THE CRAB NEBULA

A 11 em map of the Crab Nebula superposed on an optical photograph of the Nebula .

(By courtesy of Dr. R. G. Conway and the Astronomical Journal.)
 INTERNATIONAL ASTRONOMICAL UNION
UNION ASTRONOMIQUE INTERNATIONALE

SYMPOSIUM No. 46
HELD AT JODRELL BANK, ENGLAND,
AUGUST 5-7, 1970

THE CRAB NEBULA

EDITED BY
R. D. DAVIES AND F. G. SMITH
Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories, University of Manchester, U.K.

D. REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY

DORDRECHT-HOLLAND
1971
 Published on behalf of
the International Astronomical Union
by
D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland

All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 1971 by the International Astronomical Union
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1971

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 73-154735

ISBN-13:978-94-010-3089-2 e-ISBN-13:978-94-010-3087-8
DOl: 10.1007/978-94-010-3087-8

No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm,
or any other means, without written permission from the publisher
 PREFACE

The Symposium on the Crab Nebula was held in the University of Manchester from
5 to 7 August, 1970. The meetings on the first day were held in the Physics Department
on the University campus, and on the second and third days at the Nuffield Radio
Astronomy Laboratories, Jodrell Bank. The 4th Symposium of the International
Astronomical Union, convened in the University and at Jodrell Bank fifteen years
earlier (25-27 August, 1955), dealt with the entire subject of radio and radar astronomy.
Now the subject matter of this 46th Symposium of the International Astronomical
Union was confined to one single object.
It is interesting to recall that even at the 1955 symposium the Crab Nebula figured
prominently. In particular, J. H. Oort described the new measurements of the polariza-
tion of the light from the nebula and I. S. Shklovsky explained the light and radio
emission in terms of the motion of relativistic electrons in the magnetic field of the
nebula. No one could have foreseen the exciting discoveries of a decade later which
stimulated the assembly of 172 participants to this 1970 Symposium. In addition to
the lectures and discussions the visitors were able to tour the laboratories and telescopes
at J odrell Bank to see the various researches in progress. The demonstrations included
a real-time display on a cathode ray tube of the pulses from pulsar CP 0328 received
in the 250 ft steerable telescope.
With all my colleagues at Jodrell Bank I would like to record our deep indebtedness
to the International Astronomical Union for the sponsorship of this Symposium, to
the main Organizing Committee of Professors A. G. W. Cameron, F. D. Drake,
v. L. Ginzburg, T. Gold, J. H. Oort, F. G. Smith, Dr. J. P. Wild and Professor
L. Woltjer, and to the Local Organizing Committee of Drs. J. E. Baldwin, R. D. Davies,
J. V. Jelley and Professors F. D. Kahn and F. G. Smith.
A. c. B. LOVELL
 EDITORS' FOREWORD

