THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVE

THE NATURE OF THE SELF IS A TOPIC OF INTEREST AMONG PHILOSOPHERS. DIFFERENT

PHILOSOPHERS INTRODUCED SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS AND MEANINGS OF THE SELF,
WHICH, OVERTIME, TRANSFORMED FROM PURE ABSTRACTIONS TO EXPLANATIONS THAT
HOLD SCIENTIFIC PROOFS. THIS MODULE PRESENTS AN OVERVIEW OF THE PHILOSOPHICAL
PERSPECTIVE OF THE SELF TO GIVE A WIDER VIEWPOINT IN UNDERSTANDING THE SELF.

BY: JUDIVINA R. LLANERA, BSBA – 1A

DEFINE PHILOSOPHY
PHILOSOPHY - PHILOSOPHY IS OFTEN CALLED THE
MOTHER OF ALL DISCIPLINES, SIMPLY BECAUSE ALL
FIELDS OF STUDY BEGAN AS PHILOSOPHICAL
DISCOURSES. PHILOSOPHY EMPLOYS THE INQUISITIVE
MIND TO DISCOVER THE ULTIMATE CAUSES, REASONS,
AND PRINCIPLES OF EVERYTHING. IT GOES BEYOND
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION BY EXPLORING ALL AREAS
OF KNOWLEDGE SUCH AS RELIGION, PSYCHOLOGY,
POLITICS, PHYSICS AND EVEN MEDICINE. HENCE, THE
ETYMOLOGICAL DEFINITION OF PHILOSOPHY “LOVE OF
WISDOM” COULD PERTAIN TO THE DESIRE FOR TRUTH
BY FORMULATING NEVER ENDING QUESTIONS TO
PROVIDE ANSWERS TO EVERY INQUIRY ABOUT THE
NATURE OF HUMAN EXISTENCE

BY: JUDIVINA R. LLANERA, BSBA – 1A

THE PRE-SOCRATICS
• THE PRE-SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHERS ARE DEFINED AS
THE GREEK THINKERS WHO DEVELOPED INDEPENDENT AND
ORIGINAL SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT FROM THE TIME
OF THALES OF MILETUS (L. C. 585 BCE) TO THAT
OF SOCRATES OF ATHENS (470/469-399 BCE). THEY ARE
KNOWN AS PRE-SOCRATICS BECAUSE THEY PRE-DATE
SOCRATES.

• THALES OF MILETUS INITIATED THE INTELLECTUAL

MOVEMENT THAT PRODUCED THE WORKS NOW KNOWN AS
ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHY BY INQUIRING INTO THE FIRST
CAUSE OF EXISTENCE, THE MATTER FROM WHICH ALL ELSE
CAME, WHICH WAS ALSO THE CAUSATIVE FACTOR IN ITS
BECOMING. HE CONCLUDED THAT WATER WAS THE FIRST
CAUSE BECAUSE IT COULD ASSUME DIFFERENT FORMS
(STEAM WHEN HEATED, ICE WHEN FROZEN) AND SEEMED TO
INFORM ALL LIVING THINGS.

BY: JUDIVINA R. LLANERA, BSBA – 1A

THE DIFFERENCE OF BODY AND SOUL
SOCRATES WAS CONVINCED THAT, IN
ADDITION TO OUR PHYSICAL BODIES, EACH
PERSON POSSESSES AN IMMORTAL SOUL
THAT SURVIVES BEYOND THE DEATH OF THE
BODY. HE EXPLORED THIS SUBJECT WITH HIS
FRIENDS IN THE DAYS FOLLOWING HIS TRIAL
AND BEFORE HIS SENTENCE OF DEATH WAS
EXECUTED, A TIME IN HIS LIFE WHEN THE
QUESTION OF IMMORTALITY NO DOUBT HAD A
SPECIAL IMMEDIACY AND SIGNIFICANCE.

BY: JUDIVINA R. LLANERA, BSBA – 1A

 DISCUSS THE DIFFERENCE PRESENTATION AND
CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE SELF FROM VARIOUS
DISCIPLINAL PERSPECTIVES

BY: JUDIVINA R. LLANERA, BSBA – 1A

SELF FROM VARIOUS DISCIPLINAL
PERSPECTIVES
SOCRATES’S METAPHYSICAL SCHEME MAY,
AT FIRST GLANCE, SEEM ABSTRACT AND
IMPRACTICAL, BUT IT HAS A PROFOUND
IMPACT ON THE WAY THE SELF IS
UNDERSTOOD. FOR SOCRATES, OUR BODIES
BELONG TO THE PHYSICAL REALM: THEY
CHANGE, THEY’RE IMPERFECT, THEY DIE.
OUR SOULS, HOWEVER, BELONG TO THE
IDEAL REALM: THEY ARE UNCHANGING AND
IMMORTAL, SURVIVING THE DEATH OF THE
BODY.

