UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO

College of Engineering
Program: Computer Engineering

Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged

Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for Self-Directed Learning (SDL)

Course/Subject: CEE 103 – Engineering Calculus 2

Name of Teacher: Stephen Paul Alagao

THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY; NOT FOR

REPRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OF ITS INTENDED USE.
THIS IS INTENDED ONLY FOR THE USE OF THE STUDENTS WHO ARE
OFFICIALLY ENROLLED IN THE COURSE/SUBJECT.
EXPECT REVISIONS OF THE MANUAL.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE
Cover Page ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………………. 2
Course Outline…………………………………………………………………………………………... 3
Course Outline Policy………………………………………………………………………………… 3
Course Information…………………………………………………………………………………… 6

Topic/ Activity
Unit Learning Outcomes- Unit 1…………………………………………………………………. 7
Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1a…………………………………………………………………..….. 7
Metalanguage…………………………………………………………………………………... 7
Essential Knowledge………………………………………………………………………… 7
Self-Help………………………………………………………………………………………….. 11
In a Nutshell…………………………………………………………………………………….. 12
Q & A List ………………………………………………………………………………………… 12
Keywords Index………………………………………………………………………………. 12
Big Picture in Focus: ULO-1b…………………………………………………………………..….. 13
Metalanguage…………………………………………………………………………………... 13
Essential Knowledge………………………………………………………………………… 13
Self-Help………………………………………………………………………………………….. 20
In a Nutshell…………………………………………………………………………………….. 22
Q & A List ………………………………………………………………………………………… 22
Keywords Index………………………………………………………………………………. 22

2
Course Outline: CEE 103 – Engineering Calculus 2

Course Coordinator: Stephen Paul Alagao

Email: salagao@umindanao.edu.ph
Student Consultation: You can leave a message using the blackboard LMS
Mobile: 09367826047
Phone: (082- 2961084
Effectivity Date: May 25, 2020
Mode of Delivery: Blended (On-Line with face to face or virtual sessions)
Time Frame: 90 Hours
Student Workload: Expected Self-Directed Learning
Requisites: CEE 101 – ENGINEERING CALCULUS 1
Credit: 5
Attendance Requirements: A minimum of 95% attendance is required at all
scheduled Virtual or face to face sessions.

Course Outline Policy

Areas of Concern Details

Contact and Non-contact Hours
Assessment Task Submission
This 5-unit course self-instructional manual is designed
for blended learning mode of instructional delivery with
scheduled face to face or virtual sessions. The expected
number of hours will be 90 including the face to face or
virtual sessions. The face to face sessions shall include
the summative assessment tasks (exams) since this
course is crucial in the licensure examination for
engineers.
rd th, th
Submission of assessment tasks shall be on 3 , 5 7 and
th
9 week of the term. The assessment paper shall be
attached with a cover page indicating the title of the
assessment task (if the task is performance), the
name of the course coordinator, date of submission and
name of the student. The document should be emailed
to the course coordinator. It is also expected that you
already paid your tuition and other fees before the
submission of the assessment task.

If the assessment task is done in real time through the

Turnitin Submission (if necessary)
features in the Blackboard Learning Management
System, the schedule shall be arranged ahead of time
by the course coordinator.
To ensure honesty and authenticity, all assessment
tasks are required to be submitted through Turnitin with
a maximum similarity index of 30% allowed. This means

3
 that if your paper goes beyond 30%, the students will
either opt to redo her/his paper or explain in writing
addressed to the course coordinator the reasons for the
similarity. In addition, if the paper has reached more
than 30% similarity index, the student may be called for
a disciplinary action in accordance with the University’s
OPM on Intellectual and Academic Honesty.

Please note that academic dishonesty such as

cheating and commissioning other students or people
to complete the task for you have severe punishments
(reprimand, warning, expulsion).
Penalties for Late The score for an assessment item submitted after the
Assignments/Assessments designated time on the due date, without an approved
extension of time, will be reduced by 5% of the possible
maximum score for that assessment item for each day
or part day that the assessment item is late.