The discovery of the pulsar in the Crab Nebula at once solved the mystery of the
source of energy in the Nebula and stimulated interest in a whole new range of
problems. The physical state of superdense stars, the electrodynamics of the medium
round them, the pulsar radio emission, the transfer of energy into the surrounding
nebula, all these represent new and exciting astrophysics. At the same time the Crab
Nebula and its pulsar seem to provide a key to the mysteries of the other pulsars,
whose origin and evolution were hard to understand before the clear association with
remnants of supernovae. Both lines of thought led to the suggestion of an lAU
Symposium on the Cra b Nebula, in which the pulsar would clearly play the leading role.
A number of review papers were invited to begin each session and to cover the
range of topics appropriate to the subject of study. Participants were also invited to
submit papers of their own choice for inclusion in the programme. The papers sub-
mitted on the observational side ranged over the radio, infrared, optical, X-ray and
y-ray disciplines and theoretical papers covered the properties of the nebula and the
pulsar. An attempt was made to classify the Crab Nebula amongst the variety of
supernova remnants now known and to compare the Crab pulsar with the other pulsars.
The material in these Proceedings, like the Symposium, is divided into 8 sections
each containing papers in a related field. Within each section the papers follow
approximately the sequence in which they were presented at the Symposium; we have
made some changes of order to bring together all those papers on a closely related
topic. This, we hope will make the Proceedings more readable.
Several speakers did not submit manuscripts of their contributions. It was felt that
the flavour of the Symposium, including the free discussion, could best be preserved
if some note was made of the material of these talks. Short abstracts of the contri-
butions have been prepared from a tape recording of the Symposium.
Contributors to the discussion after each paper or group of papers made a summary
of their remarks which have been included in the Proceedings. Again in cases where
no written summary was provided we made a version from the tape recording.
We wish to express our thanks to the session discussion secretaries, Dr. R. W. Clarke,
Mr. D. A. Graham, Mr. G. C. Hunt, Drs. B. M. Lewis and P. Thomasson, for their
help in collating the discussion contributions of the 8 sessions. Messrs. 1. Morison,
A. C. Pickwick and D. C. Wood made the successful tape recording of the symposium.
The organizers were sorry to learn on the first day of the Symposium that
Professor Ginsberg, who was to introduce the final session, was unable to attend.
One of us agreed at the last moment to give this introductory lecture.
R. D. DAVIES
F. G. SMITH
 THE HISTORY OF THE CRAB NEBULA

1054 AD Discovery by Chinese and Japanese. Visible for 650 days.

1731 Nebulosity discovered by John Bevis, English physicist and amateur
astronomer.
1758 Charles Messier included it in his catalogue as MI.
'" 1850 Came to be known as 'Crab Nebula'.
1921 Lampland found expansion and noted variability in brightness of patches.
1942 Baade measured expansion rate - concluded it exploded 758 ± 36 years
previously. The south-preceding star is a possible parent.
1948 Bolton and Stanley make the first identification of a galactic radio source
with it.
1954 Discovery of optical polarization by Vashakidze and Dombrovsky,
confirming the synchrotron mechanism of emission proposed by Shklovsky
for the Crab Nebula.
1957 Radio polarization first measured by Mayer et al.
1963 Bowyer et al. find X-ray source near the Crab Nebula.
1964 Small diameter source found near centre of Crab Nebula by Hewish et al.
1968 Pulsar NP 0532 found in Crab Nebula by Staelin and Reifenstein.
1969 Optical pulsar NP 0532 found by Cocke et al. at position of south-
preceding star in Crab Nebula. Infrared, X-ray and y-ray emission subse-
quently detected from pulsar.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface, by A. C. B. Lovell v
Editors' Foreword VII
The History of the Crab Nebula IX
List of Participants xv

SESSION 1 / OBSERVATIONS OF THE CRAB NEBULA

1.1 Virginia Trimble Optical Observations of the Crab Nebula 3
1.2 Virginia Trimble Dynamics of the Crab Nebula 12
1.3 J. E. Baldwin The Electromagnetic Spectrum of the Crab
Nebula 22
1.4 J. V. Jelley Searches for y-Rays from the Crab Nebula and
Its Pulsar 32
1.5 Edwin M. Kellogg X-Ray Observations of the Crab Nebula 42
1.6 R. Novick, Upper Limit of the X-Ray Polarization of the
J. R. P. Angel, and Crab Nebula 54
R. S. Wolff
1.7 G. G. Fazio, Recent Results on the Search for 1011 eV
H. F. Helmken, Gamma Rays from the Crab Nebula 65
G. H. Rieke, and
T. C. Weekes
1.8 A. S. Wilson High Resolution Maps of the Crab Nebula at
2700 MHz and 5000 MHz 68