BY: JUDIVINA R. LLANERA, BSBA – 1A

SELF FROM VARIOUS DISCIPLINAL
PERSPECTIVES
AND ALTHOUGH A CLOSE RELATIONSHIP EXISTS
BETWEEN OUR SOULS AND OUR BODIES, THEY
ARE RADICALLY DIFFERENT ENTITIES. OUR
SOULS STRIVE FOR WISDOM AND PERFECTION,
AND REASON IS THE SOUL’S TOOL TO ACHIEVE
THIS EXALTED STATE. BUT AS LONG AS THE
SOUL IS TIED TO THE BODY, THIS QUEST FOR
WISDOM IS INHIBITED BY THE IMPERFECTION OF
THE PHYSICAL REALM, AS THE SOUL IS
“DRAGGED BY THE BODY INTO THE REGION OF
THE CHANGEABLE,” WHERE IT “WANDERS AND IS
CONFUSED” IN A WORLD THAT “SPINS ROUND
HER/HIM.”

BY: JUDIVINA R. LLANERA, BSBA – 1A

SELF FROM VARIOUS DISCIPLINAL
PERSPECTIVES
BUT REASON IS A POWERFUL TOOL,
ENABLING THE SOUL TO FREE ITSELF
FROM THE CORRUPTING
IMPERFECTION OF THE PHYSICAL
REALM AND ACHIEVE “COMMUNION
WITH THE UNCHANGING.”

BY: JUDIVINA R. LLANERA, BSBA – 1A

PHILOSOPHYCAL PERSPECTIVE OF SELF
AN UNDERSTANDING OF “SELF,” THEREFORE, AFFIRMS A
PERSON’S IDENTITY IN A SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT, ALLOWING
HIM/HER TO RECOGNIZE OTHERS BESIDES ONESELF. IN
OTHER WORDS, THE WAY HUMAN BEINGS SOCIALIZE
SOLELY DEPENDS ON THE WAY THEY PERCEIVE
THEMSELVES AND OTHERS THROUGH DAILY SOCIAL
INTERACTIONS. INNUMERABLE PHILOSOPHERS, INCLUDING
SOCRATES AND ARISTOTLE, HAVE IMMENSELY
CONTRIBUTED TOWARDS GAINING CLARITY IN DEFINING “I.”

AS A RESULT, WE CAN VIEW PLACE AND MOVEMENT AS

MISTAKEN NOTIONS IN HUMAN LIFE SINCE LACK OF
CERTAINTY IS THE ONLY CERTAIN THING THAT EXISTS IN
THIS LIFE. THIS IS ESSENTIAL IN DEFINING OURSELVES OUR
EXISTENCE.

BY: JUDIVINA R. LLANERA, BSBA – 1A

PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE OF SELF
AN UNDERSTANDING OF “SELF,” THEREFORE,
AFFIRMS A PERSON’S IDENTITY IN A SOCIAL
ENVIRONMENT, ALLOWING HIM/HER TO
RECOGNIZE OTHERS BESIDES ONESELF. IN
OTHER WORDS, THE WAY HUMAN BEINGS
SOCIALIZE SOLELY DEPENDS ON THE WAY
THEY PERCEIVE THEMSELVES AND OTHERS
THROUGH DAILY SOCIAL INTERACTIONS.
INNUMERABLE PHILOSOPHERS, INCLUDING
SOCRATES AND ARISTOTLE, HAVE
IMMENSELY CONTRIBUTED TOWARDS
GAINING CLARITY IN DEFINING “I.”

BY: JUDIVINA R. LLANERA, BSBA – 1A

PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE OF SELF
AS A RESULT, WE CAN VIEW PLACE
AND MOVEMENT AS MISTAKEN
NOTIONS IN HUMAN LIFE SINCE LACK
OF CERTAINTY IS THE ONLY CERTAIN
THING THAT EXISTS IN THIS LIFE. THIS
IS ESSENTIAL IN DEFINING
OURSELVES OUR EXISTENCE.

