Beirut Arab University BAU

Principle of Chemistry
CHEM 241
Chapter 1: Introduction

Course coordinator:
Dr. Mohamad El Eter

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Dr. Mohamad El Eter Biography
2003: Master 1 degree in general chemistry. Lebanese University
2004: Master degree in Organic Chemistry (DEA). University of Lyon (France).
2004-2008: Ph.D. in Inorganic Chemistry and Materials Sciences.
Title : “Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of New precursors for MO2
(M=Zr, Hf) thin films deposit by LI-MOCVD”. University of Lyon (France).
2008-2009: Post-doctoral research associate at the Materiaux team (IRCELYON)
and Air Liquide, Lyon (France).
January 2010-January 2013: Post-doctoral research associate at the KAUST
Catalysis Center.
January 2013- January 2016: Research Scientist at the KAUST Catalysis Center.
From January 2016: Associate professor at BAU, Lebanese University, LIU.

Scientific Productions: 3 Patents, 11 publications, 22 participations in

international conferences. 2
Principle of Chemistry Chem241
Aim of the course:
The aim of this course is to provide a foundation of chemical principle.
Topics include: State of matter and measurement, Atoms, Molecules,
Ions, Moles, Nomenclature, Stoichiometry and Chemical reactions,
Quantitative and calculation. Periodic table, Atomic structure, Periodic
properties of the elements, Chemical bonding, Molecular structure will
also be included with the Properties of solutions, Aqueous reactions and
Solution stoichiometry. Thermochemistry and Chemical
thermodynamics, Chemical Kinetics, Chemical Equilibrium, acids, base
and ionic equilibria, Electrochemistry, Nuclear chemistry and
Coordination chemistry.
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What is chemistry?
Chemistry is the study of substances in terms of

Composition: What a material it made of

Structure:How the elementary particles are put together

Properties: The characteristics of the material

Reactions: How it behave with other substances

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What is chemistry?
The study of:
• the composition (make-up) of matter

• the changes that matter undergoes

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Chemistry is everywhere??

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Chemistry is everywhere??
Chemical reactions happen when
• a car is started
• fertilizer is added to help plants grow
• food is digested
• electricity is produced from burning natural gas
• rust is formed on iron nails

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Chemistry is everywhere??
• glass (SiO2)n
• metal alloys
• chemically treated water
• plastics and polymers
• baking soda, NaHCO3
• foods
• fertilizers and pesticides

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 Chemistry is everywhere??

1999

2009

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Elements and Compounds

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Chemical Reaction

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Classification of Matter
4 Physical States: solid, liquid, gas, plasma
Solid:
Fixed shape and fixed volume;
Atoms tightly packed together

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Classification of Matter
Liquid:
No fixed shape but maintains a fixed volume
Atoms loosely packed together, slide around each other

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Classification of Matter
Gas:
No fixed shape or volume
Atoms not really associated with neighbors at all

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Classification of Matter

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States of Matter

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 States of Matter
Gases, liquids and solids are all made up of microscopic particles, but the behaviors
of these particles differ in the three phases. The following figure illustrates the
microscopic differences.

Microscopic view of a gas. Microscopic view of a liquid. Microscopic view of a solid.

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States of Matter

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Properties of Matter

Chemical properties are exhibited by matter as it

undergoes changes in composition. These properties of
substances are related to the kinds of chemical changes
that the substances undergo.

All substances also exhibit physical properties that can

be observed in the absence of any change in
composition. Color, density, hardness, melting point,
boiling point, and electrical and thermal conductivities
are physical properties.

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Properties of Matter
Physical Properties = Chemical Properties
characteristics of a material describe how a material reacts
Color with another type of matter
Mass Ability to burn
Temperature Ability to rust / corrode
Odor Ability to make a solution acidic
or basic
Density
Lack of ability to react with
Solubility something
Conductivity (heat or electrical)
Freezing/boiling point
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Properties of Matter
• physical – measured without changing substance, e.g.
physical state, color, odor, density, boiling point
• chemical – describes a substance’s reactivity, e.g.
flammability, corrosiveness
• extensive – depends on the amount of matter present, e.g.
mass, volume
• intensive – does not depend on the amount of matter present,
e.g. density, color, temperature

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Changes in Matter
Physical Changes = Chemical Changes =
a change in a physical changes that alter the identity of a
property; does NOT change material, a change in the chemical
the chemical composition composition or atomic arrangement
of the material
or atomic arrangement of
the material • Wood burns in air to produce CO2
and H2O
• Increase in temperature • Cooking an egg (change
• Phase changes molecular structure of the
• Cutting into smaller proteins, loss of water)
pieces • Formation of rust (iron to iron
oxide) 26
Properties of Matter

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 Changes in Matter
• Example of a Chemical Change: The Electrolysis of Water (H2O)

Particulate
Viewpoint

Oxygen Gas
Hydrogen Gas
Negative Electrode Positive Electrode

2H2O 2H2 + O2

The Chemical Identity of Water ( H2O ) is changed into the elements Hydrogen ( H2 ) and
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Oxygen ( O2 )
Properties of Matter

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 Changes in Matter
Chemical Reactions: “ Process in which one or more pure substances are converted to one
or more different pure substances “

Reactants: “ Substances that undergo change in a chemical reaction “

 Reactants are on the left side of the chemical equation

Products: “ Substances formed as the result of a chemical reaction “

 Products are on the right side of the chemical equation

Reactants Products

Hydrogen + Oxygen Water

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Exercises
Do these statements describe chemical or physical properties?