SESSION 2 / OBSERVATIONS OF THE CRAB PULSAR

2.1 F. D. Drake Radio Observations of the Crab Nebula Pulsar 73
2.2 Saul Rappaport X-Ray Observations of NP 0532 84
2.3 Jerome Kristian Optical Observations of the Crab Pulsar, and
Searches for Other Optical Pulsars 87
2.4 Kenneth R. Lang The Relation of the Low Frequency Source to
the Crab Pulsar 91
2.5 J. M. Sutton, Individual Radio Pulses from NP 0531 97
D. H. Staelin, and
R. M. Price
2.6 Carl Heiles and Pulsar NP 0532: Recent Results on Strong
John M. Rankin Pulses Obtained at Arecibo 103
2.7 Rudolf E. SchOnhardt Radio Observations of the Crab Pulsar at 408,
240 and 151 MHz 110
XI1 TABLE OF CONTENTS

2.8 J. M. Rankin and Time Variability of the Dispersion of the Crab

J. A. Roberts Nebula Pulsar 114
2.9 R. N. Manchester Faraday Rotation of the Crab Pulsar Radiation 118
2.10 P. E. Boynton, Timing of Optical Pulses from the Crab Nebula
E. J. Groth, Pulsar 119
R. B. Partridge, and
David T. Wilkinson
2.11 J. A. Roberts and Timing Observations of the Crab Nebula Pulsar
D. W. Richards at the Arecibo Observatory 125
2.12 D. Hegyi, A Search for Variations in the Intensity of the
R. Novick, and Optical Pulses from NP 0532 129
P. Thaddeus
2.13 C. Papaliolios, Results of Optical Timing Measurements of the
N. P. Carleton, and Crab Nebula Pulsar 142
P. Horowitz
2.14 Jerry Nelson, Optical Timing of the Crab Nebula Pulsar
Richard Hills, NP 0532 (Abstract) 151
David Cudaback, and
Joseph Wampler
2.15 N. Visvanathan Photometry and Polarimetry of the Crab Pulsar 152
2.16 J. R. P. Angel Measurement of the Circular Polarization of
D. Hegyi, and Pulsar NP 0532 157
J. D. Landstreet
2.17 G. Fazio, Search for Pulsed High Energy Gamma Radia-
D. Hearn, tion from NP 0532 160
H. Helmken,
G. Rieke,
T. Weekes, and
F. Chaffe

SESSION 3 / OBSERVATIONS OF OTHER PULSARS

3.1 M. 1. Large The Galactic Population of Pulsars 165

3.2 A. G. Lyne The Comparative Properties of the Pulsars 182
3.3 Alan T. Moffet Polarization of Pulsars 195
3.4 M. S. Ewing, Observations of Pulsar Spectra 200
R. A. Batchelor,
R. Friefeld,
R. M. Price, and
D. H. Staelin
3.5 D. A. Graham Polarization Measurements of Other Pulsars at
J odrell Bank 206
 TABLE OF CONTENTS XIII

3.6 R. N. Manchester Crab Pulsar Radiation Characteristics 209

3.7 D. W. Richards and Timing of the Pulsar NP 0527 211
J. A. Roberts
3.8 M. M. Komesaroff, Interstellar Scattering and the Pulse from the
P. A. Hamilton, and Vela Pulsar 217
J. G. Ables
3.9 R. V. Willstrop Searches for Optical Pulsars 222
3.10 P. Horowitz, Results of a Search for Visible Pulsars 229
C. Papaliolios, and
N. P. Carleton
3.11 J. D. Landstreet and Magnetism in White Dwarfs 234
J. R. P. Angel
3.12 P. A. Feldman Optical Pulsar in NGC 4254 (Summary) 237

SESSION 4 / RELATION OF CRAB NEBULA TO

OTHER SUPERNOVA REMNANTS

4.1 R. Minkowski Comments on Supernova Remnants and Ancient

Novae 241
4.2 D. K. Milne Radio Emission from Supernova Remnants 248
4.3 Sidney van den Bergh Cassiopeia A - the Youngest Known Galactic
Supernova Remnant 263
4.4 Wallace H. Tucker The Secular Behavior of X-Ray and Radio
Emission from Supernova Remnants 268
4.5 Virginia Trimble and Pulsars and Close Binary Systems 273
Martin Rees