BY: JUDIVINA R. LLANERA, BSBA – 1A

SOCRATES
PERSPECTIVE
ABOUT SELF

BY: JUDIVINA R. LLANERA, BSBA – 1A

SOCRATES PERSPECTIVE ABOUT SELF
The key to understanding Socrates’s concept of the self is through the philosopher’s take on the
“Soul”. But Socrates’s concept of Christianity, that is, a religious conception of the Soul. It is
important to note that the ancient Greeks lived long before the existence of Christianity so that for
them the of the soul did not the same religious connotations that it has for us today.

With this conception of the soul as a thinking and willing subject, it is safe to assume that the soul
for Socrates is the intellectual and moral personality of humans. So, when Socrates said that the
soul is the essence of the human person, he meant that it is the essence of humans to think and
will. For this reason, the soul or the self for Socrates is the responsible agent in knowing and
acting rightly or wrongly.

BY: JUDIVINA R. LLANERA, BSBA – 1A

SOCRATES PERSPECTIVE ABOUT SELF
According to Socrates, we need to take care of our soul to attain the “Good Life”. As we can see,
this is the ultimate goal of Socrates’s Philosophy. As Socrates said, the human person must see
to it that her/his life is geared towards knowledge of the Good Life. And the Good Life simply
means being wise and virtuous. This explains why for Socrates, the Good Life is attained
through the acquisition of knowledge, wisdom and virtue.

BY: JUDIVINA R. LLANERA, BSBA – 1A

PHILOSOPHY ABOUT SELF
The philosophy of self, defines the essential qualities that make one person distinct from all
others. There have been numerous approaches to defining these qualities. The self is the idea of
a unified being which is the source of consciousness. Moreover, this self is
the agent responsible for the thoughts and actions of an individual to which they are ascribed. It
is a substance, which therefore endures through time; thus, the thoughts and actions at different
moments may pertain to the same self.

To another person, the self of one individual is exhibited in the conduct and discourse of that
individual. Therefore, the intentions of another individual can only be inferred from something
that emanates from that individual. The particular characteristics of the self determine its identity

BY: JUDIVINA R. LLANERA, BSBA – 1A

PHILOSOPHY ABOUT SELF EXAMPLE
1. “BE YOURSELF; EVERYONE IS
ALREADY TAKEN” – OSCAR WILDE
2. “TREAT OTHERS HOW YOU WANT
TO BE TREATED” – THE GOLDEN
RULE
3. “WHAT LIES BEHIND US AND WHAT
LIES BEFORE US MATTERS
COMPARED TO WHAT LIES WITHIN
US – RALPH WALDO EMERSON

BY: JUDIVINA R. LLANERA, BSBA – 1A

PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECTS OF THE SELF
SELF AS AN ILLUSION - THE HUMAN BEING IS OFTEN CONCEIVED AS BEING IN THE
ILLUSION OF INDIVIDUAL EXISTENCE, AND SEPARATENESS FROM OTHER ASPECTS OF
CREATION. THIS "SENSE OF DOERSHIP" OR SENSE OF INDIVIDUAL EXISTENCE IS THAT
PART WHICH BELIEVES IT IS THE HUMAN BEING, AND BELIEVES IT MUST FIGHT FOR
ITSELF IN THE WORLD, IS ULTIMATELY UNAWARE AND UNCONSCIOUS OF ITS OWN
TRUE NATURE.
THE SPIRITUAL GOAL OF MANY TRADITIONS INVOLVES THE DISSOLVING OF THE EGO,
ALLOWING SELF-KNOWLEDGE OF ONE'S OWN TRUE NATURE TO BECOME
EXPERIENCED AND ENACTED IN THE WORLD. THIS IS VARIOUSLY KNOWN
AS ENLIGHTENMENT, NIRVANA, PRESENCE, AND THE "HERE AND NOW".

BY: JUDIVINA R. LLANERA, BSBA – 1A

PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECTS OF THE SELF
SELF-KNOWLEDGE - A THEORY ABOUT SELF-KNOWLEDGE DESCRIBES THE
CONCEPT AS THE CAPACITY TO DETECT THAT THE SENSATIONS, THOUGHTS,
MENTAL STATES, AND ATTITUDES AS ONE'S OWN. IT IS LINKED TO OTHER
CONCEPTS SUCH AS SELF-AWARENESS AND SELF-CONCEPTION. THE
RATIONALIST THEORY, WHICH IMMANUEL KANT HAS INSPIRED, ALSO CLAIMS
THAT OUR ABILITY TO ACHIEVE SELF-KNOWLEDGE THROUGH RATIONAL
REFLECTION IS PARTLY DERIVED FROM THE FACT THAT WE VIEW OURSELVES
AS RATIONAL AGENTS.

