Acids and Bases

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

QUARTER 4 – LESSON 4
- Define Bronsted acids and bases
(STEM_GC11ABIVf-g-153).
- Discuss the acid-base property of water
(STEM_GC11ABIVf-g-154)
At the end of the lesson, the learners are expected to:
1. Describe Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases, and
the acid-base properties of water.
2. Classify substances as Bronsted-Lowry acid with
its conjugate base, and Bronsted base and its
conjugate acids.
3. Recognize the importance of understanding
Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases.
PRE-TEST:
1. According to Bronsted-Lowry, a base is defined
as __________.
A. an electron-pair acceptor
B. a hydroxide donor
C. a proton acceptor
D. a proton donor
PRE-TEST:
2. According to Bronsted-Lowry, an acid is
defined as __________.
A. an electron-pair acceptor
B. a hydroxide donor
C. a proton acceptor
D. a proton donor
PRE-TEST:
3. Which of the following is an example of an
acid-base reaction?
PRE-TEST:
4. Which of the following species could be a
Bronsted-Lowry base?
A. Cl-
B. Both A & B
C. LiOH
D. A only
PRE-TEST:
5. Identify the acid in the following reaction
 Acids and Bases around us

1. It is called muriatic acid in industry

and is used to remove rust and paint
from metals and concrete.

NaOH NH4OH CH3COOH HCl H2SO4

 Acids and Bases around us

2. The acid in vinegar.

NaOH NH4OH CH3COOH H2SO4

 Acids and Bases around us

3. It is used in soap manufacture and

paper production.

NaOH NH4OH H2SO4

 Acids and Bases around us

4. It is ammonia dissolved in water.

NH4OH H2SO4
 Acids and Bases around us

5. Acid found in automobile batteries.

H2SO4
Property Property
Taste Sour Taste Bitter
Smell Frequently burn nose Smell Usually, no smell
Texture Sticky except NH3
Reactivity Frequently react with Texture Slippery
metals to form H2 Reactivity React with many oils
and fats
 Arrhenius Theory

Bronsted-Lowry Theory
 Arrhenius Theory
• Svante Arrhenius

ACIDS: produce hydrogen ions (H+) in water

BASES: produce hydroxide ions (OH-) in water
NEUTRALIZATION:
an acid neutralizes a base
𝑯+ (𝒂𝒒) + 𝑶𝑯− (𝒂𝒒) → 𝑯𝟐 𝑶(𝒍)
 Arrhenius Theory
• Svante Arrhenius
NEUTRALIZATION:
an acid neutralizes a base
𝑯+ (𝒂𝒒) + 𝑶𝑯− (𝒂𝒒) → 𝑯𝟐 𝑶(𝒍)
aq means aqueous (ey-kwee-uhs)
From a Latin word aqua which means water
 Arrhenius Acids and Bases
Arrhenius acid increases the concentration of
H+ ions in aqueous solution.
+ −
In general: 𝑯𝑨(𝒂𝒒) → 𝑯 (𝒂𝒒) +𝑨 (𝒂𝒒)

For example, when HCl is added to water:

𝑯𝑪𝒍(𝒂𝒒) → 𝑯 + + 𝑪𝒍 −
(𝒂𝒒) (𝒂𝒒)
 Arrhenius Acids and Bases
Arrhenius base increases the concentration of
OH- ions in aqueous solution.
+ −
In general: 𝑩𝑶𝑯(𝒂𝒒) → 𝑩 (𝒂𝒒) + 𝑶𝑯 (𝒂𝒒)

For example, when NaOH is added to water:

+ −
𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯(𝒂𝒒) → 𝑵𝒂 (𝒂𝒒) + 𝑶𝑯 (𝒂𝒒)
Limitations of Arrhenius Theory
• H+ cannot exist as an ion in water.
The positive H+ ions are attracted to the
polar water molecules forming
HYDRONIUM ions or H3O+(aq)

+ +
𝑯 (𝒂𝒒) + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶(𝒍) → 𝑯𝟑 𝑶 (𝒂𝒒)
Limitations of Arrhenius Theory
• NH3 dissolves in water to produce a base.
According to Arrhenius, only H+ and
–
OH - containing compounds can be acids or bases.
This isn’t always true.
+ −
𝑵𝑯𝟑 (𝒈) + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶(𝒍) → 𝑵𝑯𝟒 (𝒂𝒒) + 𝑶𝑯 (𝒂𝒒)
Limitations of Arrhenius Theory
• The acids and bases must be in aqueous solutions
(ie. water), but acid-base reactions can occur in
other solvents.