(a) Oxygen gas supports combustion.

(b) Uranium radioactive decay.
(c) Water boils below 100 C on top of a mountain.
(d) Lead is denser than aluminum.

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Classifications of Matter

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Classifications of Matter

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Classifications of Matter

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Classifications of Matter

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Classifications of Matter

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Classifications of Matter

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Classifications of Matter

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Exercise
Classify each of these substances as an element or a compound:
(a) hydrogen,
(b) water,
(c) gold,
(d) sugar.
(e) sodium chloride (table salt),
(f) helium,
(g) alcohol,
(h) platinum.

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Measurement

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Measurement

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Measurement

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Exercise

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Measurement
Common types of laboratory equipment used to measure liquid volumes

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Measurement
Uncertainty in Measurement
• A digit that must be estimated is called uncertain.

• A measurement always has some degree of uncertainty.

• Record the certain digits and the first uncertain digit (the
estimated number).

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Measurement
Measurement of Volume Using a Buret
• The volume is read at the bottom of the
liquid curve (meniscus).

• Meniscus of the liquid occurs at about 20.15

mL.
 Certain digits: 20.15
 Uncertain digit: 20.15

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Measurement
Precision and Accuracy
•All scientific measures are subject to error.

•These errors are reflected in the number of figures reported for the measurement.

•These errors are also reflected in the observation that two successive measures of the

same quantity are different.

Precision and Accuracy

•Measurements that are close to the “correct” value are accurate.

•Measurements that are close to each other are precise.

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 Measurement
Precision and Accuracy

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 Measurement
Significant Figures and Calculations
In chemistry, Significant figures are the digits of value which carry meaning
towards the resolution of the measurement. They are also called significant
figures in chemistry.

Rules for Significant Figures:

Rule 1: Non-zero digits are always significant.
Rule 2 : Captive zeros, zeros between two significant digits are significant.
Rule 3: Trailing zeros, zeros at the end of a number in the decimal portion ONLY
are significant
Rule 4: Leading zeros, zeros that precede a number ARE NOT counted significant

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Captive Zero Trailing Zero Leading Zero

Zeros in between non- 101.001 6

zero digits are 41003 5
significant.
Zeros at the end of the 500 1
answer 13000 2
when no decimal point 140 2
is specified are not
significant.
Zeros at the end of the 500. 3
answer when a decimal 5.0 2
point is specified are 2.000 4
significant. 8.20000 6
Captive Zero Trailing Zero Leading Zero
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Measurement
Significant Figures in Mathematical operations

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Measurement
Significant Figures in Mathematical operations

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Measurement
Significant Figures in Mathematical operations

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Examples:
Calculate the answers to the appropriate number of significant figures.
32.567 + 135.0 +1.4567 = 169.0
32.567 658.0
658.0 + 23.5478 + 1345.29 = 2026.8 +
+ 135.0 23.5478
1.4567 1345.29
23.7 x 3.8 = 90.
169.0237 2026.8378
81.04 x 0.010 = 0.81

1.678 / 0.42 = 4.0 23.7 x 3.8 = 90.06

4278 / 1.006 = 4252 Least number of significant figure is 2 so
the answer is 90.
1.678 / 0.42 = 3.99
Least number of significant figure is 2 so
the answer after rounding is 4.0
Significant Figures Worksheet
1. Indicate how many significant figures there are in each of the following measured values.
246.32 ____5______________ 1.008 _____4_______ 45.76 x 0.25 = 11.44; Least number of significant figure is 3
107.854____6______________ 0.00340 _____3_______ so the answer after rounding is 11
100.3 ____4______________ 14.600 _____5_______ 6.47 x 64.5 = 411.315; Least number of significant figure is
0.678 ____3______________ 0.0001 _____1_______ 3 so the answer after rounding is 411
700000 ____1______________ 1.0000 _____5_______
28.367 / 3.74 = 7.5847; Least number of significant figure is
350.670 ____6_____________ 320001 _____6_______ 3 so the answer after rounding is 7.58
2. Calculate the answers to the appropriate number of significant figures.
45.76 x 0.25 = ____________ 6.47 x 64.5= __________ 28.367 / 3.74 = ___________

43.678 x 64.1 = __________ 974.59 / 14.2 = ________ 246 x 1.5 = ___________

43.678 x 64.1 = 2799.75; Least number of significant figure is 3 so the answer after rounding is 2.80 *103

974.59 / 14.2 = 68.633; Least number of significant figure is 3 so the answer after rounding is 68.6

246 x 1.5 = 369; Least number of significant figure is 2 so the answer after rounding is 370