SESSION 5 / PHYSICS OF THE CRAB NEBULA

5.1 F. D. Kahn Plasma Interactions in the Crab Nebula 281

5.2 R. G. Conway Radio Polarization of the Crab Nebula 292
5.3 D. B. Melrose Transfer of Energy to the Crab Nebula Following
the Spin-Up of the Pulsar 296
5.4 Kris Davidson and Radiative Ionization of the Filaments in the
Wallace H. Tucker Crab Nebula 308
5.5 D. F. Falla and Synchrotron Radiation in High Magnetic Fields 314
A. Evans

SESSION 6 / PHYSICS OF THE NEUTRON STAR

6.1 A. G. W. Cameron Physics of the Neutron Star 323

6.2 Jeffrey M. Cohen General Relativistic Theory of Rotating Neutron
Stars - A Review 334
XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS

6.3 G. Chanmugam and Dynamical Stability of Neutron Stars 341

M. Gabriel
6.4 S. Bonazzola and Models of Rotating Neutron Stars in General
G. Maschio Relativity 346
6.5 Sachiko Tsuruta The Effects of Nuclear Forces on the Maximum
Mass Limit of Neutron Stars 352
6.6 M. R. McNaughton Nuclear Forces in High Density Matter 356
6.7 William A. Fowler Periodicity and Luminosity of the 'Pulsar' Model
of Quasars 364
6.8 F. Curtis Michel Multiple Pulsar Ejection in Supernova Events 378
6.9 R. Ruffini Emission of Gravitational Waves from the
Pulsar (Summary) 382
6.10 J. Truemper Young Pulsars - Pulsed Neutron Sources 384

SESSION 7 / ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS AND

THE ELECTRODYNAMIC LINK BETWEEN
THE PULSAR AND THE NEBULA

7.1 L. Woltjer Relationship between Pulsar and Nebula 389

7.2 J. P. Ostriker A Magnetic Dipole Model for the Crab Ex-
plosion (Summary) 392
7.3 F. Pacini Physical Processes and Parameters in the
Magnetosphere of NP 0532 394
7.4 M. J. Rees The Non-Thermal Continuum from the Crab
Nebula: the 'Synchro-Compton' Interpretation 407
7.5 Hong-Yee Chiu Maser Theory of Pulsar Radiation 414

SESSION 8 / RADIATION MECHANISMS OF THE PULSAR

8.1 F. G. Smith The Radiation Mechanism in Pulsars 431

8.2 V. Radhakrishnan Pulsar Models and Radiation Properties
(Summary) 441
8.3 Bernard J. Eastlund Low Mode Coherent Synchrotron Radiation and
Pulsar Models 443
8.4 I. Lerche Radiation from Pulsars 449
8.5 V. Canuto Radiation Beaming in Pulsars 455
8.6 Stephen L. O'Dell Low-Frequency Cutoffs in Synchrotron Spectra
and L. Sartori and the Optical Spectrum of NP 0532 457
8.7 Bruno Coppi and Pulsar (and X-Star) Emission from the Magneto-
Attilio Ferrari sphere of a Collapsed Star 460
 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