Arrhenius theory can explain only aqueous

acids and bases.
Limitations of Arrhenius Theory
• Arrhenius theory could not explain why salt having
+ –
no H or OH still exhibit the property of an acid or
a base upon dissolving in water.
In 1923, Johannes Bronsted and Thomas Lowry
proposed new definitions of acid and bases.

Bronsted Lowry
 Bronsted Lowry

Bronsted – Lowry theory states that the strength of an

acid is measured by its tendency to donate protons,
while the strength of a base is measured by its tendency
to accept protons.
Acid: a substance that is capable of transferring protons
Base: a substance that is capable of accepting protons
 Acid-Base Reaction
Acid - donates a proton

− +
𝑯𝑪𝒍 + 𝑵𝑯𝟑 → 𝑪𝒍 + 𝑵𝑯𝟒
Base - accepts a proton
 Water is amphoteric
which means it can act as both a
Bronsted-Lowry Acid and a
Bronsted-Lowry Base
 Water is amphoteric

Derived from the Greek word amphoteroi

meaning both

Literal meaning is partly one and partly the other,

specifically capable of reacting chemically either as an
acid or a base.
Water as Bronsted-Lowry acid
accepts a proton

+ −
𝑵𝑯𝟑 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 ⇌ 𝑵𝑯𝟒 + 𝑶𝑯
donates a proton
Water as Bronsted-Lowry base
donates a proton

+ −
𝑯𝑪𝒍 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 ⇌ 𝑯𝟑 𝑶 + 𝑪𝒍
accepts a proton
Conjugate Acid-Base Pair
• Two particles (molecules or ions) that differ by one
proton are called a conjugate acid-base pair.
Conjugate Acid-Base Pair
A reaction of HCl with NH3
Product formed after losing H+

+ −
𝑯𝑪𝒍 + 𝑵𝑯𝟑 → 𝑵𝑯𝟒 + 𝑪𝒍
Bronsted Conjugate
Product formed
acid base
after gaining H+
Bronsted Conjugate
base acid

HCl / Cl– NH3 / NH4–

Conjugate Acid-Base Pair

+ −
𝑯𝑵𝑶𝟑 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 → 𝑯𝟑 𝑶 + 𝑵𝑶𝟑
Bronsted Conjugate
acid base
Bronsted Conjugate
base acid
Label each reactant as A1 for Bronsted-Lowry acid or B1
for Bronsted-Lowry base and each product as CA, for
conjugate acid or CB for conjugate base. Then, write the
conjugate acid-base pair.

1. 𝐻𝐹 + 𝐻2 𝑂 ⇌ 𝐻3 𝑂+ + 𝐹 −
−
2. 𝐻𝐶𝑁 + 𝐻2 𝑃𝑂4 ⇌ 𝐶𝑁 − + 𝐻3 𝑃𝑂4
3. 𝐻𝑆 − + 𝑂𝐻− ⇌ 𝑆 −2 + 𝐻2 𝑂
−2 −
4. 𝑆𝑂4 + 𝐻2 𝑂 ⇌ 𝐻𝑆𝑂4 + 𝑂𝐻−
+ −
5. 𝑁𝐻4 + 𝑁𝑂3 ⇌ 𝐻𝑁𝑂3 + 𝑁𝐻3
Classify the following as acid or base.
1. shampoo
2. rice
3. toothpaste
4. feminine wash
5. soap

• Cite a scenario or an experience where you can be an

amphoteric? (accept or donate)
Complete the paragraph below.

Bronsted-Lowry defined an acid as a ______ donor and

base as a proton ________. A __________ will be formed after
an acid donates a proton and a _________ will be formed after a
base accepts proton. Since water can act both an acid and a
base, it could be acid and a base known as _________.
Directions: Choose the best answer. Write the letter of your
choice in your notebook.

1. Which of the following is a conjugate acid-base pair?

2. Water is can act either as an acid or a base. Which of the
following equation represents water reacting as an acid?
3. Substances that react with both acids and bases are called
___.
A. amphoteric C. conjugate base
B. conjugate acids D. neutral
4. The product formed by loss of a proton from an acid is
called ___.
A. Bronsted acid C. conjugate acid
B. Bronsted base D. conjugate base
5. The product formed by gain of a proton from an acid is
called __.
A. Bronsted acid C. conjugate acid
B. Bronsted base D. conjugate base