However, if the late submission of assessment paper

has a valid reason, a letter of explanation should be
submitted and approved by the course coordinator. If
necessary, you will also be required to present/attach
evidences.
Return of Assignments/ Assessment tasks will be returned to you two (2) weeks
Assessments after the submission. This will be returned by email or
via Blackboard portal.

For group assessment tasks, the course coordinator will

require some or few of the students for online or virtual
sessions to ask clarificatory questions to validate the
originality of the assessment task submitted and to
ensure that all the group members are involved.
Assignment Resubmission Resubmission of assignment will not be allowed in this
class.
Re-marking of Assessment You should request in writing addressed to the program
Papers and Appeal coordinator your intention to appeal or contest the score
given to an assessment task. The letter should explicitly
explain the reasons/points to contest the grade. The
program coordinator shall communicate with the
students on the approval and disapproval of the request.

If disapproved by the course coordinator, you can

elevate your case to the program head or the dean with
the original letter of request. The final decision will come
from the dean of the college.

4
Grading System
Preferred Referencing Style
Student Communication
Contact Details of the Dean
Contact Details of the Program
Head
Students with Special Needs
All culled from BlackBoard sessions and traditional
contact
Course discussions/exercises – 30%
st
1 formative assessment – 10%
nd
2 formative assessment – 10%
rd
3 formative assessment – 10%
All culled from on-campus/onsite sessions
(TBA):
Final exam – 40%
Submission of the final grades shall follow the
usual University system and procedures.
IEEE Referencing style.
You are required to create a umindanao email
account which is a requirement to access the
BlackBoard portal. Then, the course coordinator
shall enroll the students to have access to the
materials and resources of the course. All
communication formats: chat, submission of
assessment tasks, requests etc. shall be through the
portal and other university recognized platforms.
You can also meet the course coordinator in
person through the scheduled face to face
sessions to raise your issues and concerns.
For students who have not created their student
email, please contact the course coordinator or
program head.
Dr. Charlito L. Cañesares
Email: clcanesares@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: 082-296-1084
Engr. Randy E. Angelia
Email: randy_angelia@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: 082-296-1084/09423595648
Students with special needs shall communicate with the
course coordinator about the nature of his or her special
needs. Depending on the nature of the need, the course
coordinator with the approval of the program coordinator
may provide alternative assessment tasks or extension
of the deadline of submission of assessment tasks.
However, the alternative assessment tasks should still
be in the service of achieving the desired course
learning outcomes.
5
Instructional Help Desk Contact CEE BLACKBOARD ADMINISTRATOR
Details Engr. Jetron J. Adtoon
Email: jadtoon@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: 09055267834

CEE
Frida Santa O. Bacani
Email: cee@umindanao.edu.ph
Mobile: 09562082442
Phone: 082-2272902

Well-being Welfare Support Held LIC

Desk Contact Details Brigada E. Bacani
Email: library@umindanao.edu.ph
Mobile: 0951-376-6681

GSTC
Ronadora E. Deala, RPsy, RPm, RGC, LPT
Email: ronadora_deala@umindanao.edu.ph
09212122846

Silvino P. Josol
Email: gstcmain@umindanao.edu.ph
09060757721

Course Information – see/download course syllabus in the Black Board LMS

CC’s Voice: Hello students! Welcome to this course, CEE 103: Engineering Calculus 2,
the integral calculus. By now, I am confident that you really wanted to
become an engineer and that you have visualized yourself already
working in the field of engineering of your choice. This course is one of the
most important courses in the field of engineering. The knowledge and
concepts in this course were used to derive important engineering
formulas that are being used in the field of practice.

CO CO1. Demonstrate understanding on the concept and importance of

fundamental integration formula, power, logarithm, exponential,
trigonometric, transformation of trigonometric functions, inverse
trigonometric, integration by parts, integration by substitution, integration of
rational fractions for both definite and indefinite integral and improper and
multiple integral.

