CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
A drainage system is an arrangement to move liquids away from where they are not
required for disposal in appropriate locations. It can include anything from gutters and
drains in houses to remove rain water, storm water systems to drain rainwater from
roads into roadside drains and drainage systems to remove sewage from houses into
municipal sewers‘ for disposal (Sinnathamby, 2016)

Drainage systems are in place to remove the excess water in development. This could be
floodwater, rainwater, and different kinds of runoff.
Drainage systems are also in place to effectively remove wastewater, which is referred to as a
sewer system.
As studied highway drainage system and started that drainage is importance for
removing water from the road surface, preventing ingress of water into the
pavement, passing water across the road, either under or over and preventing scour
and/ or washout of the pavement, shoulder, batter slopes, water courses and drainage
structures. He identified types of drainage on the highway to include kerb and
gullies, surface water channel, combined filter drain (French drain), over-the-edge
drainage, drainage channel locks, combined kerb and drainage units, linear drainage
channels, fin and narrow filter drain (sub-surface drainage) and edge drainage for
porous (Muhammad, 2014).

Drainage and sewerage system in urban areas is an important priority in Indian setting
because of rapid urbanization, industrialization, and population growth, along with
increase in slum population and migration, A recent study showed that sewerage
systems typically improve road sustainability, 30% or perhaps as much as 60% when
starting sanitation conditions are very poor. But in many contexts, sewerage might be
less cost effective and less sustainable than onsite alternatives (Joseph, 2012).

Urban floods have adverse impacts on the performance of urban infrastructures and the
life of urban roads. The floods cause high damages and perturbation in the serviceability
of urban infrastructures as well as transportation. Therefore, different factors affecting
the urban water flood characteristics should be considered in urban development
planning, so the road drainage is the best practice to avoid this risk. Climate change and
its consequences have affected the total components of the water cycle as well as floods,
These effects are intensified in urban areas because of the anthropogenic effects they
have on the water cycle, such as reducing the infiltration capacity of basins,
construction regardless of the channel‘s right of way, and disposal of sediment and solid
wastes into channels that will decrease the channels ‗safe carrying capacity. In this way,
incorporating climate change impact on urban water studies could help to achieve more
reliable results to be applied in real-time planning of urban areas through selection of
best management practices (M, 2009).

The roads in the country are built by different entities: the Kenya Urban Roads
Authority, the Kenya National Highways Authority, the Kenya Rural Roads Authority,
and Nairobi County. But when you make roads, you must also do the drainage. The road
agencies increase the road sustainability and, therefore, the amount of runoff but they
are only concerned about getting it off the road. (Odongo, 2015).

According to Somaliland, it is clear that the1988 civil strife between SNM and Central
Somalia damaged all sorts of infrastructure including roads, Reminds us that the civil
war not only severely damaged and deteriorated the country’s road network but also the
collapse of authorities responsible for providing maintenance of such infrastructure
Despite this painful political and economic history The current unplanned roads and city
hosted by Somaliland are believed to have been constructed by British in the 1960s,
Road design standards were hardly given consideration. For over two decades of
negative peace, the countries administration has never thought of redesigning the its
urban connecting roads with designs ranging from pavements to drainage systems,
livestock crossing, zebra-crossings, to name but a few (Yahia, 2012).

1.2 Problem statement

When constructing road it is very essential to design its drainage system to consider the
lift time of the road and Hargeisa Roads have very short life time, Shortage of drainage
and that drainage system are not operating well.

Since Somaliland restored its sovereignty and before, the roads of Hargeisa specialy
imperial to Gargaar Hospital has always been in state of broken and dilapidated so one
of the main reasons for this is that it does not have a drainage system.
During the raining you can see many areas of in Hargeisa roads which become more
traffic jam which leads to the drivers and emergency cars becoming frustrated, when the
floods runoff on the roads, it leaves sand, rocks and debris

From there you know that there is no drainage system in the city of Hargeisa and the
need for a drainage system. So the water is the main factor causing failure and damage
of roads to avoid that, drainage is very important in design of roads since it affects the
roads serviceability and life time drainage design involves providing facilities that
collect transport and remove runoff water from road pavement.

There are two major road drainage system, surface drainage and subsurface to ensure
that a road pavement performance satisfactorily. Thus a drainage system which includes
the pavement and the water handling system must be properly designed, built and
maintained.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

1.3.1. General objectives

To investigate the effects of poor drainage system in road performance

1.3.2 Specific objectives

To determine the essential areas which are urgently needs to construct drainage
system
Evaluate relationship between road cracks and poor drainage system Imperial to
Gargaar Hospital in Hargeisa,
Analysis effect poor drainage system road performance and traffic jam in Hargeisa

1.4 Research questions

What to determine the essential areas which are urgently needs to construct drainage
system?

What evaluate relationship between road cracks and poor drainage system Imperial to
Gargaar Hospital in Hargeisa?
1.5. Significant of the study

Our assessment is focusing to study the failure of road performance about traffic jam,
cracking, life time of the road and etc in Imperial to Gargaar Hospital Road.

1.6. Scope of the study

This study will be focus on Hargeisa Road drainage system the case of study Imperial to
Gargaar Hospital for source of information is Hargeisa local government department of
infrastructure maintenance,

1.6.1 Time of scope

the duration of this study will be conduct from the beginning of April to July 2023.

1.7 Justification
The justification of this study is a common sense to see always runoff floods on
Hargeisa roads which have not an operative drainages or not existing, so that is main
problem causing to carry out such research works.

1.8 Limitation
Limited of source information about drainage system in Imperial to Gargaar Hospital of
Hargeisa.