D. J. Adams, Department of Physics, University of Leicester, U.K.

B. Agrinier, Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, Centre d'Etudes Nucleaires de
Saclay, France.
L. H. Aller, Department of Astronomy, University of California, U.S.A.
B. Anderson, Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories, University of Manchester,
U.K.
J. R. P. Angel, Department of Astronomy, University of Columbia, New York, U.S.A.
W. D. Arnett, Institute of Theoretical Astronomy, Cambridge, U.K.
J. E. Baldwin, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, U.K.
R. A. Batchelor, Research Laboratory of Electronics, MIT, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
J. Bergeron, Institut d'Astrophysique, Paris, France.
S. van den Bergh, David Dunlap Observatory, Ontario, Canada.
B. M. Bland, Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, U.K.
N. Bonazzola, Observatoire de Paris, Section d'Astrophysique, France.
R. S. Booth, Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories, University of Manchester,
U.K.
G. Borner, Max Planck Institut fUr Physik und Astrophysik, Munich, Germany.
R. N. Bracewell, Radio Astronomy Institute, Stanford University, California,
U.S.A.
N. J. B. A. Branson, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, U.K.
J. W. Buckee, Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, U.K.
A. G. W. Cameron, Belfer Graduate School of Science, University of Yeshiva, New
York, U.S.A.
V. Canuto, Goddard Institute for Space Studies, Maryland, U.S.A.
A. G. Cavaliere, Centre for Space Research, Cambridge, U.S.A.
G. Chanmugam, Institut d' Astrophysique, University de Liege, Belgium.
W. N. Charman, Nuclear Physics Division, Atomic Energy Research Establishment,
Harwell, U.K.
H. Y. Chiu, Goddard Institute for Space Studies, Maryland, U.S.A.
W. N. Christiansen, School of Electrical Engineering, University of Sydney, Australia.
R. W. Clarke, Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories, University of Manchester,
U.K.
W. J. Cocke, Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, U.S.A.
J. M. Cohen, School of Natural Sciences, The Institute of Advanced Study, Princeton,
U.S.A.
R. G. Conway, Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories, University of Manchester,
U.K.
XVI LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

B. A. Cooke, Department of Physics, University of Leicester, U.K.

A. M. Cruise, Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of London, U.K.
E. J. Daintree, Nuffield Astronomy Radio Laboratories, University of Manchester,
U.K.
J. G. Davies, Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories, University of Manchester,
U.K.
R. D. Davies, Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories, University of Manchester,
U.K.
L. Davis, Jr., Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena,
U.S.A.
F. D. Drake, Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, U.S.A.
R. W. P. Drever, Department of Natural Philosophy, University of Glasgow, U.K.
R. Ekers, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, U.S.A.
A. Evans, Department of Physics, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, U.K.
A. C. Fabian, Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Department of Physics, University
of London, U.K.
D. F. Falla, Department of Physics, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, U.K.
G. G. Fazio, Smithsonian Institution, Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, U.S.A.
P. A. Feldman, Queen's University, Ontario, Canada.
J. E. Felten, Institute of Theoretical Astronomy, Cambridge, U.K.
F. E. Ferrari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Richersche, Laboratorio di Cosmo-Geofisica,
Torino, Italy.
B. Fitton, European Space Research Organization, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.
R. A. E. Fosbury, Royal Greenwich Observatory, Herstmonceux, U.K.
P. R. Foster, Department of Natural Philosophy, University of Aberdeen, U.K.
W. A. Fowler, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, U.S.A.
J. A. Galt, Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory, Penticton, Canada.
K. Gebler, Max-Planck-Institut fUr Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany.
J. Gower, Department of Physics, University of British Columbia, Canada.
R. Griffiths, Department of Physics, University of Leicester, U.K.
J. E. Grindlay, Harvard College Observatory, Cambridge, U.S.A.
S. Grounds, Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, U.K.
D. ter Haar, Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, U.K.
O. Hachenberg, Radiosternwarte, Bonn, Germany.
J. P. Hagen, Pennsylvania State University, U.S.A.
C. G. Haslam, Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories, University of Manchester,
U.K.
D. J. Hegyi, NASA Institute for Space Studies, New York, U.S.A.
C. Heiles, Arecibo Ionospheric Observatory, Puerto Rico.
J. Heise, Space Research Laboratory, The Astronomical Institute at Utrecht, The
Netherlands.
H. F. Helmken, Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, U.S.A.
 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS XVII

