Педіатрії (pedia…)

05th June – 09th June 2023.

1.
Answer:-
Filling out documentation in the reception department of the hospital.
 When filling out documentation in the reception department of a hospital, there are several important steps
to follow are as following:-
i. Gather necessary forms:
• Make sure you have all the required documentation and forms needed for the patient
registration process.
• These may include patient information forms, consent forms, insurance forms, and any
other relevant paperwork.

ii. Welcome the patient:

• Greet the patient in a friendly and professional manner.
• Make them feel comfortable and let them know that you are there to assist them with the
registration process.

iii. Verify patient information:

• Ask the patient to provide their identification documents, such as a driver's license or ID
card.
• Confirm their personal details, including their full name, date of birth, address, and contact
information.
• Update any outdated or incorrect information.

iv. Medical history and insurance information:

• Ask the patient to fill out a medical history form.
• This form typically includes questions about the patient’s previous medical conditions,
allergies, medications, and surgeries.
• Additionally, collect their insurance information, including the insurance provider, policy
number, and group number.

v. Explain privacy policies:

• Inform the patient about the hospital's privacy policies and obtain their consent for the use
and disclosure of their protected health information.
• This step is crucial to ensure compliance with HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act) regulations .

vi. Complete the forms:

• Assist the patient in filling out the necessary forms.
• If they have any questions or require clarification, provide them with the appropriate
information or direct them to the relevant staff member.

vii. Review and verify:

• Double-check all the information provided by the patient.

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 • Ensure that the forms are completed accurately and legibly. If you notice any discrepancies
or missing information, politely ask the patient to provide the required details.

viii. Obtain signatures:

• Once all the forms are completed, request the patient's signature on each relevant
document.
• This confirms that they have provided accurate information and have understood the terms
and conditions.

ix. Provide copies:

• Make copies of the completed forms for the patient's records and for the hospital's files.
• Give the originals back (but, in many hospitals original copies are given back during
discharging of patients) to the patient, along with any additional documents they may need,
such as appointment cards or informational brochures .

x. Offer assistance and answer questions:

• Before concluding the registration process, ask the patient if they have any further
questions or require additional assistance.
• Provide them with any relevant information regarding their visit, such as the location of the
department they are visiting or any specific instructions they need to follow.

 Remember to handle all patient information with the most confidentiality and respect their privacy rights.
 If encounter any difficulties or specific situations, don't hesitate to seek guidance from supervisor or the
appropriate department within the hospital.

2. Inspection techniques for scabies and pediculosis. Sanitary treatment of sick

children.
Answer:-
 Inspecting for scabies and pediculosis (head lice) involves careful examination of the affected individual's
skin and hair.

Scabies Inspection:
i. Adequate lighting: Ensure you have sufficient lighting to examine the skin clearly.
ii. Examine the whole body: Check the entire body for signs of scabies, paying particular attention
to areas such as the wrists, elbows, armpits, waistline, genital area, and the spaces between fingers and
toes.
iii. Look for characteristic signs: Scabies often presents as small, red, itchy bumps or burrows on
the skin. These burrows appear as thin, wavy, grayish-white or skin-colored lines.
iv. Check for secondary infections: Due to scratching, scabies lesions can become infected. Look
for signs of infection such as redness, swelling, warmth, or discharge.

Pediculosis Inspection:
i. Use a fine-toothed comb: Comb through the individual's hair using a fine-toothed lice comb.
Divide the hair into sections and comb from the roots to the ends. Comb each section multiple times to
remove lice and nits (lice eggs).
ii. Look for lice and nits: Inspect the comb and hair strands for live lice or nits. Adult lice are small,
wingless insects that are tan to grayish-white in color. Nits are tiny, oval-shaped eggs attached to the hair
shafts, usually close to the scalp.

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 iii. Check behind the ears and nape of the neck: Lice and nits tend to infest these areas
more commonly, so carefully examine these regions.

Sanitary Treatment of Sick Children: When it comes to providing sanitary treatment for sick
children, the following practices are generally recommended:
i. Hand hygiene: Encourage children to wash their hands regularly with soap and water, especially
after using the toilet, before meals, and after coughing or sneezing. Teach them proper handwashing
techniques, including washing for at least 20 seconds.
ii. Isolation and hygiene precautions: If a child has a contagious condition, ensure they are
appropriately isolated from other children to prevent the spread of the illness. Provide them with tissues
or disposable wipes for coughing or sneezing, and encourage them to cover their mouth and nose.
iii. Disinfection of surfaces: Clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces, toys, and equipment
regularly to minimize the risk of transmission. Use appropriate disinfectants as recommended by
healthcare guidelines.
iv. Laundering of bedding and clothing: Wash the child's bedding, clothing, and other fabric
items using hot water and detergent. Dry them thoroughly using high heat to eliminate any potential
pathogens.
v. Personal hygiene assistance: If necessary, help the child with their personal hygiene activities,
such as bathing or brushing their teeth, ensuring a clean and hygienic environment.
vi. Vaccination: Ensure that sick children are up-to-date with their immunizations to protect them from
vaccine-preventable diseases and reduce the risk of spreading infections.

 Always follow the specific guidelines and protocols established by healthcare professionals and the hospital
or healthcare facility where you are working.

 These recommendations may vary depending on the specific circumstances and the policies in place.

3.
Answer:-
Technique of transporting sick children in a pediatric hospital.

Transporting sick children within a pediatric hospital requires special care and attention to ensure their safety and
well-being; are as following:
i. Prepare the child: Before transport, ensure that the child is medically stable for transfer. If
necessary, administer any prescribed medications or treatments, and address immediate needs such as pain
relief or oxygen therapy.
ii. Communication: Maintain effective communication with the healthcare team involved in the transfer
process. This includes doctors, nurses, and other staff members who may accompany or assist during the
transport.
iii. Transport equipment: Depending on the child's condition, you may need specific equipment for
safe transportation. This can include a transport stretcher or bed, monitoring devices (such as cardiac
monitors or pulse oximeters), oxygen supply, and any other necessary medical equipment.
iv. Clear the pathway: Before moving the child, ensure that the pathway is clear of obstacles and that
there are no potential hazards in the transport route. This includes ensuring that doorways, corridors, and
elevators are accessible and free from clutter.
v. Positioning and immobilization: Proper positioning and immobilization are crucial during
transport to prevent any further injury or discomfort to the child. Use appropriate supports, such as pillows
or cushions, to maintain a comfortable and secure position. Ensure that any medical devices, such as IV lines
or monitoring leads, are properly secured to avoid dislodgement.

