6:41

< Answer
Business Studies • Secondary School

Answer:
A report is a document that presents
information, findings, analysis, and
recommendations about a specific topic or
issue. Reports can be written for various
purposes, such as to inform, persuade, or
provide a summary of activities or events.
They may be formal or informal, depending
on the intended audience and the context
in which they are written .

A proposal is a document that suggests a

plan, idea, or project that needs to be
approved or implemented . Proposals
typically contain details about the goals,
objectives, methodology, timeline, budget,
and expected outcomes of the proposed
project. They are often written to seek
funding, support, or approval from
stakeholders or decision-makers.

Sections of Report Writing:

1. Title Page: This is the first page of the

report that includes the title of the report,
the name of the author, the date of
submission, and other relevant details.

2. Table of Contents: This section provides

an overview of the different sections and
Q.
Search Give Answer Textbooks -•
Profi le
--ct
e. -~ \\,~
'.l ~,..
8.s-.. -~ .
'1, ""~ lt THE INDIAN CONTRACT AC'T, \'t'."12 \~)

i8
Qt~ .e lJi
. co~ ~lie
eQ Ctt II\
1iot t}i1llet & -1, ~o j
l.tnic e lee o i>t \ :
t 0 lte,.>i ti-0~l\the
\ieedweakness
of goods of
or the
services). In such St.Ud'I
hi Qti other party b co
. ntra~ts, one party. can exploit \-\int.
o ,. 0 0:t~\-:hat ensure no liability falls on th Yfi imposing terms and conditions Bargaining ~ower re,ers to \he
eo ~~ ~.~ther party often falls prey to abu:e Pat:Y· In_such contracts, the ebilro, ot a 1\rrn's customers
0 -~ ~)l~~bserved when the courts have c t vanous instances have been to intluence the prices ot me
llsj
lll:,
0 cl.,,_ \ "th difficulty. ome o the rescue o[ such parties. but products and sel"llices it sells
and suppliers to set me ~rices
the tirm pa'fS tor materials and
,. ,
Ple
t.(J.L · ! Q~qt () . ustomers in services that it bu'fS .
:ct t •il \..
,., · sueh .contracts are not allowe d t o h ave t h e terms o£
c .....,,.(CJe Si...,_itJ:t~ .
the contract customised or
v • •modified • They are given
• a s t and ar d pre-
• 0 ilnrinted
. rJ
r-
'-<'-« document containmg
l, 1\.
,v•"li~ . various
. terms and cond·t· i ions w h'ich
ls Co ~cl. lll ~he~ si~ply h~ve to sign: ~uch contract documents are given on the
cl. ll'lpJ 'ifasis of take it or leave it • Such contracts usually contain unaccept-
Standard form of conttacts an
t etctiJs able clauses that contain written express terms developed in advance. non-nego,iated contracts.
,essag .Of '¾, Th• terms are fixed by conducting negotiations and brainstorming by
the e s., /o,,
\,,<perts other than the contracting parties. Some of the important fea-
Offei- 1 t iso,tures of standard form contracts are as follows: ·
•
Oi,
·
tO bi.
' . . .
These contracts are made without any negotiation.
There is no pre-knowledge . of full terms of contract for lack of .

[S access to the relevan~ document.

oPosa..1
CaJJec1.
is ~~"' pue to an unequal bargaining position, there may arise an unfair
'{''le{' contract.
-.I e to eio On signing of the contract, parties are bound by its terms.
sup1lly 1 There is a possibility of exploitation of the weaker party because
dee.tn 4 traditional law of contracts regards contracts as private legislation
Ind ti':n~to Ji.I (a separate law unto itself) an~ ~ence'. binding. . _
There are various instances where organisations and individuals have
: to accept the standard form contracts because ,the terms and condi-
as against¼ tions are fix~d _by the party that iS in_ the stronger position and enjoys
-· : better barga1n1ng power. The follow1ng ·are the examples of standard
----.J form contracts: · · ' · · ·· · ·
. ---. a Insurance policies: Insurance companies offer mllltiple types of
policies and each policy comes by a unique name and its own set of
standardised terms and conditions. The terms and conditions are
)ntraci Ac( decided by the insurance company {insurer) ..In such contracts,
there is a high possibility.of customers being exploited. Such con-
tracts
.
usually contain unacceptable clauses. ..
. . ' ,. '

·Loans:·Biinks and othtir financial ·institutions offer variOus types

of loans. The terms anci conditions of each type of loan are deter-
lON mined and fixed by the bank or the financial institution. The loan
terms remain unchanged roreach person who is taking the loan.
)ntract a Others: Parking tickets, theatre tickets, package receipts, debit
irty (gett card purchase slips, bills of lading, sale contracts, etc., are also
1er partJ standard form contracts. ·
,umeril
 of the parties: As per Se t·
contractula872 1 capacity
the parties into the contract m cu itonh 11 of the Con-
tract j\ct ' ·ty to' fulfil the 1011 owing
• requirements:s ave a contrac-
al capac1
tu ty bas attained the age of majority.
fhepar
• rty is not of unsound mind.
The Pa .
• rty is not disqualified to enter into a contract by 1
Thehp'a h the party is subject. . any aw
toW IC
if all the above factors are present, it is assumed that th
Thrtus, •s capable to enter into the contract. e
pa y1
wful onsideration: Consideration means something in return
0 La sorne~bing (Quid Pro Quo). Consideration can be in the form of
for r in the form of some benefit to the party. An agreement Consideration is 1
rnoneY °wful consideration only if both the parties get something the price paid by
has a 1a
and give something.
. ....the promise oi tt
E ple: A agrees to sell his car to B for f 4 lakhs. In this cas~, f 4
~':'µ; the consideration for A and A's promise to sell the car is the
consideration for B.
"al cont · Lawful object: An agreemen~ is valid and becomes. a contract if it
ract , 0 has a lawful object. Lawful obJect means that the obJect or the pur-
pose of entering into an agreement must not be fraudulent, illegal,

,A immoral or opposed to any public policy. It must also not cause

any injury or damage to any person or property of another. Agree-
ments made for any unlawful object are considered to be i~legal
DNS and void.
~ction 10 of_ Example: IfA promises to pay t 2 lakhs to B and B robs the house of
D, then this agreement has an unlawful object which makes it illegal
contractl
>mpetentto
l and void.
Not expressly declared void: An agreement must not be of such a
i

·object and
I nature that has been expressly declared to be void as per·Sections
i
l f
24 to 30 of the Contract Act, 1872.
:l contract
i T~e following agreements shall be treated as expressly declared as
v01d: . .
.I
in parties [
I
Agreements for unlawful object or unlawful consideration
/
Agreements devoid of consideration
eement· ·
s 1n restraint of marriage
~greements in restraint of trade
Agreements r t . . 1 .
es raining egal proceedings
Uncertain agreements
Wagenng
· agreements
r-ee,
tbe
Example A
}las tbe a : promises B t
~eement is e~re l d O pay her 8 lakhs if B does not marry C. This
·
rtage. 88
Y eclared to be void hPrn.,uu> H 1.s restraint of mar-