H. Hesse, Department of Physics, Cambridge, U.K.

J. Heyvaerts, Institut d'Astrophysique, Paris, France.
A. M. Hillas, Department of Physics, University of Leeds, U.K.
R. R. Hillier, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, U.K.
R. Hills, Astronomy Department and Radio Astronomy Laboratory, University of
California, Berkeley, U.S.A.
P. Horowitz, Harvard University, Cambridge, U.S.A.
H. Hudson, University of California, San Diego, U.S.A.
V. A. Hughes, Queens University, Ontario, Canada.
R. A. James, Department of Astronomy, University of Manchester, U.K.
J. V. Jelley, Nuclear Physics Division, Atomic Energy Research, Harwell, U.K.
D. M. Jennings, Physics Department, University College, Dublin, Eire.
R. C. Jennison, Electronics Laboratory, University of Kent, U.K.
P. Kafka, Max Planck Institut fUr Physik und Astrophysik, Munich, Germany.
F. D. Kahn, Department of Astronomy, University of Manchester, U.K.
S. Karakula, Department of Physics, University of Durham, U.K.
E. M. Kellogg, American Science & Engineering, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
M. M. Komesaroff, CSIRO, Division of Radiophysics, N.S.W., Australia.
z. Kopal, Department of Astronomy, University of Manchester, U.K.
J. Kristian, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, U.S.A.
P. P. Kronberg, Department of Astronomy, University of Toronto, Canada.
F. K. Lamb, Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, U.K.
J. D. Landstreet, University of Columbia, New York, U.S.A.
M.1. Large, Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories, University of Manchester, U.K.
J. P. Leray, Service d'Electronique Physique, C.E.A., France.
1. Lerche, Laboratory for Astrophysics & Space Research, University of Chicago,
U.S.A.
B. M. Lewis, Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories, University of Manchester, U.K.
J. L. Locke, Radio Astronomy Section, National Research Council, Ontario, Canada.
A. C. B. Lovell, Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories, University of
Manchester, U.K.
A. G. Lyne, Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories, University of Manchester, U.K.
V. Malumyan, Biurakan Observatory, Armenia, U.S.S.R.
R. N. Manchester, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Virginia, U.S.A.
P. G. Martin, Department of Theoretical Physics, Cambridge, U.K.
D. N. Matheson, Electronics Laboratory, University of Kent, U.K.
W. B. McAdam, National Radio Astronomy, Observatory Virginia, U.S.A.
M. R. McNaughton, Laboratory for Astrophysics & Space Research, University of
Chicago, U.S.A.
J. Meaburn, Department of Astronomy, University of Manchester, U.K.
L. Mestel, Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, U.K.
F. C. Michel, Institute of Theoretical Astronomy, Cambridge, U.K.
R. Minkowski, University of California, Berkeley, U.S.A.
xvm LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