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 vi. Accompanying personnel: Depending on the child's condition and the complexity of the
transport, it may be necessary to have additional healthcare personnel accompany the child during the
transfer. This can include nurses, respiratory therapists, or doctors who can provide continuous monitoring
and support.
vii. Communication with the child: Engage with the child during the transport process, explaining
what is happening and reassuring them. Use age-appropriate communication techniques to reduce anxiety
and fear. Provide distraction or comforting measures, such as allowing a favorite toy or blanket to accompany
the child.
viii. Maintain infection control: Follow strict infection control protocols during the transport
process. This includes wearing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and masks,
and ensuring proper hand hygiene before and after contact with the child.
ix. Smooth and gentle movements: During transport, move the child smoothly and gently, taking
care to avoid sudden jerks or movements that could cause discomfort or pain.
x. Documentation: Document the details of the transport, including the child's condition before and
after transfer, any medications administered, and any observations made during the transport. This
information is important for continuity of care and communication between healthcare providers.

 Remember that every child's situation is unique, and specific protocols and procedures may vary depending
on the hospital and the child's condition.
 It is important to follow the guidance and instructions provided by the healthcare team involved in the child's
care to ensure a safe and successful transport.

4.
Answer:-
Technique of wet cleaning of wards.

 Wet cleaning of wards in a healthcare facility is essential to maintain a clean and hygienic environment for
patients; are as following:
i. Gather supplies: Collect all the necessary cleaning supplies before starting. This typically includes a
mop, bucket, cleaning solution, disinfectant, microfiber cloths, gloves, and personal protective equipment
(PPE) like goggles and aprons.
ii. Prepare the cleaning solution: Dilute the appropriate cleaning solution according to the
manufacturer's instructions. Different surfaces may require different cleaning solutions, so choose the one
suitable for the specific area being cleaned.
iii. Clear the area: Remove any objects, equipment, or furniture from the area to be cleaned. This ensures
that you have unobstructed access to all surfaces.
iv. Dusting: Before wet cleaning, perform a quick dusting of surfaces using a microfiber cloth or a duster.
Start from higher surfaces, such as shelves or cabinets, and work your way down to lower areas.
v. Floor cleaning: Begin by wet mopping the floors. Dip the mop into the prepared cleaning solution,
wring out excess liquid, and mop the floor using a figure-eight motion. Pay attention to corners and hard-to-
reach areas. For heavily soiled areas, scrub gently using a brush or scrubber.
vi. High-touch surfaces: Focus on cleaning high-touch surfaces, such as doorknobs, light switches,
handrails, and countertops. Apply the cleaning solution to a microfiber cloth and wipe these surfaces
thoroughly. If the surfaces are visibly soiled, use gentle scrubbing motions to remove dirt or stains.
vii. Furniture and equipment: Clean furniture and equipment using appropriate cleaning solutions or
disinfectants. Wipe down surfaces with a cloth dampened with the cleaning solution, paying attention to
armrests, handles, and other frequently touched areas.
viii. Toilets and bathrooms: Clean toilets, sinks, and bathroom fixtures using disinfectants. Apply the
disinfectant to the surfaces, allowing it to sit for the recommended contact time to effectively kill germs.

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 Scrub the surfaces, including toilet bowls and sinks, using brushes or scrubbers. Rinse thoroughly after
cleaning.
ix. Waste disposal: Empty trash bins and dispose of waste following the facility's waste management
protocols. Replace trash bin liners as necessary.
x. Ventilation and air circulation: Ensure proper ventilation in the ward by opening windows or
using ventilation systems. This helps remove odors and improve air quality.
xi. Safety measures: While cleaning, follow safety guidelines and use appropriate PPE to protect yourself
from chemical exposure or potential hazards.
xii. Regular cleaning schedule: Develop a routine cleaning schedule to ensure regular wet cleaning of
wards. Regular cleaning helps maintain cleanliness, reduces the risk of infections, and promotes a
comfortable environment for patients.

 Remember to follow any specific protocols or guidelines provided by your healthcare facility for cleaning and
disinfection.
 These may include additional steps or considerations specific to the facility's infection control policies.

5.
Answer:-
Technique of changing bed linen.

 Changing bed linen is an important task in maintaining cleanliness and comfort in healthcare settings.
 Step-by-step technique for changing bed linen are as following:
i. Gather supplies: Collect clean bed sheets, pillowcases, blankets, and any other necessary items such
as mattress protectors or bed pads. Ensure that the linens are appropriate for the bed size and in good
condition.
ii. Prepare the bed: Start by lowering the bed to a safe and comfortable height, ensuring that the brakes
are engaged. If the bed has side rails, ensure they are in the raised position for safety.
iii. Communicate with the patient: If the patient is able to participate, inform them about the linen
change and request their cooperation. Respect the patient's privacy and dignity throughout the process.
iv. Put on gloves: Wear disposable gloves to maintain hygiene and prevent cross-contamination.
v. Loosen and remove the soiled linens: Begin by untucking the bottom sheet from under the
mattress. Loosen the top sheet and blanket, folding them back towards the foot of the bed. Carefully roll the
soiled linens away from the patient, taking care to avoid contact with any contaminants.
vi. Clean the patient's skin: If necessary, take this opportunity to provide basic hygiene care to the
patient, such as wiping their face, hands, or other body areas. Use gentle and appropriate techniques based
on the patient's condition and abilities.
vii. Place clean linens: Start by placing the clean bottom sheet on the bed, ensuring that it is centered
and properly aligned with the mattress. Tuck the sheet firmly under the mattress, ensuring a snug fit.
viii. Add additional layers: If required, add any additional layers such as a mattress protector or bed
pad. These items help protect the mattress and maintain cleanliness.
ix. Add the top sheet and blanket: Place the clean top sheet over the bottom sheet, ensuring it is
centered and properly aligned with the bed. Tuck the sheet firmly under the mattress at the foot of the bed. If
using a blanket, place it on top of the sheet, ensuring it covers the patient adequately.
x. Tuck and secure: Tuck in the sides of the sheets and blankets, ensuring they are neatly tucked under
the mattress. Smooth out any wrinkles or creases for a comfortable and tidy appearance.
xi. Place the pillowcases: Slide clean pillowcases onto the pillows and fluff them to the desired level of
comfort.