CO2. Solve related problems such as plane areas, volume of solid of

revolution, centroid of plane areas, centroid of solid of revolution, moment of
inertia, work and force using integration.

Let us begin!

6
Big Picture

Week 1-3: Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO): At the end of the unit, you are expected to

a. define the basic principles and concepts of integration and derive some
fundamental integration formula from standard differentiation formulas,
and;
b. determine the antiderivatives or the indefinite integrals of a given
functions using the fundamental integration formulas.

Big Picture in Focus: ULOa. Define the basic principles and

concepts of integration and derive some fundamental integration
formula from standard differentiation formulas.

Metalanguage

In this section, the fundamental concepts in Integral Calculus will be discussed to

demonstrate ULOa and serves as the foundation in understanding the subject. Please
refer to these definitions in case you will encounter difficulty in understanding
educational concepts.

1. Integral Calculus. It is the branch of calculus concerned with the determination of

integrals and their application to the solution of differential equations, the
determination of areas and volumes.
2. Integration. It is the reverse process of differentiation.
3. Integrand. It refers to the function to be integrated and immediately follows the
integral sign.
4. ∫. It is the integral symbol or sign. It is an elongated S denoting sum.
5. Indefinite integral. It is an integral with no restrictions imposed on its independent
variables. It is also called antiderivative or primitive integral.
6. Constant of Integration. An arbitrary constant added to the antiderivative of a
function.

Essential Knowledge

To perform the aforesaid big picture (unit learning outcomes) for the first three
(3) weeks of the course, you need to review the fundamental concepts in Integral
Calculus that will be laid down in the succeeding pages. Please note that you are
not limited to exclusively refer to these resources. Thus, you are expected to utilize
other books, research articles and other resources that are available in the
university’s library e.g. ebrary, search.proquest.com etc.

7
Definition of Integration.
Integration is the inverse operation to differentiation. In differentiation, we solve
for the differential of a given function whereas in integration, we solve for the
function corresponding to a given differential. The resulting function is called the
integral of the differential.

Indefinite Integral
The collection of all the possible antiderivatives of a given function is called the
indefinite integral. The indefinite integral comprises of the antiderivative and
the constant of integration (𝑪). The presence of this constant of integration (in
indefinite integration) introduces a family of functions which have the same
derivative in all points in their domain.

If 𝑭(𝒙) is a function whose derivative 𝑭′ (𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙) on a certain interval of the x

axis, then 𝑭(𝒙) is called an antiderivative or indefinite integral of 𝒇(𝒙). The
indefinite integral of a given function is not unique; for example, 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔,
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑 are all indefinite integrals of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙. All indefinite integrals of 𝒇(𝒙) =
𝟐𝒙 are then included in 𝑭(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪.

The Notation
The symbol ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 is used to indicate the indefinite integral of 𝒇(𝒙). Thus, we
write ∫ 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪. In the expression ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙, the function 𝒇(𝒙) is called
the integrand and is mathematically expressed as:

The Concept of Integration

 For example, find the indefinite integral for 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟓 .

Base on the definition if 𝑭(𝒙) is such a function we should have:
′
(𝑭(𝒙)) = 𝒙𝟓
𝒙𝟔
Obviously, the function satisfies the above equation but other functions
𝟔
𝒙𝟔 𝒙𝟔
such as 𝟔
+ 𝟏, 𝟔
− 𝟑, and etc. can be considered as an answer so we can
write the answer generally as:
𝒙𝟓
∫ 𝒙𝟒 𝒅𝒙 = +𝑪
𝟓

8
  Using the definition of the indefinite integral, we can find the integral of a
simple functions directly:
 ∫ 𝟎 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑪
 ∫ 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝒙𝒏+𝟏
 ∫ 𝒙𝒏 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒏+𝟏
+ 𝑪 (𝒏 ≠ −𝟏)
𝟏
 ∫ 𝒙−𝟏 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒏 |𝒙| + 𝑪 (𝒙 ≠ 𝟎)
𝒂𝒙
 ∫ 𝒂𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒍𝒏 𝒂 + 𝑪 (𝒂 ≠ 𝟏, 𝒂 > 𝟎)
 ∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 + 𝑪
 ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = −𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 + 𝑪