BY: JUDIVINA R. LLANERA, BSBA – 1A

PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECTS OF THE SELF
SELF AS AN ACTIVITY - ARISTOTLE, FOLLOWING PLATO, DEFINED THE SOUL AS THE
CORE ESSENCE OF A BEING, BUT ARGUED AGAINST ITS HAVING A SEPARATE EXISTENCE. FOR
INSTANCE, IF A KNIFE HAD A SOUL, THE ACT OF CUTTING WOULD BE THAT SOUL, BECAUSE 'CUTTING' IS
THE ESSENCE OF WHAT IT IS TO BE A KNIFE. UNLIKE PLATO AND THE RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS,
ARISTOTLE DID NOT CONSIDER THE SOUL AS SOME KIND OF SEPARATE, GHOSTLY OCCUPANT OF THE
BODY (JUST AS WE CANNOT SEPARATE THE ACTIVITY OF CUTTING FROM THE KNIFE). AS THE SOUL, IN
ARISTOTLE'S VIEW, IS AN ACTIVITY OF THE BODY, IT CANNOT BE IMMORTAL (WHEN A KNIFE IS
DESTROYED, THE CUTTING STOPS). MORE PRECISELY, THE SOUL IS THE "FIRST ACTIVITY" OF A LIVING
BODY. THIS IS A STATE, OR A POTENTIAL FOR ACTUAL, OR 'SECOND', ACTIVITY. "THE AXE HAS AN EDGE
FOR CUTTING" WAS, FOR ARISTOTLE, ANALOGOUS TO "HUMANS HAVE BODIES FOR RATIONAL
ACTIVITY," AND THE POTENTIAL FOR RATIONAL ACTIVITY THUS CONSTITUTED THE ESSENCE OF A
HUMAN SOUL.

BY: JUDIVINA R. LLANERA, BSBA – 1A

PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECTS OF THE SELF
SELF AS THE NARRATIVE CENTER OF GRAVITY - DANIEL DENNETT HAS A
DEFLATIONARY THEORY OF THE SELF. SELVES ARE NOT PHYSICALLY
DETECTABLE. INSTEAD, THEY ARE A KIND OF CONVENIENT FICTION, LIKE
A CENTER OF GRAVITY, WHICH ARE CONVENIENT AS A WAY OF SOLVING PHYSICS
PROBLEMS, ALTHOUGH THEY NEED NOT CORRESPOND TO ANYTHING TANGIBLE
— THE CENTER OF GRAVITY OF A HOOP IS A POINT IN THIN AIR. PEOPLE
CONSTANTLY TELL THEMSELVES STORIES TO MAKE SENSE OF THEIR WORLD, AND
THEY FEATURE IN THE STORIES AS A CHARACTER, AND THAT CONVENIENT BUT
FICTIONAL CHARACTER IS THE SELF.

BY: JUDIVINA R. LLANERA, BSBA – 1A

THE 12 PHILOSOPHERS ABOUT SELF AND
SELF-KNOWLEDGE PHILOSOPHY
1. SOCRATES: LIFE IS NOT WORTH
LIVING > FOR SOCRATES, LIFE IS NOT
WORTH LIVING IF IT NOT EXAMINED.
FOR HIM, THE SOUL IS SYNONYMOUS
WITH THE SELF. HE BELIEVES THAT
HUMAN BEINGS HAVE IMMORTAL SOUL
THAT LIVES WITHIN THE PHYSICAL
BODY.

BY: JUDIVINA R. LLANERA, BSBA – 1A

THE 12 PHILOSOPHERS ABOUT SELF AND
SELF-KNOWLEDGE PHILOSOPHY
2. PLATO: THE SELF IS AN IMMORTAL SOUL >
FOR PLATO, THERE ARE THREE ELEMENTS
OF THE SOUL: REASON, PHYSICAL APPETITE,
SPIRIT OR PASSION. REASON IS THE ABILITY
OF THE SELF TO THINK CRITICALLY, AND
MAKE WISE DECISIONS. PHYSICAL APPETITE
IS THE BASIC NEEDS OF A PERSON, HUNGER,
THIRST AND SEXUAL DESIRES. LASTLY, SPIRIT
OR PASSION IS COMPOSED OF THE BASIC
EMOTIONS THAT THE SELF ENCOUNTERS.