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 xii. Adjust the bed: Raise the bed to a comfortable height for the patient, ensuring they have easy access to
the bed controls. Double-check that all bed rails are properly raised and secured.
xiii. Dispose of soiled linens: Gather the soiled linens and dispose of them according to the facility's
guidelines for handling contaminated linens. Use proper infection control measures during this process.
xiv. Hand hygiene: After completing the bed linen change, remove and discard gloves properly. Perform
hand hygiene according to recommended protocols.

 Remember to follow any specific protocols or guidelines provided by your healthcare facility for changing bed
linen.
 These instructions provide a general technique, but individual facilities may have additional steps or
considerations based on their infection control policies and patient needs.

6.
Answer:-
The technique of attaching the child to the breast.

 Attaching a child to the breast, also known as latching, is an important aspect of successful breastfeeding.
 Step-by-step technique for attaching a child to the breast are as following:-
i. Positioning: Find a comfortable and supportive position for both you and the baby. This can be sitting
up with pillows for support or lying down on your side. Ensure that your back is well-supported, and you are
relaxed.
ii. Baby's position: Bring the baby close to your body, facing your breast. Align the baby's body, including
the nose and chest, to face your breast directly. The baby's body should be in a straight line, with no twisting
of the neck or body.
iii. Baby's mouth and nose alignment: Position the baby's mouth level with your nipple, aiming
for the baby's nose to be in line with your nipple or slightly away. This encourages the baby to tilt their head
back slightly, making it easier for them to latch.
iv. C-hold technique: Use your hand to form a "C" shape around the breast, with the thumb on top and
the rest of your fingers supporting the breast underneath. This helps guide the baby's mouth to the nipple and
areola.
v. Stimulate the baby's mouth: Gently stroke the baby's upper lip with your nipple to stimulate
their rooting reflex. The baby will open their mouth wide, with their tongue down and jaw dropped.
vi. Latching: When the baby's mouth is wide open, bring the baby to your breast, ensuring that their mouth
covers a large portion of the areola along with the nipple. The baby's lips should be flanged outward, with the
bottom lip covering more of the areola than the top lip.
vii. Check for a deep latch: Observe the baby's mouth to ensure they have a deep latch. Look for the
baby's tongue to be extended over the lower gum and visible under the breast, with minimal or no clicking
sounds during nursing. The baby's chin should be touching the breast, and there should be no pain or
discomfort for the mother during nursing.
viii. Feeding cues: Watch for signs that the baby is actively sucking and swallowing milk, such as rhythmic
sucking motions and swallowing sounds. The baby's cheeks should appear full and rounded during feeding.
ix. Comfort and support: Make sure you are in a comfortable position throughout the feeding and
provide additional support with pillows or cushions as needed.
x. Burping: After a feeding session, burp the baby by holding them upright or gently patting their back to
release any swallowed air.

 Remember that each breastfeeding experience is unique, and it may take practice and patience to achieve a
good latch.

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  If encounter difficulties or concerns with breastfeeding, seek support from a lactation consultant or a
healthcare professional who can provide guidance and assistance.

7.
Answer:-
Technique of feeding a baby from a bottle.

 Feeding a baby from a bottle can be a practical and convenient way to provide nutrition; are as following:
i. Gather supplies: Ensure you have all the necessary supplies ready, including a clean bottle,
appropriate formula or expressed breast milk, bottle nipples suitable for the baby's age, and burp cloths.
ii. Prepare the formula or breast milk: Follow the instructions provided by the formula
manufacturer or healthcare professional to prepare the formula or warm the expressed breast milk to an
appropriate temperature. Test the temperature of the liquid on the inside of your wrist to ensure it's not too
hot.
iii. Positioning: Find a comfortable and supported position for both you and the baby. It could be sitting
upright with the baby cradled in your arms or using a specialized feeding pillow to support the baby. Ensure
your back is well-supported and that you can maintain eye contact with the baby.
iv. Hold the bottle: Hold the bottle in one hand, ensuring that the nipple is filled with milk and that there
are no air bubbles trapped inside. Tilt the bottle slightly so that the nipple is filled with milk to prevent the
baby from swallowing air.
v. Encourage the baby's interest: Stroke the baby's lips with the nipple to stimulate their sucking
reflex. Gently touch the baby's lips with the nipple, allowing them to open their mouth and take the nipple in.
vi. Angle of the bottle: Position the bottle so that the nipple is filled with milk, but the baby's head is
slightly elevated to prevent them from swallowing air. The bottle should be angled so that the milk fills the
nipple and the baby can control the flow.
vii. Pace and breaks: Allow the baby to feed at their own pace. Avoid forcing the nipple into the baby's
mouth or tilting the bottle too much, as it can cause the milk to flow too quickly. Offer short breaks during
feeding to allow the baby to rest, burp, or take a breath.
viii. Check for signs of hunger and satiety: Watch for cues that indicate hunger, such as rooting,
sucking motions, or hand-to-mouth movements. Similarly, observe signs of satiety, such as turning away from
the bottle, closing their lips, or slowing down sucking. Avoid overfeeding or forcing the baby to finish the
entire bottle if they show signs of being full.
ix. Burping: After the baby has finished feeding or during breaks, gently pat or rub their back to burp them.
Support the baby's head and neck with one hand while using the other hand to pat their back. Burping helps
release any swallowed air and can prevent discomfort or colic.
x. Cleanliness and hygiene: After feeding, clean the bottle and nipple thoroughly with warm soapy
water or follow the manufacturer's instructions for sterilization. Properly store any unused formula or breast
milk.

