Lectures - Shunt Reactive Protection

Power System Protection
Lectures
by
Pratap Mysore, P.E.
Shunt Reactive Equipment

Protection- 2
Protection considerations
• Bank Protection
• System protection
Power System Protection Lectures-

Protection-2; Copyright @2015
System Protection
Provided to protect:
• Capacitor bank from stresses which may be
caused by the system over voltages.


• Substation equipment from over voltages
caused by the capacitor bank.
Capacitor Bank configurations
• Externally Fused banks
• Fuseless banks
• Internally fused banks


Capacitor Unit Overvoltage
Capability
Reference - IEEE 1036
Voltage Duration
(Percentage of Rated)


110% Continuous
125% 30 minutes
130% 1 minute
140% 15 seconds
170% 1 second
200% 15 cycles
220% 6 cycles
Capacitor Unit Ratings As Per
IEEE Std 18
• Voltage - RMS (continuous): 110% of the rated value Crest
Voltage : 1.2 X Sq.Rt(2) of rated RMS voltage
• Current - 135% of nominal rating


• VAR: -0 to +15% of the rated value ( +10% for units
manufactured after year 2000) measured at 25 deg.C
• Temperature - -40 deg. C to +40 deg. C
• Max. continuous reactive output - 135% of the rated value
• Higher voltage
• harmonic voltages
• reactive tolerance
Externally Fused Bank

Voltage Based Protection Schemes
• Overvoltage Relay: Connected to the Bus PT
Trips capacitor bank if the voltage exceeds the capacitor bank
capability
• Voltage Differential Relay: detects loss of fuse or an element


The secondary voltage of Bus connected PT is compared with
the secondary voltage of a low voltage PT connected across the
bottom series group in externally fused grounded Y –Bank or
across the low voltage capacitor connected at the bottom of
each phase in fuseless bank.
Voltage Relay Connection

118.47 KV, 82.8 MVAR Grounded Banks
• Externally Fused Bank configuration
• Capacitor unit – 22.8 kV, 400 KVAR
• Number of Series Groups, S = 3
• Number of capacitor units in parallel, P=23


• Bus PT ratio: 69KV/115V = 600
• Low voltage PT, 22.8 kV/120 V =190 [connected across the
bottom series group].
Voltage Calculations –Externally
Fused Capacitor Bank
• For these calculations, the bus voltage is assumed to be
same as the bank voltage rating.
• Bus voltage -118.47 kV (68.4 kV phase to ground
voltage)


• Bus PT secondary voltage, VX = 68.4kV/PT Ratio
VX = 114V
• Voltage across the low voltage (Tap ) PT =22.8 kV
• LV PT secondary voltage, VY =22.8 kV/190 =120V
• Voltage ratio under normal condition, K =VX/VY
=114/120 =0.95
Bank Impedance
• 22.8 kV, 400KVAR capacitor unit
• Impedance of capacitor unit: KV2/(KVAR/1000)
ZC-UNIT =22.82/0.4 = 1299.6 ohms
Impedance of each series group = 1299.6/23 =56.5Ω


(23 units are in parallel)
Impedance of one phase (Three series groups) =169.51Ω
Phase current at rated voltage IC=(118.47kV*1000/√3)/(169.51) =
403.51A
Loss of one unit (one blown
fuse)
• With loss of one unit, Impedance of the group =1299.6/(23-1)
= 59.07 Ω
• Impedance of the phase =2*56.5 + 59.07 =172.07Ω
• Phase current =(118.47*1000/√3)/172.07 = 68400/172.07


• =397.51 Amps
• On loss one fuse, phase current decreases by
(403.51 -397.51) = ~ 6A
Voltage across the group =68400*(59.07/172.07) =23.481kV
(This can also be calculated as Z*Current=59.07*397.51
=23.481 kV)
Voltage increases by (23.481/22.8) = 1.03 PU (103%)
110% voltage limit
• Number of blown fuses in a group that will make the voltage
across remaining capacitor units is calculated.
• Loss of three units, Impedance of group = 1299.6/(20)
= 64.98 Ω


Voltage across this group = 68.4*64.98/( 64.98+2*56.5)
=24.97kV This is 109.6 % of the rated voltage
Overvoltage Protection
• The capacitor bank is disconnected
(tripped) if:
• The system voltage exceeds 110% of the
capacitor bank rated voltage.