A. T. Moffet, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, U.S.A.

I. Morison, Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories, University of Manchester, U.K.
J. E. Nelson, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley,
U.S.A.
G. Neugebauer, Physics Department, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena,
U.S.A.
P. S. Nicholson, Electronics Laboratory, University of Kent, U.K.
E. O'Mongain, Physics Department, University College, Dublin, Eire.
J. L. Osborne, Department of Physics, University of Durham, U.K.
J. P. Ostriker, Princeton University Observatory, New Jersey, U.S.A.
F. Pacini, Laboratorio Astrofisica, CP 67, Frascati (Rome), Italy.
C. G. Page, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, U.K.
H. P. Palmer, Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories, University of Manchester,
U.K.
C. Papaliolios, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and Harvard University,
Cambridge, U.S.A.
J. C. B. Papaloizou, Astronomy Centre, University of Sussex, U.K.
R. B. Partridge, Princeton University, U.S.A.
A. Penny, Royal Greenwich Observatory, Herstmonceux, U.K.
G. H. Pettengill, Cornell University and Arecibo Observatory, Puerto Rico.
K. Pinkau, Max-Planck-Institut for extraterrestrische Physik, Munich, Germany.
L. Pointon, Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories, University of Manchester, U.K.
J. E. B. Ponsonby, Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories, University of Manchester,
U.K.
N. A. Porter, Physics Department, University College, Dublin, Eire.
R. A. Porter, Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories, University of Manchester, U.K.
K. A. Pounds, Department of Physics, University of Leicester, U.K.
V. Radhakrishnan, CSIRO Division of Radiophysics, N.S.W., Australia.
J. M. Rankin, Arecibo Observatory, Puerto Rico.
S. Rappaport, Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, U.S.A.
M. J. Rees, Institute for Theoretical Astronomy, Cambridge, U.K.
D. W. Richards, Arecibo Observatory, Puerto Rico.
F. E. Roach, National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, Colerado, U.S.A.
J. A. Roberts, Arecibo Observatory, Puerto Rico.
B. Rowson, Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories, University of Manchester, U.K.
J. R. Ruffini, Institute for Advance Study, School of Natural Sciences, Princeton,
U.S.A.
C. Ryter, Service d'Electronique Physique, CEA, France.
P. Sandford, Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College, London, U.K.
L. Sartori, Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, U.S.A.
U. Schwartz, Kapteyn Laboratorium, The Netherlands.
D. W. Sciama, Department of Theoretical Physics, Cambridge, U.K.
E. R. Seaquist, Department of Astronomy, University of Toronto, Canada.
 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS XIX

G. Share, Naval Research Laboratories, Washington, U.S.A.

S. F. Smerd, CSIRO, Division of Radiophysics, N.S.W., Australia.
D. F. Smith, Stanford University, California, U.S.A.
F. G. Smith, Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories, University of Manchester, U.K.
R. E. Spencer, Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories, University of Manchester,
U.K.
D. H. Staelin, Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, U.S.A.
G. J. Stanley, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, U.S.A.
P. Stewart, Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, U.K.
J. M. Sutton, Institute of Theoretical Astronomy, Cambridge, U.K.
G. Swarup, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bombay, India.
R. M. Tennant, Department of Physics, University of Leeds, U.K.
P. Thomasson, Nuffield Radio Astronomy Laboratories, University of Manchester,
U.K.
A. Treves, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Cambridge,
U.K.
V. Trimble, Institute of Theoretical Astronomy, Cambridge, U.K.
K. P. Tritton, Royal Greenwich Observatory, Herstmonceux, U.K.
J. Truemper, Max-Planck-Institut for extraterrestrische Physik, Munich, Germany.
S. Tsuruta, National Aeronautics & Space Administration, Goddard Space Centre,
Maryland, U.S.A.
W. H. Tucker, American Science & Engineering, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
A. J. Turtle, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Australia.
N. Visvanathan, Harvard College Observatory, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
T. Walraven, University Observatory, Leiden, The Netherlands.
B. Warner, Radcliffe Observatory, S. Africa.
L. Webster, Royal Greenwich Observatory, Herstmonceux, U.K.
R. J. Weymann, Astronomy Department, University of Arizona, U.S.A.
C. H. Whitford, Department of Physics, University of Leicester, U.K.
J. P. Wild, CSIRO Division of Radiophysics, N.S.W., Australia.
R. Wielebinski, Max-Planck-Institut fUr Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany.
D. T. Wilkinson, Physics Department, Princeton University, U.S.A.
R. V. Willstrop, University Observatories, Cambridge, U.K.
A. S. Wilson, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, U.K.
J. G. Wilson, Department of Physics, University of Leeds, U.K.
M. M. Winn, Department of Physics, University of Leeds, U.K.
L. Woltjer, Department of Astronomy, Columbia University, New York, U.S.A.
W. W. Zuzak, Astronomy Department, University of Manchester, U.K.