 It's important to note that breastfeeding is recommended as the optimal way to nourish infants, but if bottle
feeding is necessary or preferred, following these techniques can help ensure a positive feeding experience for
both the baby and caregiver.

8. Technique of feeding a child through a probe.

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Answer:-
 Feeding a child through a probe, also known as enteral feeding, is a method used when a child is unable to
take in nutrition orally.
 Step-by-step technique for feeding a child through a probe are as following:-
i. Gather supplies: Ensure you have all the necessary supplies ready, including the enteral feeding
pump, feeding bag or syringe, enteral feeding formula prescribed by the healthcare professional, water for
flushing, clean gloves, and clean cloth or bib.
ii. Wash hands: Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water or use hand sanitizer before handling
the feeding supplies to maintain hygiene.
iii. Prepare the feeding formula: Follow the instructions provided by the healthcare professional or
the manufacturer to prepare the enteral feeding formula. Ensure the formula is at the appropriate
temperature for feeding.
iv. Prepare the feeding set: If using a feeding bag, attach the feeding set to the bag according to the
manufacturer's instructions. Prime the tubing to remove any air bubbles and ensure a steady flow of formula.
If using a syringe, connect it to the feeding tube.
v. Positioning: Place the child in a comfortable and supported position, such as in an upright position or
slightly elevated, to aid digestion and prevent reflux. Use pillows or cushions for support as needed.
vi. Clean the feeding site: If the child has a feeding tube, clean the area around the insertion site with
antiseptic solution or sterile saline as per healthcare professional's instructions. Gently clean the area and pat
it dry with a clean cloth.
vii. Put on gloves: Wear clean gloves to maintain hygiene during the feeding process.
viii. Insert the feeding tube: Carefully insert the feeding tube into the child's nostril or mouth, following
the instructions provided by the healthcare professional. Advance the tube slowly and gently until it reaches
the desired position in the stomach or small intestine, as instructed by the healthcare professional. Secure the
tube in place if required.
ix. Start the feeding: Connect the feeding set to the feeding tube or slowly administer the formula
through the syringe, following the prescribed rate and duration provided by the healthcare professional. If
using a feeding pump, set the pump according to the prescribed settings.
x. Observe and monitor: Stay with the child during the feeding process to observe their comfort and
response. Watch for any signs of distress, such as coughing, gagging, or difficulty breathing. Adjust the
feeding rate or stop feeding if necessary and seek medical assistance if any concerns arise.
xi. Flushing and clean-up: After completing the feeding, flush the feeding tube with the prescribed
amount of water, as instructed by the healthcare professional, to ensure the tube remains clear and prevent
blockages. Properly dispose of any used supplies and clean the feeding equipment according to the
manufacturer's instructions.
xii. Document the feeding: Keep a record of the feeding details, including the amount of formula
administered, any observed issues or concerns, and the time of the feeding. This information can help with
tracking the child's nutrition and providing necessary feedback to the healthcare team.

 It is crucial to receive proper training and guidance from healthcare professionals on enteral feeding
techniques and to follow their instructions for the specific child's needs.
 Regular communication with the healthcare team is essential to monitor the child's progress and make any
necessary adjustments to the feeding plan.

9. sheet.
The technique of measuring body temperature and filling out a temperature

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Answer:-
 Measuring body temperature is a common procedure to assess a person's health status.
 Step-by-step technique for measuring body temperature and filling out a temperature sheet are as following:-
i. Gather supplies: Ensure you have a digital thermometer, disposable probe covers (if applicable), a
clean tissue or cloth for wiping the thermometer, and a temperature sheet or log.
ii. Prepare the thermometer: If using a digital thermometer, check the battery level and ensure it is
functioning properly. Clean the thermometer according to the manufacturer's instructions to maintain
hygiene.
iii. Prepare the person: If measuring someone else's temperature, explain the process and gain their
consent. If measuring your own temperature, ensure you are in a comfortable and quiet environment.
iv. Positioning: Ensure the person whose temperature is being measured is sitting or lying comfortably
with their mouth closed (if using an oral thermometer) or their armpit exposed (if using an axillary
thermometer).
v. Select the appropriate method: Choose the appropriate method based on the person's age and
the type of thermometer available. The most common methods include oral, axillary, ear, and temporal artery
measurements.
vi. Oral temperature measurement:
• Place a disposable probe cover on the thermometer, if applicable.
• Ask the person to open their mouth and gently place the thermometer under their tongue.
• Instruct them to close their lips gently but not bite down on the thermometer.
• Wait for the thermometer to beep or indicate that the measurement is complete (usually within a few
seconds).
vii. Axillary temperature measurement:
• Remove any clothing that covers the armpit area.
• Place the thermometer in the person's armpit, ensuring that the probe is touching the skin.
• Instruct them to keep their arm close to their body and hold it in place until the thermometer
indicates that the measurement is complete.
viii. Ear temperature measurement:
• Gently pull the person's ear upward and slightly backward to straighten the ear canal.
• Insert the thermometer probe into the ear canal, following the manufacturer's instructions for
proper positioning.
• Press the appropriate button to initiate the measurement, and wait for the thermometer to beep or
indicate completion.
ix. Temporal artery temperature measurement:
• Position the thermometer probe against the person's forehead, making sure it is in contact with the
skin.
• Slowly move the thermometer across the forehead and temple area, following the manufacturer's
instructions.
• Press the appropriate button to initiate the measurement, and wait for the thermometer to beep or
indicate completion.
x. Read the temperature: Once the thermometer has completed the measurement, remove it from the
person's mouth, armpit, ear, or forehead. Read and record the temperature displayed on the thermometer.
xi. Record the temperature: Using a temperature sheet or log, note down the date, time, method of
measurement, and the recorded temperature. Be sure to use the appropriate units of measurement (e.g.,
Fahrenheit or Celsius) as required.
xii. Clean the thermometer: Clean the thermometer according to the manufacturer's instructions,
ensuring that it is ready for future use. Dispose of any used probe covers properly.