Rules of Integration
1. The derivative of the indefinite integral is the integrand:
′
(∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙)

2. The differential of the indefinite integral is equal to the element of the integration:

𝒅 (∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙

3. The indefinite integral of a differential of a function is equal to that function plus a

constant:

∫ 𝒅(𝑭(𝒙)) = 𝑭(𝒙) + 𝑪

4. If 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎 and is a constant, then:

∫ 𝒂𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙
 A constant coefficient goes in and comes out of the integral sign.

5. The indefinite integral of the sum or difference of two integrable functions is

equal to the sum or difference of their individual indefinite integral:
∫[𝒇(𝒙) ± 𝒈(𝒙)]𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 ± ∫ 𝒈(𝒙)𝒅𝒙

6. If ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭(𝒙) + 𝑪, then:

𝟏
∫ 𝒇(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃)𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 ) + 𝑪
𝒂
And if 𝒃 = 𝟎, then
𝟏
∫ 𝒇(𝒂𝒙 )𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭(𝒂𝒙 ) + 𝑪
𝒂

9
 o Using the last rule, we can easily calculate some integrals without applying a
specific method:

Example:
𝟏
a. ∫ 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝒂𝒙 + 𝑪
𝒂
𝒅𝒙
b. ∫ 𝒙−𝒂 = 𝒍𝒏 |𝒙 − 𝒂| + 𝑪
−𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝒂𝒙 )
c. ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒂𝒙 )𝒅𝒙 = +𝑪
𝒂

The Substitution Method of Integration

o If the integrand is in the form of 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙))𝒈′(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙, and substituting 𝒖 = 𝒈(𝒙),
then we will have
∫ 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙))𝒈′(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒖)𝒖′ 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒖) 𝒅𝒖
o And if ∫ 𝒇(𝒖) 𝒅𝒖 = 𝑭(𝒖) + 𝑪, then:
∫ 𝒇(𝒈(𝒙))𝒈′(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭(𝒈(𝒙)) + 𝑪

Example 1:
𝒙
Find the indefinite integral ∫ 𝒅𝒙.
𝟏+𝒙𝟐

Solution:

Let 𝒖 = 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 , then 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒙, and we will have:

𝟏
∫
𝒙
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟏 ∫ 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟏 𝒍𝒏 |𝒖| + 𝑪
𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒖 𝟐 𝒖 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
since 𝒖 = 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 , thus, 𝟐 𝒍𝒏 |𝒖| + 𝑪 = 𝒍𝒏 |𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 | + 𝑪
𝟐

Example 2:
𝟐
Find ∫ 𝒙𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙.

Solution:

Let 𝒖 = 𝒙𝟐 , then 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒙, and:

𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
∫ 𝒙𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒆𝒖 (𝟐 𝒅𝒖) = 𝟐
𝒆𝒖 + 𝑪 = 𝟐
𝒆𝒙 + 𝑪

10
Example 3:

𝒅𝒙
Find ∫ , ( 𝒙 > 𝟎)
𝒙𝒍𝒏 𝒙

Solution:

𝒅𝒙
Let 𝒖 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒙, then 𝒅𝒖 = , and:
𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖
∫ 𝒙𝒍𝒏 𝒙 = ∫ = ∫ = 𝒍𝒏 |𝒖| + 𝑪 = 𝒍𝒏 |𝒍𝒏 (𝒙)| + 𝑪
𝒙𝒖 𝒖

Note that, having success with this method requires finding a relevant substitution,
which comes after lots of practice.

Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further
understand the lesson.

* Hass, J., Weir, M., Thomas Jr, G. (2012). University Calculus: early transcendental.
Philippines : Pearson Education South Asia.
* Stewart, J. (2000). Calculus: Concepts and Contexts. Pacipic Grove, CA: Brook/Cole.

