Instrument and Control Engineering

Presented: Bui Hai Phu

1 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Agenda
Temperature measurement

2 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

 What is Temperature?

A SIMPLIFIED DESCRIPTION OF
TEMPERATURE
"Temperature is a measure of the
tendency of an object to
spontaneously give up energy to
its surroundings. When two
objects are in thermal contact,
the one that tends to
spontaneously lose energy is at
the higher temperature.“
(Schroeder, Daniel V. An Introduction to
Thermal Physics, 1st Edition (Ch, 1).
Addison-Wesley.)
3 Temperature Measurements ENGINEERING 80
International Practical Temperature Scale

4 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Desirable Temperature Sensor
Characteristics

FAST RESPONSE ACCURATE

REPEATABLE

EASY CALIBRATION

TEMPERATURE WIDE TEMPERATURE

SENSOR RANGE
COST

SIMPLE RELATIONSHIP
SENSOR OUTPUT TEMPERATURE

5 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS ENGINEERING 80

Temperature measurement
Measuring principle
Measuring principles on the basis of thermal expansion of
substances. The volumetric expansion of gaseous, liquid or
solid substances due to the effects of temperature. When
temperature changes, the volume of substances changes.
Based on the differential change of volume, the temperature
can be defined. Khi nhiệt độ tăng thì vật liệu giãn nở tương ứng
Electrical temperature sensors convert the physical quantity
"temperature" into an electrical signal dependent on it.
Electrical thermometers are self-contained components, which
supply a processible signal as their output.
For example: Thermocouple output is mVolt, RTD output is Ohm.
Changes of primary interest are change of state (liquid to
vapor, etc.), expansion and contraction, and changes in
electrical characteristics. Sensors that are based on these
characteristics include filled system elements, bimetallic
elements, RTDs, thermocouples, and pyrometers.

6 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Temperature measurement
Filled Systems
A filled system is one in which a fixed mass of fluid is
sealed in a volume that varies relatively little with
temperature
The simplest form of filled system is mercury thermometer

7 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Temperature measurement
Filled Systems
Filled systems can also consist of a bulb, a capillary tube,
and a pressure sensor. The fluid within the bulb, when
subjected to a temperature change, will change state and
via the capillary cause a corresponding change in the
pressure sensor. This change in pressure is converted to
temperature indication or control by the readout
instrument (indicator, controller, etc)

8 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Temperature measurement
Filled Systems

9 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Filled-System Thermometers
The accuracy of a filled-system thermometer is about the same as a
bimetallic thermometer, and filled-system thermometers are much
more expensive. Therefore, filled-system thermometers are not
usually used unless remote installation of the gauge is desired.

10 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Temperature measurement
Bimetallic Elements
If two metals with different coefficients of thermal expansion are bonded
together, an increase in temperature will cause the free end to bend
toward the material with the lower coefficient of thermal expansion.
https://youtu.be/4NBa0oDxhH4

11 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Bimetallic thermometers
Bimetallic thermometers are
relatively inexpensive devices.
Most pressure vessels and heat
exchange devices are equipped
with bimetallic thermometers.
Standard accuracy: 1% of full
scale
Range: -60 to 560 degC
Dial sizes are available from 25
mm (1 in) diameter, to 125 mm (5
in) or larger
The most common size thread is
12 mm (1/2 in) NPT with 6 mm
(1/4 in) and 18 mm (3/4 in)
options

12 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Bimetallic or Filled system
https://youtu.be/Vjse8sS800w

13 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Temperature gauge datasheet

14 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Datasheet

15 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Hook up drawings
TG – horizontal and vertical

16 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Infrared Pyrometers
IR light works like visible light—it can be focused, reflected or absorbed.
HandheldIR thermometers typically use a lens to focus light from one object
onto a detector, called a thermopile. The thermopile absorbs the IR radiation
and turns it into heat. The more IR energy, the hotter the thermopile gets.

17 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Temperature measurement
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)
Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) are based on the
principle that the electrical resistance of a metal increases as
temperature increases – a phenomenon known as thermal
resistivity. Thus, a temperature measurement can be inferred by
measuring the resistance of the RTD element.

18 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Temperature measurement - RTD
Resistance temperature
detectors (RTDs) are the most
frequently used electronic
temperature sensors for
production facilities.
Temperature measurements
from -240°C (-400°F) up to
650°C (1200°F)
RTDs are superior in
interchangeability, repeatability,
accuracy and linearity.

19 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Temperature measurement - RTD
Pt100
Platinum is more common because its temperature vs.
resistance is more linear, and the material is cheaper than
Nickel. Pt100 is very common in temperature
measurement, at 0degC the output of Pt100 is 100 Ohm.
(see the Pt100 temperature-resistance conversion table)

Pt100 conversion
table

20 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Temperature measurement - RTD
Sensing element
The sensing element is located at the tip of the
temperature sensor that is exposed to the process
temperature
Dual elements provide a redundant measurement that
may be useful for hot back-up, for example flare tips uses
dual elements because it is very hard to replace if the
temperature sensors fail.