 By following these steps, you can accurately measure body temperature and maintain a temperature log to
track changes over time.

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  Remember to consult with healthcare professionals for specific guidelines or protocols related to temperature
measurement and recording in your healthcare facility.

10.
Answer:-
Technique of washing the child depending on gender.

 When it comes to washing a child, the technique is generally similar regardless of their gender. However,
there are a few considerations to keep in mind.
 General technique for washing a child, with gender-specific considerations are as following:-
i. Gather supplies: Collect all the necessary supplies before starting, including a basin or bathtub, warm
water, mild baby soap or cleanser, soft washcloth or sponge, towel, clean clothes, and any specific products
recommended by your healthcare professional.
ii. Prepare the bathing area: Ensure the bathing area is clean, safe, and warm. Fill the basin or
bathtub with a few inches of warm water, making sure it's not too hot. Test the water temperature using your
elbow or the inside of your wrist to ensure it is comfortable for the child.
iii. Undress the child: Carefully undress the child, removing their clothing and diaper (if applicable).
Place a towel or cloth under the child to keep them warm and catch any spills.
iv. Washing the body:
• Head: Support the child's head with one hand and gently wash their scalp with a soft washcloth or
sponge using mild baby shampoo. Rinse their hair by using a cup or pouring water gently over their
head.
• Face: Use a damp washcloth or sponge to gently wipe the child's face, starting from the forehead
down to the chin. Be gentle around their eyes, nose, and mouth.
• Body: Dip the washcloth or sponge in warm water and apply a small amount of mild baby soap or
cleanser. Gently wash the child's body, including their arms, legs, chest, back, and genital area. For
girls, always wipe from front to back to prevent the spread of bacteria.
• Genital area: When washing the genital area, use gentle, downward strokes. For girls, clean the
outer folds of the labia, being careful not to insert anything into the vaginal opening. For boys, gently
clean the penis and scrotum, including under the foreskin (if uncircumcised). Be sure to clean any
creases or folds thoroughly.
v. Rinse and dry:
• Rinse: Use a clean washcloth or sponge to rinse off the soap from the child's body. Ensure that all
soap residue is removed.
• Pat dry: Gently pat the child's body dry with a soft towel, paying attention to skin folds and
creases. Be thorough but gentle to avoid irritation.
• Diaper area: If applicable, thoroughly dry the child's diaper area, ensuring there is no moisture
left to help prevent diaper rash.
vi. Dress the child: Put on a clean diaper (if needed) and dress the child in clean clothes.
vii. Post-bathing care: Apply any recommended products, such as moisturizers or diaper creams, as
advised by your healthcare professional.

 Remember to maintain a safe environment throughout the bathing process, keeping one hand on the child at
all times to prevent slipping or accidents.
 It's important to adapt the bathing technique as the child grows and becomes more independent.
 Always prioritize the child's comfort, safety, and privacy during the washing process.

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 11.
Answer:-
Hygienic bath techniques.

 Hygienic bath techniques are essential for maintaining cleanliness and promoting good personal hygiene.
 Step-by-step guide for a hygienic bath are as following:-
i. Gather supplies: Before starting, gather all the necessary supplies, including clean towels, washcloths
or sponges, mild soap or cleanser, shampoo, conditioner (if desired), a bathtub or shower, and any other
personal care products you prefer.
ii. Prepare the bathing area: Ensure the bathing area is clean and safe. If using a bathtub, fill it with
warm water to a comfortable level. Test the water temperature using your elbow or the inside of your wrist to
make sure it's not too hot. If using a shower, adjust the water temperature accordingly.
iii. Undress: Remove your clothing and place them in a designated area or hamper.
iv. Start with the face:
• Wet a washcloth or sponge with water and gently wash your face, including your forehead, cheeks,
nose, and chin. Use a mild soap or cleanser suitable for your skin type.
• Rinse your face thoroughly with water and pat it dry with a clean towel.
v. Hair care:
• Wet your hair thoroughly under the shower or by pouring water from a basin. Ensure the water
reaches your scalp.
• Apply an appropriate amount of shampoo to your hand and lather it well. Massage your scalp using
your fingertips in a gentle, circular motion.
• Rinse your hair thoroughly, ensuring all the shampoo is washed away.
• Apply conditioner if desired, focusing on the ends of your hair. Leave it on for the recommended time
and then rinse it out completely.
vi. Body washing:
• Start from the neck down and work your way to the feet.
• Use a washcloth or sponge with mild soap to wash your body, paying attention to areas that tend to
accumulate sweat, dirt, or odor, such as underarms, groin, and feet. Cleanse your arms, chest, back,
abdomen, and legs.
• For hard-to-reach areas, such as your back, you may use a long-handled brush or ask for assistance if
needed.
• Rinse your body thoroughly, ensuring all the soap is washed away.
• If desired, use a gentle exfoliating scrub or loofah to remove dead skin cells.
vii. Intimate hygiene:
• Use a mild soap specifically formulated for intimate areas.
• Gently clean the external genital area, being careful to avoid introducing soap into the vaginal or
urethral opening.
• Rinse thoroughly with water and pat dry.
viii. Feet care:
• Pay special attention to cleaning your feet, including between the toes and the soles.
• Use a foot scrub or pumice stone to remove dead skin or calluses if desired.
• Rinse your feet well and dry them thoroughly, especially between the toes.
ix. Final rinse and exit:
• Ensure you have rinsed off all the soap from your body, hair, and intimate areas.
• Turn off the shower or drain the bathtub.
• Step out of the shower or bathtub and pat yourself dry with a clean towel.
x. Post-bath care:
• Apply moisturizer or lotion to your body, focusing on dry areas if needed.
• Put on clean clothes and discard or wash the used towels and washcloths.