Let’s Check.

Activity 1. Evaluate the following expressions using the fundamental principles of

integration you learned in this section. Show the step by step process of your solution.
𝑑𝑥
1. ∫(3 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 4 ) 𝑑𝑥 2. ∫ (𝑥− 1)3
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3. ∫( 𝑥 2 − 1)𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4. ∫ (𝑥 2 + 1)3
𝑑𝑥 3𝑥𝑑𝑥
5. ∫ 3𝑥 + 1 6. ∫ 𝑥 2 +2
3
7. ∫ 𝑒 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 8. ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3
9. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 10. ∫(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Let’s Analyze.

Activity 1. In this activity, you are required to integrate again the following expressions
and show the details of your work.
1. ∫( 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏)2⁄3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+𝑎 𝑥+𝑏
2. ∫ (𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑚 𝑛

11
 5𝑥 − 1
3. ∫ 2𝑥 + 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥
4. ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 + 3 𝑑𝑥
5. ∫( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥

In a Nutshell

The importance of learning the basic concept of integral and its formulas are
undeniable. In this portion of the unit, you will be required to state your arguments or
synthesis relevant to the topics presented. I will supply the first two items and you will
continue the rest.

1. The reverse process of differentiation is the integration process.

2. Identifying the appropriate formula to use for a given problem is essential.

Your Answer:

3. __________________________________________________________________________

4. __________________________________________________________________________

5. __________________________________________________________________________

Q&A List

Questions/Issues Answer
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Keywords Index

This section lists down the keywords that help students for recall. Keywords are similar
to Metalanguage but without the definitions and descriptions. This section includes
concepts (a word or phrase), ideas, theories, names of people, and other vital terms to
remember. Technically speaking, all those included in the Metalanguage should be
part of the Keywords. However, Keywords can also include other important concepts or
ideas not stipulated in the Metalanguage. This section also helps in the review.

 Integrand  Antidifferentiation
 Integral  Constant of Integration
 Differential  Chain Rule
12
 Big Picture in Focus: ULOb. Determine the antiderivatives or the
indefinite integrals of a given functions using the fundamental
integration formulas.

Metalanguage
For you to demonstrate ULOb, you will need to familiarize with the essential
terms and symbols relevant to the discussion in this section. Please refer to these
definitions in case you will encounter these terms and symbols. Also, please note that
you will be required to refer to the previous principles found in ULOa section.

Terms/Symbols Meaning
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 Integral of 𝑓 with respect to x

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑛 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 Integrand

𝑥 𝑖𝑛 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 Variable of integration

Integrate Find the integral
An integral of 𝑓 A function 𝐹 such that 𝐹 ′(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
Integration The process of finding the integral
Any real number 𝐶, considered as constant in the
Constant of Integration
function

Essential Knowledge

Fundamental Integration Formulas.

Since integration is the inverse of differentiation, to integrate any given function we must
reduce it to one or more of the differentials of the elementary functions, expressed by
the fundamental formula of Differential Calculus. Formulas below follow immediately
from the standard differentiation formulas.

A. Basic Integrals

𝑑
1. ∫ 𝑑𝑢 [𝑓(𝑢)]𝑑𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑢) + 𝐶

2. ∫[𝑓(𝑢) + g(𝑢)] 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑢)𝑑𝑢 + ∫ g(𝑢)𝑑𝑢

3. ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 + 𝐶

13
4. ∫ 𝑎𝑑𝑢 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑎𝑢 + 𝐶 , (𝑎 is constant)
𝑢𝑛+1
5. ∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = + 𝐶 , (n ≠ 1)
𝑛+1
𝑑𝑢
6. ∫ = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢

B. Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

7. ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑎𝑢
8. ∫ 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = + 𝐶 , (a > 1, 𝑎 ≠ 1 )
𝑙𝑛 𝑎

9. ∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 𝑙𝑛 |𝑢| − 𝑢 + 𝐶

C. Trigonometric Functions

10. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 + 𝐶

11. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 + 𝐶
12. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑠𝑒𝑐| + 𝐶
13. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑠𝑖𝑛| + 𝐶
14. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢| + 𝐶
15. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢| + 𝐶
16. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 + 𝐶
17. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢 + 𝐶
18. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 + 𝐶
19. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢 + 𝐶

D. Inverse Trigonometric Functions

𝑑𝑢 𝑢
20. ∫ √𝑎2 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝐶
− 𝑢2 𝑎
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
21.∫ 𝑎2 + 𝑢2 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 + 𝐶
𝑎 𝑎
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
22. ∫ = 𝑎 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐 + 𝐶
𝑢√𝑢2 − 𝑎2 𝑎

E. Hyperbolic Functions

23. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑢 + 𝐶

24. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑢 + 𝐶
25.∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑢| + 𝐶
26. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑢| + 𝐶

14
27. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑢 + 𝐶
28. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑢 + 𝐶
29. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ 𝑢 + 𝐶
30. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐ℎ 𝑢 + 𝐶

Proof of formula 5 and 6.

To derive formula 5,
Since 𝑑 (𝑢𝑛+1 ) = (𝑛 + 1)𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢,
therefore 𝑢𝑛+1 = ∫(𝑛 + 1)𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = (𝑛 + 1) ∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢.
𝑢𝑛+1
Hence ∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑛+1

Formula 6 follows directly from

𝑑𝑢
𝑑(𝑙𝑛|𝑢|) = 𝑢

Note: Formula 5 applies to all values of 𝑛 except 𝒏 = −1. For this value it gives
𝑢−1+1 𝑢0
∫ 𝑢−1 𝑑𝑢 = −1 + 1
= 0
= ∞ , formula 6 provides for this failing case.

Example:

Integrate the following expressions.

For Equations 1 – 3: Basic Integrals

1. Evaluate ∫(𝑥 + 3)11 𝑑𝑥.

Solution:

∫(𝑥 + 3)11 𝑑𝑥= ∫ 𝑢11 𝑑𝑢 with the use of substitution method, we can replace 𝑥 + 3 with 𝑢. Then
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢. And use formula 5 above.
𝑢11 + 1 1
= ∫ 𝑢11 𝑑𝑢 = + 𝐶 = 𝑢12 + 𝐶 then substitute 𝑢 with 𝑥 + 3
11+1 12
1
= 12 (𝑥 + 3)12 + 𝐶

15
 1
2. Evaluate ∫(𝑥 2 + 3)2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

Solution:
1
If we apply formula 5, letting 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 1, and 𝑛 = 2; then 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥. We must then
1
introduce a factor 2 before the 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, and consequently its reciprocal 2 on the left of ∫,
thus
1 1
1
∫(𝑥 2 + 3)2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
2
∫(𝑥 2 + 3)2 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3
1 (𝑥 2 +1)2
=2 3 +𝐶
2
3
(𝑥 2 +1)2
= +𝐶
3

Another solution: By Substitution Method

Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 1 and 𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥 , thus

1 1
𝑑𝑢
∫(𝑥 2 + 3)2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢2 𝑥 2𝑥
1
1
= 2∫𝑢 2 𝑑𝑢 then use formula 5
3
1 𝑢2
=2 3 +𝐶
2
3
1 (𝑥 2 +1)2
=2 3 + 𝐶
2
3
2
(𝑥 +1)2
= + C
3

𝑥2
3. Evaluate ∫ 4 𝑑𝑥.
√𝑥 3 + 2

Solution:

𝑥2 1
∫4 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫(𝑥 3 + 2)−1/4 (3𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 3 +2
−1/4+1
1 (𝑥 3 +2)
=3 +𝐶
−1/4+1
1 4
= ( ) (𝑥 3 + 2)3/4 + 𝐶
3 3
4
= (𝑥 3 + 2)3/4 + 𝐶
9

Note: It can also be evaluated by making the substitution 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 + 2, and 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑥

16
For Equations 4 – 8: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
𝑑𝑥
4. Evaluate ∫ .
𝑥

Solution:
𝑑𝑥
∫ = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝐶 by formula 6
𝑥

𝑑𝑥
5. Evaluate the integral ∫ 2𝑥−3.