BY: JUDIVINA R. LLANERA, BSBA – 1A

THE 12 PHILOSOPHERS ABOUT SELF AND
SELF-KNOWLEDGE PHILOSOPHY

3. ARISTOTLE: THE SOUL IS THE

ESSENCE OF THE SELF > FOR
ARISTOTLE, THE MAIN GOAL OF THE
SELF IS TO LEAD A GOOD,
FLOURISHING AND FULFILLING LIFE.

BY: JUDIVINA R. LLANERA, BSBA – 1A

THE 12 PHILOSOPHERS ABOUT SELF AND
SELF-KNOWLEDGE PHILOSOPHY

4. ST. AGUSTINE: THE SELF HAS AN

IMMORTAL SOUL > THE BODY IS
UNITED WITH THE SOUL AS A WHOLE,
AND NOT SEPARATED.

BY: JUDIVINA R. LLANERA, BSBA – 1A

THE 12 PHILOSOPHERS ABOUT SELF AND
SELF-KNOWLEDGE PHILOSOPHY
5. RENE DESCARTES: I THINK THEREFORE I AM >
THERE ARE TWO DIMENSIONS OF THE SELF: THE
SELF AS A THINKING ENTITY AND THE SELF AS A
PHYSICAL BODY. HE ALSO EMPHASIZED ON THE
SAYING: “I THINK THEREFORE I AM” WHICH MEANS
THAT A RATIONAL THINKING PERSON AND BEING
SELF-CONSCIOUS IS THE PROOF THAT THERE IS A
SELF.

BY: JUDIVINA R. LLANERA, BSBA – 1A

THE 12 PHILOSOPHERS ABOUT SELF AND
SELF-KNOWLEDGE PHILOSOPHY
6. JOHN LOCKE: THE SELF IS CONSCIOUSNESS
> AWARENESS AND MEMORY OF PRECIOUS
EXPERIENCES ARE THE KEYS TO
UNDERSTANDING HIS SELF”. HE SAID THAT THE
FACT THAT THE PERSON IS A THINKING ENTITY,
REASONABLE AND REFLECTING ON ITS
IDENTITY, THEN THERE IS A SELF.

BY: JUDIVINA R. LLANERA, BSBA – 1A

THE 12 PHILOSOPHERS ABOUT SELF AND SELF-KNOWLEDGE
PHILOSOPHY

7. DAVID HUME: THERE IS NO SELF >

THERE IS NO SELF IF A PERSON
CAREFULLY EXAMINES HIMSELF
THROUGH THE METHOD OF
INTROSPECTION. THE SELF IS JUST A
RESULT OF THE HUMANISTIC
IMAGINATION AND THOUGHTS, THAT
BUILD UP A PERSON’S CHARACTERISTICS.

BY: JUDIVINA R. LLANERA, BSBA – 1A

THE 12 PHILOSOPHERS ABOUT SELF AND SELF-KNOWLEDGE
PHILOSOPHY

8. IMMANUEL KANT: WE CONSTRUCT

THE SELF > THE PEOPLE ARE THE
ONES TO CREATE THEIR OWN SELF.
THE SELF CONSTRUCTS ITS OWN
REALITY WHICH ACTIVELY PRODUCES
A WORLD THAT IS PREDICTABLE TO
HIM/HER.

BY: JUDIVINA R. LLANERA, BSBA – 1A

THE 12 PHILOSOPHERS ABOUT SELF AND SELF-KNOWLEDGE
PHILOSOPHY

9. SIGMUNDFREUD: THE SELF IS

MULTILAYERED > THERE ARE THREE
LAYERS OF THE SELF: CONSCIOUS,
UNCONSCIOUS, AND PRECONSCIOUS.

BY: JUDIVINA R. LLANERA, BSBA – 1A

THE 12 PHILOSOPHERS ABOUT SELF AND SELF-KNOWLEDGE
PHILOSOPHY

10. GILBERTRYLE: THE SELF IS THE WAY

PEOPLE BEHAVE THE SELF IS BEST
UNDERSTOOD AS A PATTERN OF
BEHAVIOR, THE CAPACITY OF A PERSON TO
ACT AND MAKE A MOVE IN CERTAIN WAYS
AND CONDITIONS.