• If the voltage across any capacitor unit
exceeds 110% of the nominal voltage.
• Detect blown fuse (loss of capacitor units)
and alarm before more fuses blow to reach
110% voltage limit.
• Alarm at loss of one unit, trip at loss of
three.
Voltage VY –Normal condition
• Normal condition with bus voltage at 118.47kV (PH-
PH)
• Vx = 114 V (PT secondary voltage)
Under normal condition,
• VY = 22.8 kV/190 =120 V

• One relay uses, 87V =|VX-KVY| =114 -0.95*120 =0V
Voltage VY – With One Blown Fuse
With one blown fuse in the bottom group
• VY =23.481kV/190 =123.58V
• 87V = |114 – 0.95*123.58| = 3.4V


• If the fuse is blown in any other group, the voltage across
the Low voltage (TAP) PT = 68.4*56.5/(172.07) =
22.459kV
• VY= 22.459kV/190 =118.2V
• 87V = |114-0.95*118.2| = 1.7V
Voltage VY for110% Voltage on
remaining Units
Voltage across this group = 68.4*64.98/(
64.98+2*56.5)
=24.97kV This is 109.6 % of the rated voltage
• VY =24.97kV/190 =131.42V

• 87V = |114 – 0.95*131.42| = 10.85V
• If fuses are blown in any other group, the voltage

across the Low voltage (TAP) PT =
68.4*56.5/(177.98) = 21.713kV
• VY= 21.713kV/190 =114.28V
• 87V = |114-0.95*114.28| = 5.43V
Criterion for Tripping
• Alarm for loss of one element or blown fuse if the voltage
across remaining elements or capacitor units is less than 110%
• Trip capacitor banks if the voltage across the healthy capacitor
units or elements exceed 110% of the rated value


Voltage Differential Protection
• Compares voltages across a tap in the bank with the bus voltage
• Unaffected by faults external to the bank
• Also referred to as unbalance protection

• Settings for 118.47 kV, 82.8 MVAR externally fused grounded Y
Bank:
• Alarm set to detect one blown fuse: 1.7V or about 80% of this value
• Trip set to 5.4 V
System Voltage and Bank Voltage
• System Maximum voltage is defined

by the standard:
• 69 kV ….. 72.5 kV

• 115 kV ….121KV (The new
standard is 124 kV)
• 230 kV….. 242.5 kV (or 245 kV in
the new standard)
Relay settings – Alarm setting
Voltage alarm and trip settings are calculated
based on maximum operating voltage as
per standards

In our example: Bank rating was 118.47kV,
System Max. assumed is 121 kV (older
substations)
Values at Max. System voltage
• 115 kV PT secondary voltage =[121000/√3]/600 =116.432V
• Current increase in the bank = 403.51*121/118.47 =412.13A
• Voltage across the group with three blown fuses
=64.98*384.31*121/118.47 = 25.05 kV (111.8% instead of

109.6% at the bank rated voltage)
• Voltage across healthy group would be
= 56.5*384.31*121/118.47 = 22.177 (instead of 21.713
kV at bank rated voltage) and Vy =116.72 V (instead of
114.278V at bank rated voltage)
• 87V = [116.432 -0.95*116.42]= (121/118.47)(114-
0.95*114.28) =1.0213*5.43V
Trip Setting
• The setting is reduced by a ratio of 118.47/121(=1.0213)
• 5.434/1.0213 = 5.32V

Overvoltage settings
• Maximum system voltage – 121 kV as per IEEE
standard for this example.
• Trip capacitor bank is bus voltage reaches 121kV
–This time delayed trip typically 15 seconds to

coordinate with transformer tap changer.
• Capacitors are switched in when the voltage goes
below 100% but before it reaches 95%.
• The sizing of the capacitor bank is based on
system strength.
Instantaneous Overvoltage
• Set Above system transient voltages – overvoltage on the
healthy phases for a single line to ground fault.
• Typically set above 120% of the system maximum voltage.