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  Remember to maintain a safe environment during bathing to prevent slips or falls.
 Adjust the technique according to your personal preferences and any specific instructions or
recommendations from healthcare professionals.
 Regular hygienic bathing helps promote cleanliness, remove dirt and odor, and maintain good overall
personal hygiene.

12.
Answer:-
Eye, ear, mouth toilet techniques for a child of the first year of life.

 Eye, ear, and mouth hygiene are important for infants in their first year of life. Some techniques for
maintaining cleanliness in these areas are as following:-
Eye hygiene:
i. Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water or use hand sanitizer before touching the child's eyes.
ii. Use a clean, soft cloth or sterile gauze pad moistened with warm water. Alternatively, you can use sterile
saline solution or prescribed eye wipes.
iii. Gently wipe the child's eyelids and lashes, starting from the inner corner of the eye and moving outward.
Use a separate cloth or pad for each eye to prevent cross-contamination.
iv. Be careful not to apply pressure or touch the eyeball directly.
v. If there is any discharge or crust around the eyes, gently remove it using a moistened cloth or pad. Start
from the inner corner and wipe outward to prevent spreading the discharge.
vi. If you notice persistent eye redness, excessive tearing, or any other concerning symptoms, consult a
pediatrician or ophthalmologist for further evaluation.

Ear hygiene:
i. Wash your hands thoroughly before cleaning the child's ears.
ii. Use a clean, damp washcloth or a cotton ball moistened with warm water.
iii. Gently wipe the outer part of the child's ear, including the folds and behind the earlobe, to remove any
visible dirt or wax.
iv. Avoid inserting anything into the child's ear canal, such as cotton swabs or other objects, as it can push
wax deeper or cause injury.
v. If you have concerns about earwax buildup or the child's ear health, consult a pediatrician or an
otolaryngologist (ear, nose, and throat specialist) for guidance.

Mouth hygiene:
i. Start oral hygiene practices even before the first tooth emerges. Use a clean, soft, damp cloth or gauze to wipe
the gums gently after feedings to remove milk residue and bacteria.
ii. Once the first tooth erupts, begin brushing with a soft-bristled infant toothbrush. Use water or a smear of
fluoride toothpaste (no more than the size of a grain of rice) to brush the tooth and gums.
iii. As more teeth erupt, increase the amount of toothpaste to a pea-sized amount and continue brushing the
teeth and gums twice a day.
iv. Gently brush all surfaces of the teeth, including front, back, and chewing surfaces.
v. Encourage the child to spit out excess toothpaste, but avoid rinsing their mouth with water.
vi. Avoid putting the child to bed with a bottle or sippy cup containing anything other than water to prevent
tooth decay.

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 vii. Schedule the child's first dental visit by their first birthday or as recommended by your pediatrician or
dentist.

 Remember to consult with a pediatrician or healthcare professional for personalized advice and
recommendations on eye, ear, and mouth hygiene specific to your child's needs.

13.
Answer:-
Technique of measuring body weight in children on different ages.

 The technique of measuring body weight in children varies based on their age and developmental stage.
 Some general guidelines for measuring body weight in children of different ages are as following:-

Infants (0-12 months):

i. Weigh the infant while they are undressed or wearing only a diaper.
ii. Place the infant on a digital infant scale or an infant weighing attachment on a regular scale. Make sure
the scale is on a stable surface.
iii. Ensure that the scale is zeroed before placing the infant on it.
iv. Hold the infant securely, using one hand to support the head and neck and the other hand to support the
buttocks and legs.
v. Gently place the infant on the scale and record the weight displayed on the scale.
vi. For accuracy, repeat the measurement if necessary and take the average of multiple readings.

Toddlers and Preschoolers (1-5 years):

i. Use a digital scale or a standing scale with a stable platform suitable for children.
ii. Instruct the child to remove shoes and heavy clothing before stepping on the scale.
iii. Ask the child to stand still with their feet flat on the scale platform.
iv. Assist the child, if necessary, in maintaining balance and ensuring proper positioning on the scale.
v. Read and record the weight displayed on the scale.
vi. For accuracy, repeat the measurement if needed and take the average of multiple readings.

School-Aged Children (6-12 years):

i. Use a digital scale or a standing scale appropriate for older children or adults.
ii. Instruct the child to remove shoes and heavy clothing before stepping on the scale.
iii. Ask the child to stand still with their feet flat on the scale platform.
iv. Ensure that the child maintains balance and stands straight during the measurement.
v. Read and record the weight displayed on the scale.
vi. For accuracy, repeat the measurement if necessary and take the average of multiple readings.
 When measuring body weight, it's important to consider the child's comfort, privacy, and safety.
 Use an appropriate scale that is properly calibrated and maintained for accurate readings.
 If possible, use the same scale consistently to track the child's weight over time.
 Consult with a healthcare professional or follow any specific instructions provided by your child's healthcare
provider for precise and reliable weight measurements.

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 14.
Answer:-
The technique of measuring height in children in different ages.

 Measuring height in children is an important aspect of monitoring growth and development.

 The technique for measuring height can vary depending on the child's age.
 Some general guidelines for measuring height in children of different ages are as following:-
Infants (0-2 years):
i. Lay the infant on a flat surface, such as an infant measuring board or a flat table.
ii. Ensure the infant is lying straight with their head aligned with the body.
iii. Gently press the infant's head against the measuring surface to achieve accurate results.
iv. Extend the infant's legs and press their feet flat against the measuring board.
v. Use a measuring tape or ruler to measure from the top of the infant's head to the soles of their feet.
vi. Ensure that the measuring instrument is flat against the child's body for an accurate measurement.
vii. Record the height measurement in centimeters or inches, as per your preference or healthcare provider's
instructions.

Toddlers and Preschoolers (2-5 years):

i. Stand the child against a wall or a height measurement chart.
ii. Ask the child to remove shoes and stand straight with their back and heels against the wall.
iii. Ensure that the child's feet are flat on the floor and their legs are close together.
iv. Gently press their heels, buttocks, and upper back against the wall to achieve an accurate measurement.
v. Use a measuring tape or a height chart to measure from the top of the child's head to the floor or the
height chart indicator.
vi. Make sure the measuring instrument is parallel to the floor and perpendicular to the wall for accurate
results.
vii. Record the height measurement in centimeters or inches, as per your preference or healthcare provider's
instructions.