21 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Temperature measurement - RTD
RTDs are usually purchased as a probe assembly consisting of the RTD sensor installed in a
type 304 stainless steel sheath
https://youtu.be/yQvRqtozC6g

22 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Temperature measurement - TC
Thermocouples (T/C)
A thermocouple (T/C) is a
closed-circuit thermoelectric
temperature sensing device
consisting of two wires of
dissimilar metals joined at
both ends. A current is created
when the temperature at one
end or junction differs from the
temperature at the other end.
This phenomenon is known as
the Seebeck effect, which is
the basis for thermocouple
temperature measurements.

23 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Temperature measurement - TC
T/C types and Ranges
Type K is most
commonly used with
Temperature application
above 538 degC (1000
degF)

24 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Temperature measurement - TC
T/C characteristic - Linearity

25 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Temperature measurement - TC
T/C Accuracy

26 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Temperature measurement - TC
T/C Installation

27 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Temperature measurement - TW
Thermowell – TW
Closed-end metal tubes that are installed into the process
vessel or piping and become a pressure-tight integral part
of the process vessel or pipe.

28 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Temperature measurement - TW
When do we need a Thermowell – TW?

The process fluid is corrosive or hazardous

The process is under significant pressure
Leakage is critical
The primary element has not all necessary static and
dynamic mechanical strength for the application
A failure of the element may cause shut down and
assuming the operation cannot continue without the use
of the measurement
There is personnel hazard if the temperature sensor is
inadvertently removed from the vessel, pipe or duct.

29 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Temperature measurement - TW

30 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

TW dimension and installation

31 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Temperature measurement - TW
TW failure
TW failure is serious incident because:
- The broken part can travel through pipeline and damage
downstream equipments
- Serious leakage could lead to gas or liquid release to
atmosphere and cause fire or explosion.

32 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Temperature measurement - TW
TW failure
Standard ASME PTC 19.3 is used to calculate wake
frequency of a thermowell.

Wake frequency
calculation

33 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Temperature measurement
RTD or Thermocouple
Temperature < 500 degC: RTD, otherwise T/C

34 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

 Temperature measurement
RTD or Thermocouple
Attribute RTD
Accuracy Class A: ± [0.15 + 0.002 (t) ]
Interchangeability Class B: ± [0.30 + 0.005 (t) ]
Per IEC 60751
Stability ± 0.05 °C per 1000 Hrs at ≤ 300 °C.
Greater at higher temperatures.
Wire wound better than thin film.
Speed of Response in For 6mm sensor about the same as T/C.
Thermowell Installation in Liquid
Calibration Easily recalibrated for long service life.
Best accuracy with Sensor-Transmitter Matching.
Potential Temperature Range -200 to 850 °C
Life Span Many years.
Shorter at higher temperatures.
Installation Considerations Use standard copper wire.
Good EMI and RFI immunity.
Vibration Tolerance Thin film design is very good.
Life Cycle Cost Lower.
Purchase Cost Thin film design about the same.
Wire wound higher.
System Performance with Transmitter Always better below 650 °C.
35
Thermocouple
Typical is ± 1.1 °C or ± 0.4% of measured temperature(Greater). Depends on Type and Range.
Degraded by extension wire.
Highly dependent on T/C type, quality of the wire and operating temperature.
Typical is ± 2 to 10 °C per 1000 Hrs.
For 6mm sensor about the same as RTD.
Slightly faster for 3mm sensor.
Limited to in situ comparison to “Standard T/C”.
-270 to 2300 °C
Degradation indicates frequent replacement.
Much shorter at high temperatures.
Higher life cycle costs.
Requires expensive matching extension wire.
Low level signal is very susceptible to EMI and RFI.
Larger wire diameters are very good.
Higher.
Types R and S most expensive.
Order of magnitude lower.
Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18
Hook up drawings
TT – horizontal and vertical

36 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Hook up drawings
TT/TG: clamp-on

37 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Datasheet

38 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

39 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18
Dry block/ Temperature bath

40 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Wiring and setting up a temperature
transmitter
How to Set Up a Single Sensor for the Rosemount
3144P Temperature Transmitter

https://youtu.be/xUbyS9Hj3l8

41 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Maintenance procedure

42 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18

Maintenance procedure
1. If the transmitter is ‘smart’ variety use HART Communicator
and review configured data such as Equipment Tag,
Equipment Description, Sensor Limits, Calibration Range etc
2. Using standard decade resistance box / mV source apply
0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% input resistance / mV in both
raising and falling directions and check the transmitter
output. Percentage output should match with the
percentage input. If not carry out zero / span adjustment.its,
Calibration Range etc.
3. Carry out loop test by simulating loop current and ensure
accuracy of panel indication. Verify set point values and
ensure that all alarms operate at the correct set values.
4. If the temperature indication(s) or alarm setpoint(s) are out
with the acceptable tolerance, report and troubleshoot.

43 Presented by: Bui Hai Phu 17-Sep-18