• Can be set as inverse voltage –time curve based on the table
Voltage Settings for Fuseless Bank
• 118 kV, 82.8 MVAR grounded Y bank.
• Rated current 403.5 A
• Capacitor unit: 11.4 kV, 575 KVAR unit; 5

series elements inside the unit.
• Number of capacitor units in a series
string: 6
• Number of strings in parallel: 8 per phase
• Total MVAR =575*6*8*3/1000 =82.8
MVAR
LV capacitor and PT ratios
• LV Capacitor: 825 V, 167KVAR {This is a 202A capacitor unit
with 4.075 ohms impedance}
• Number of LV capacitors in parallel =2 [to carry bank full load
current]

• Protection PT ratio: 850V/250V=3.4 V
Fuseless Grounded Y bank

Current is each string
• Same as the rated current of each capacitor unit =
575KVAR/11.4kV=50.438 A
• Note: This current is limited to less than 75 A
• Total current in LV capacitors =8*50.438 =403.508A

• Impedance of two LV capacitor units in parallel =4.0755/2
=2.03775 ohms
• Voltage across the PT =822.248V
• LV PT secondary voltage, VY = 241.837V
• Bus PT secondary voltage, VX= 114 V
Relay Voltages –Normal system
• VX= 114V
• VY=241.837 V
• K=0.47173
Normal condition:

• 87V =|114-0.4713*241.837| =0V
Relay Voltages –loss of one element
• Number of series elements =number of cap units in series*
number of series elements within a unit
• =6*5 =30
• With one element shorted, the increase in current = rated string

current*30/(30-1) =50.4*30/29=52.138A (numbers rounded
off to first decimal place)
• VX= 114V
• VY= [7*50.4A+52.138A]*2.03775 /3.4 =242.695V
• K=0.471 [Calculated with normal system condition]
• 87V =|114-0.4717*242.695| =0.479V
Trip setting:
• The voltage across series elements is 110% of the rated value.
• Nominal current is 50.4A
• Current in the string due to shorted elements =1.1*50.4
• (voltage across the remaining element is 110% of the nominal)

• Total current in the phase =7*50.4 +1.1*50.4 =408.24 V
• VY= 408.24*2.03775/3.4 =244.674V
• 87V =|114-0.4717*244.674| = 1.412V
Bank Lockout Operation
• Capacitor bank is locked out only for faults
within the bank – Short circuit or unbalance
protection.
• The capacitor breaker is opened if the voltage of


the system exceeds either the max. operating
voltage limit or 110% of the capacitor bank
voltage rating.
Overcurrent Relays
• Provides protection against major faults.
• Time overcurrent - P.U.: 135% of nominal

phase current for grounded wye banks or


125% for ungrounded banks. Extremely
inverse characteristic is used.
Bank Breaker Failure Protection
Phase Current Pick up: 50% of the capacitor


bank normal rated current.
Protection of Grounded –Y Capacitor Banks
– Neutral Unbalance Relay
Capacitor Bank –externally fused (Could also be

Fuseless)


59N – Simple overvoltage relay or unbalance/
capacitor control relay
Additional PT and a switching device (circuit
breaker) are required if capacitors are
switched in and out for voltage control.
Neutral Unbalance Protection-
Externally fused Bank
• From the previous example [82.8 MVAR, 118 kV
capacitor bank], Loss of one capacitor unit will create an
unbalance current of 6.02 A.
• Typical Neutral CT ratio 25:5 =5.


• Voltage across the resistor ( assume 1.5 ohm) = 1.204
volts.
• Voltage across resistor with loss of three units =5.76 V ;
[ unbalance primary current =19.22A].
• The relay is set to pick up at 5.4 V.
• The operating time is set high for slow relay operation.
Neutral Unbalance Protection-
Fuseless Bank
• 10% increase in current=0.1*50.4/5=1.008A
• Voltage across 1.5 ohms resistor =1.512 V


Protecting Relay Against Transients
• To avoid excessive voltage across the relay, MOVs are
installed.
• Lockout relay contact is used across the CT to short the
secondary after the relay operates.
• Protection gap (0.064’’) across primary of aux. CT, protects


wound CT against high switching currents.
Reference
• C37.99-2012 “IEEE Guide for the Protection of
Shunt Capacitor Banks”.
• IEEE Std 18-2012, “IEEE Standard for Shunt
Power Capacitors”.


• IEEE 1036 –2010 Application of Shunt Power
Capacitors.

Lectures - Shunt Reactive Protection

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Power System Protection

Shunt Reactive Equipment

Power System Protection Lectures-

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• If fuses are blown in any other group, the voltage

Shunt Reactive Equipment

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• System Maximum voltage is defined

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