School-Aged Children (6 years and older):

i. Follow the same steps as for toddlers and preschoolers, using a wall or a height measurement chart.
ii. Ask the child to remove shoes and stand straight against the wall with their back, buttocks, and heels
touching the wall.
iii. Ensure that the child's feet are flat on the floor, their legs are close together, and their posture is upright.
iv. Gently press their heels, buttocks, and upper back against the wall for an accurate measurement.
v. Use a measuring tape or a height chart to measure from the top of the child's head to the floor or the
height chart indicator.
vi. Ensure that the measuring instrument is parallel to the floor and perpendicular to the wall for precise
measurements.
vii. Record the height measurement in centimeters or inches, as per your preference or healthcare provider's
instructions.

 When measuring height, it's important to create a comfortable and supportive environment for the child.
 Ensure that the child is cooperative and standing straight for an accurate measurement.

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  Use a measuring instrument that is properly calibrated and maintained.
 Consult with a healthcare professional or follow any specific instructions provided by your child's healthcare
provider for precise and consistent height measurements.

15.
Answer:-
Techniques of measuring head circumference in children.

 Measuring head circumference in children is an important part of monitoring growth and development,
especially in infants and young children.
 The techniques for measuring head circumference in children are as following:-
i. Equipment: You will need a flexible measuring tape, preferably made of non-stretchable material, to
accurately measure the head circumference.
ii. Positioning the Child:
• For infants (0-12 months): Lay the infant on their back on a flat surface, such as a table or changing
mat.
• For older children (1 year and older): Seat the child comfortably on a chair or your lap.
iii. Locating the Landmarks:
• Find the largest area of the head, which is typically above the eyebrows and ears.
• Identify the occipital prominence, the bony prominence at the back of the head.
iv. Measuring:
• Place the measuring tape around the head, ensuring that it passes just above the eyebrows, around
the largest part of the head, and over the occipital prominence at the back.
• The tape should be snug against the head but not too tight or compressing the soft tissues.
• Ensure that the measuring tape is parallel to the floor and level around the head.
v. Reading and Recording:
• Hold the measuring tape in place with your fingers or secure it with a clip.
• Read the measurement at the point where the zero end of the tape meets the other end.
• Record the head circumference measurement in centimeters or inches, as per your preference or
healthcare provider's instructions.
vi. Repeating and Averaging:
• For accuracy, it is recommended to measure the head circumference two to three times and take the
average of the measurements.
• Repeat the measurement if there is a significant difference between the readings.
 It's important to note that head circumference measurements should be interpreted in the context of the
child's age, sex, and growth pattern.
 Consult with a healthcare professional or follow any specific instructions provided by your child's healthcare
provider for precise and consistent head circumference measurements.

16.
Answer:-
Technique of measuring chest circumference in children.

 Measuring chest circumference in children is useful for monitoring growth and development, particularly in
relation to lung function and certain medical conditions.
 The techniques for measuring chest circumference in children:
i. Equipment: You will need a flexible measuring tape, preferably made of non-stretchable material, to
accurately measure the chest circumference.

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 ii. Positioning the Child:
• For infants (0-12 months): Lay the infant on their back on a flat surface, such as a table or changing
mat.
• For older children (1 year and older): Seat the child comfortably on a chair or your lap.
iii. Locating the Measurement Point:
• Find the level of the chest where you want to measure the circumference.
• The typical measurement point for chest circumference is around the nipple line or the widest part of
the chest.
iv. Measuring:
• Wrap the measuring tape around the chest at the chosen level.
• Ensure that the tape is snug against the chest without compressing the underlying tissues or clothing.
• Make sure the measuring tape is parallel to the floor and level around the chest.
v. Reading and Recording:
• Hold the measuring tape in place with your fingers or secure it with a clip.
• Read the measurement at the point where the zero end of the tape meets the other end.
• Record the chest circumference measurement in centimeters or inches, as per your preference or
healthcare provider's instructions.
vi. Repeating and Averaging:
• For accuracy, it is recommended to measure the chest circumference two to three times and take the
average of the measurements.
• Repeat the measurement if there is a significant difference between the readings.

 It's important to note that chest circumference measurements should be interpreted in the context of the
child's age, sex, and growth pattern.
 Consult with a healthcare professional or follow any specific instructions provided by your child's healthcare
provider for precise and consistent chest circumference measurements.

17.
Answer:-
Urine collection technique for general analysis.

 The urine collection technique for general analysis involves collecting a urine sample for laboratory testing.
 General procedure for urine collection are as following:-
i. Preparation:
• Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water before starting the process.
• Ensure you have a clean and sterile urine collection container. If provided by a healthcare facility,
follow their specific instructions for container use.
• Inform the person providing the urine sample about the process and provide necessary instructions.
ii. Clean the Genital Area:
• If the person providing the sample is able to do so, instruct them to clean their genital area with mild
soap and water. Rinse thoroughly.
• If the person is unable to clean themselves, assist them with gentle cleaning using warm water and a
clean cloth.
iii. Midstream Clean-Catch Method:
• Instruct the person providing the sample to start urinating into the toilet.
• After a few seconds, ask them to place the urine collection container under the stream of urine to
collect a midstream sample.
• Ensure that the container does not touch the genital area to maintain sterility.
• Collect an adequate amount of urine as specified by the healthcare provider or laboratory. Typically,
around 30-60 milliliters (1-2 ounces) is sufficient.

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 iv. Container Handling:
• Once the sample is collected, securely close the container with its lid to prevent leakage and
contamination.
• Label the container with the person's name, date, and time of collection.
v. Storage and Transportation:
• Follow the specific instructions provided by the healthcare facility or laboratory for storage and
transportation of the urine sample.
• In most cases, refrigeration or keeping the sample in a cool place is recommended if it cannot be
delivered immediately.
 It's important to note that the exact instructions for urine collection may vary based on specific requirements
or tests.
 If there are any specific instructions provided by the healthcare provider or laboratory, follow them carefully
to ensure accurate results.