BY: JUDIVINA R. LLANERA, BSBA – 1A

THE 12 PHILOSOPHERS ABOUT SELF AND SELF-KNOWLEDGE
PHILOSOPHY

11. PAULCHURCHLAND: THE SELF IS THE

BRAIN > THE ELIMINATIVE MATERIALISM OR
THE IDEA OF THE SELF IS INSEPARABLE
FROM THE BRAIN AND THE PHYSIOLOGY
OF THE BODY; THE SELF IS THE BRAIN.

BY: JUDIVINA R. LLANERA, BSBA – 1A

THE 12 PHILOSOPHERS ABOUT SELF AND SELF-KNOWLEDGE
PHILOSOPHY

12. MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY: THE SELF IS

EMBODIED SUBJECTIVITY > ALL THE
KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE SELF IS BASED ON
THE “PHENOMENA” OF EXPERIENCE. IT MEANS
THAT THE SELF IS A PRODUCT OF THE PAST
EXPERIENCES THAT HE HAD, AND HE BUILDS
UP HIS IDENTITY THROUGH ALL THOSE
EXPERIENCES IN THE PAST IN WHICH A
PERSON MADE DECISIONS AND SUCH.

BY: JUDIVINA R. LLANERA, BSBA – 1A

 EXAMINE THE DIFFERENT
INFLUENCES, FACTORS AND FORCES
THAT SHAPE THE SELF
THE DIFFERENT INFLUENCES, FACTORS AND
FORCES THAT SHAPE THE SELF
SOCIAL AND FAMILY - PARENTS AND PEERS SHAPE OUR SELF-PERCEPTIONS IN
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE WAYS. FEEDBACK THAT WE GET FROM SIGNIFICANT
OTHERS, WHICH INCLUDES CLOSE FAMILY, CAN LEAD TO POSITIVE VIEWS OF
SELF. IN THE PAST FEW YEARS, HOWEVER, THERE HAS BEEN A PUBLIC
DISCUSSION AND DEBATE ABOUT HOW MUCH POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
PEOPLE SHOULD GIVE TO OTHERS, ESPECIALLY CHILDREN.

BY: JUDIVINA R. LLANERA, BSBA – 1A

THE DIFFERENT INFLUENCES, FACTORS AND
FORCES THAT SHAPE THE SELF
CULTURE - MANY CULTURES EXHIBIT A PHENOMENON KNOWN AS THE SELF-
ENHANCEMENT BIAS, MEANING THAT WE TEND TO EMPHASIZE OUR DESIRABLE
QUALITIES RELATIVE TO OTHER PEOPLE. A REVIEW OF MANY STUDIES IN THIS AREA
FOUND THAT PEOPLE IN WESTERN COUNTRIES SUCH AS THE UNITED STATES WERE
SIGNIFICANTLY MORE LIKELY TO SELF-ENHANCE THAN PEOPLE IN COUNTRIES SUCH
AS JAPAN. MANY SCHOLARS EXPLAIN THIS VARIATION USING A COMMON MEASURE OF
CULTURAL VARIATION THAT CLAIMS PEOPLE IN INDIVIDUALISTIC CULTURES ARE MORE
LIKELY TO ENGAGE IN COMPETITION AND OPENLY PRAISE ACCOMPLISHMENTS THAN
PEOPLE IN COLLECTIVISTIC CULTURES.

BY: JUDIVINA R. LLANERA, BSBA – 1A

THE DIFFERENT INFLUENCES, FACTORS AND
FORCES THAT SHAPE THE SELF
MEDIA - THE VAST MAJORITY OF MEDIA IMAGES INCLUDE IDEALIZED
REPRESENTATIONS OF ATTRACTIVENESS. DESPITE THE FACT THAT THE IMAGES OF
PEOPLE WE SEE IN GLOSSY MAGAZINES AND ON MOVIE SCREENS ARE NOT
TYPICALLY WHAT WE SEE WHEN WE LOOK AT THE PEOPLE AROUND US IN A
CLASSROOM, AT WORK, OR AT THE GROCERY STORE, MANY OF US CONTINUE TO
HOLD OURSELVES TO AN UNREALISTIC STANDARD OF BEAUTY AND
ATTRACTIVENESS. MOVIES, MAGAZINES, AND TELEVISION SHOWS ARE FILLED WITH
BEAUTIFUL PEOPLE, AND LESS ATTRACTIVE ACTORS, WHEN THEY ARE PRESENT IN
THE MEDIA, ARE TYPICALLY PORTRAYED AS THE BUTT OF JOKES, VILLAINS, OR ONLY
AS BACKGROUND EXTRAS.

BY: JUDIVINA R. LLANERA, BSBA – 1A