Solution:
𝑑𝑥 1 2𝑑𝑥
∫ 2𝑥−3 = 2 ∫ 2𝑥−3
1
= 2 𝑙𝑛|2𝑥 − 3| + 𝐶

Another solution: By Substitution Method

Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 − 3, 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥, thus

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2𝑥−3 = ∫ 2𝑢
1
= 2 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
1
= 2 𝑙𝑛|2𝑥 − 3| + 𝐶 Substituting back the value of u.

6. Evaluate ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

Solution:

By substitution: let 𝑢 = −𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑑𝑥, thus

∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
= − 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶
= − 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶

7. Evaluate ∫ 𝑎2𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

Solution:
1
∫ 𝑎2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑎2𝑥 (2𝑑𝑥)
1 𝑎2𝑥
= 2 𝑙𝑛 𝑎 + 𝐶

17
 𝑒 1/𝑥
8. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥.
𝑥2

Solution:

𝑒 1/𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑒 1/𝑥 (− 𝑥 2 )
𝑥2
= − 𝑒 1/𝑥 + 𝐶
1 𝑑𝑥
Note: It can also be solved by substitution. Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑥2

For Equations 9 – 12: Trigonometric Functions

Proof:
−𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢
∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑙𝑛 |𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢| + 𝐶 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑜𝑠|−1 + 𝐶 = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑠𝑒𝑐| + 𝐶
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢(𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢+𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 𝑑𝑢+ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 +𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢+ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢

9. Evaluate ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

Solution:
1
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥(3𝑑𝑥)
1
= 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 + 𝐶

10. Evaluate ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

Solution:

By substitution: let 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥, thus

𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
2 𝑢3
= ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
3
𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥
= +𝐶
3

11. Evaluate ∫(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥.

Solution:

∫(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(1 + 2𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

= ∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + 2𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 2ln |𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥| + 𝐶

18
12. Evaluate ∫ 𝑒 3𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

Solution:
1
∫ 𝑒 3𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = - 6 ∫ 𝑒 3𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 (−6𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑑𝑥)
𝑒 3𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
=− +𝐶
6

Another solution: By Substitution Method

Let 𝑢 = 3𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = −6𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥𝑑𝑥, thus

𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑒 3𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 (− 6𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥)
1
= - 6 ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
1
= - 6 𝑒𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑒 3𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
=- +𝐶
6

For Equations 13 – 15: Inverse Trigonometric Functions:

𝑑𝑥
13. Evaluate ∫ √1 .
− 𝑥2

Solution:
𝑑𝑥
∫ √1 − 𝑥2 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐶 where 𝑎2 = 1, 𝑎 = 1 , 𝑢2 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑢 = 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥
14. Evaluate ∫ .
𝑥√ 𝑥 4 − 1

Solution:

Since 𝑢2 = 𝑥 4 , 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 , so to normalize, multiply both the numerator

and denominator by 2x, thus the resulting expression becomes

𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥√ 𝑥 4 − 1 = 2∫
𝑥 2 √(𝑥 2 )2 −1
1
= 2 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 2 + 𝐶

𝑑𝑥
15. Evaluate ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 .

19
Solution:

Since there is no equivalent formula for this expression, it needs to be manipulated first
so that the fundamental integral formulas listed above can be applied, hence

𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 + 1
= 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶

For Equations 16 - 17: Hyperbolic Functions:

16. Evaluate ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ (4𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥.

Solution:

By substitution method, let 𝑢 = 4𝑥 + 3 and 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑑𝑥, thus

1
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ (4𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥 = 4 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ (4𝑥 + 3) 4𝑑𝑥 by normalization
1
= 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ (4𝑥 + 3) + 𝐶

17. Evaluate ∫ 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥.

Solution:

1
∫ 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 2𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 𝑙𝑛 |𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑥 2 | + 𝐶

Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further
understand the lesson.

