table 17.9, b/a of 1.0,