* Hass, J., Weir, M., Thomas Jr., G. (2012). University Calculus: Early Transcendental.
Philippines: Pearson Education South Asia.
* Stewart, J. (2000). Calculus: Concepts and Contexts. Pacific Grove, CA: Brook/Cole.
* Ayres Jr., F. & Mendelson, E. (1990). Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of
Differential and Integral Calculus. USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

20
Let’s Check

Activity 1. After learning to solve integral equations from the examples discussed you
will now be able to evaluate the following indefinite integral using the fundamental
integral formulas introduced above.

𝟑
1. ∫ 𝒙𝟔 𝒅𝒙 2. ∫ √𝒛 𝒅𝒛

3. ∫(𝟏 − 𝒙 ) √𝒙 𝒅𝒙 4. ∫(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒)𝟐 𝒅𝒙

𝟖𝒙𝟐 𝟑
5. ∫ 𝟑 𝒅𝒙 6. ∫ √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝒅𝒙
(𝒙𝟑 +𝟐)

𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
7. ∫ 𝒙+𝟐 8. ∫ 𝒙𝟐 −𝟏

(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙
9. ∫ 10. ∫ 𝒆𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟑 −𝟑𝒂𝟐 𝒙

𝒅𝒙 𝟏
11. ∫ 𝒆𝒙 +𝟏 12. ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
13. ∫ 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 14. ∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒚

15. ∫(𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟐𝒙 + 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝟐𝒙)𝟐 𝒅𝒙 16. ∫ 𝒄𝒔𝒄 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
17. ∫ 18. ∫
𝒙√ 𝒙𝟐 −𝟏 √𝟐𝟓 −𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟐

(𝒙+𝟑)𝒅𝒙 (𝒙+𝟏)
19. ∫ 20. ∫ 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟖 𝒅𝒙
√𝟏−𝒙𝟐

Let’s Analyze

Activity 1. In this activity you are required to integrate again the following functions
using the fundamental integration formulas and techniques learned previously.

1. ∫(2𝑥 9 − 3𝑥 6 + 12𝑥 4 − 3)𝑑𝑥 2. ∫(𝑥 2 − 2)3 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥

(𝑦−1)3
3. ∫ 𝑑𝑦 4. ∫(𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑦

5. ∫(𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 6. ∫(𝑎𝑏 2 )𝑥 𝑑𝑥

21
 𝑑𝑥 3𝑥−2
7. ∫ 8. ∫ 𝑥 2 + 9 𝑑𝑥
𝑥√𝑎2 𝑥 2 − 16
3𝑥−2 𝑑𝑥
9. ∫ √9− 𝑑𝑥 10. ∫ 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥+ 5
𝑥2
2−𝑥 𝑥+2
11. ∫ 4𝑥 2 +4𝑥 −3 𝑑𝑥 12. ∫ √4𝑥− 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
13. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2𝑥 14. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 + 𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
15. ∫
𝑙𝑛 𝑥 𝑥 √(𝑙𝑛 𝑥)2 −1

In a Nutshell
In integration, most of the fundamental formulas follow immediately from the standard
differentiation formulas. However, there are functions which do not have an equivalent
integral but can be manipulated mathematically in such a way that it will have a
corresponding integral. It is very important that the students master these formulas and
the techniques being used in integration as these are the foundation in understanding
and mastering the subject.

Q&A List

Questions/Issues Answer
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Keywords Index

This section lists down the keywords that help students for recall. Keywords are similar
to Metalanguage but without the definitions and descriptions. This section includes
concepts (a word or phrase), ideas, theories, names of people, and other vital terms to
remember. Technically speaking, all those included in the Metalanguage should be
part of the Keywords. However, Keywords can also include other important concepts or
ideas not stipulated in the Metalanguage. This section also helps in the review.

 Exponential Functions  Inverse Trigonometric Functions

 Logarithmic Functions  Hyperbolic Functions
 Trigonometric Functions

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