18.
Answer:-
Urine collection technique for analysis according to Zimnytskyi.

 The Zimnitsky urine collection test is a diagnostic test that assesses kidney function and urine concentration
over a 24-hour period.
 It involves collecting urine samples at specific intervals throughout the day and night.
 Here are the rules for collecting urine in Zimnitsky:
i. Preparation:
• Before starting the test, consult with your healthcare provider to understand the specific instructions
and requirements for the Zimnitsky urine collection.
• Ensure you have the necessary supplies, including multiple urine collection containers labeled with
the date and time.
ii. Timing:
• The test typically starts in the morning upon waking up and ends the next morning at the same time.
• Each urine sample must be collected at a specific time interval, typically every 3 or 4 hours.
• Note down the exact time of each urine sample collection.
iii. Collection Process:
• Empty the bladder completely before starting the test.
• Begin the test by collecting the first morning urine sample upon waking up. This will be the "zero"
sample.
• From that point onwards, collect all subsequent urine samples at the designated time intervals
throughout the day and night.
• Ensure that each urine sample is collected in a separate container.
• Use clean and sterile containers for each collection to avoid contamination.
iv. Storage and Preservation:
• After collecting each sample, securely close the container to prevent leakage or contamination.
• Store the urine samples properly according to the specific instructions provided by your healthcare
provider. This may include refrigeration or using a cool place if immediate delivery to the laboratory
is not possible.
• Ensure the containers are labelled with the date and time of each collection.
v. Documentation:
• Keep a record of the exact time and date of each urine sample collection.
• Note any significant events, such as fluid intake, medication administration, or unusual symptoms,
during the collection period.
vi. Compliance:

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 • Follow the instructions given by your healthcare provider regarding fluid intake, diet, and any
medications to be taken during the test.
• It's important to collect all the urine samples as per the specified time intervals to ensure accurate
results.

 After completing the Zimnitsky urine collection, deliver the collected urine samples to the designated
laboratory as instructed by your healthcare provider.
 Please note that these guidelines are general, and specific instructions may vary depending on individual
circumstances and the instructions given by your healthcare provider.
 It is essential to follow the specific guidelines provided by your healthcare provider or laboratory for accurate
and reliable results.

19.
Answer:-
Technique of stool collection for research and scrapping for enterobiosis.

 The technique for stool collection for research and scraping for enterobiasis (pinworm infection)
involves obtaining a stool sample for laboratory analysis.
 General procedure for stool collection are as following:-
Stool Collection for Research:
i. Collection Container:
• Obtain a clean, dry, and wide-mouthed container from a healthcare facility or laboratory. Follow
any specific instructions provided by the facility for the type of container to be used.

ii. Preparation:
• Ensure proper hand hygiene by washing your hands thoroughly with soap and water before
starting the process.
• Place a clean plastic sheet or disposable plastic wrap over the toilet seat to collect the stool
sample.

iii. Stool Collection:

• Pass a bowel movement into the plastic sheet or plastic wrap, ensuring that it does not touch the
toilet bowl water or any other surfaces.
• Collect a portion of the stool using a clean spoon, scoop, or provided collection device.
• Fill the container provided by the laboratory with an adequate amount of stool, usually about 5-
10 grams (approximately 1-2 teaspoons).

iv. Container Handling:

• Securely close the container with its lid to prevent leakage and contamination.
• Label the container with your name, date, and time of collection.
• Follow any additional instructions provided by the healthcare facility or laboratory regarding
labelling and documentation.

v. Storage and Transportation:

• Follow the specific instructions provided by the healthcare facility or laboratory for storage and
transportation of the stool sample.
• In most cases, refrigeration or keeping the sample in a cool place is recommended if it cannot be
delivered immediately.

Scrapping for Enterobiasis (Pinworm Infection):

i. Preparation:

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 • Ensure proper hand hygiene by washing your hands thoroughly with soap and water before
starting the process.
• Prepare a clean, transparent adhesive tape (usually a strip about 2-3 centimetres wide and 5-10
centimetres long) for collecting the sample.

ii. Collection:
• In the morning before bathing or using the toilet, press the adhesive side of the tape against the
skin around the anus.
• Gently press the tape against the skin and then peel it off, ensuring that it captures any eggs or
pinworms present.
• Place the tape on a clean glass slide or in a clean, dry, and properly labelled container.

iii. Container Handling:

• Securely close the container or cover the glass slide to prevent contamination.
• Label the container or slide with your name, date, and time of collection.

iv. Storage and Transportation:

• Follow the specific instructions provided by the healthcare facility or laboratory for storage and
transportation of the sample.
• In most cases, keeping the sample in a cool, dry place is recommended if it cannot be delivered
immediately.
 It's important to follow the specific instructions provided by the healthcare facility or laboratory for stool
collection and enterobiasis scraping, as procedures may vary depending on their requirements.
 If you have any additional instructions or specific requirements, please consult with the healthcare
provider or laboratory for further guidance.

20.
Answer:-
The technique of instilling drops into nose, ears, eyes.

 Instilling drops into the nose, ears, and eyes requires careful technique to ensure accurate and safe
administration.

 General guide for each area are as following:-

i. Nose:
• Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water before starting the process.
• Tilt your head back slightly or lie down with your head tilted back.
• Gently blow your nose to clear any mucus or blockages.
• Hold the dropper or bottle with the prescribed medication in one hand.
• With your other hand, use your index or middle finger to hold open one nostril.
• Instill the prescribed number of drops into the open nostril, aiming slightly towards the outer wall of
the nose.
• Close the nostril by releasing the finger pressure and repeat the process for the other nostril if
needed.
• Keep your head tilted back for a short time to allow the drops to spread in the nasal passages.
• Avoid sniffing or blowing your nose immediately after instilling the drops to allow the medication to
take effect.

ii. Ears:
• Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water before starting the process.

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 • Warm the ear drops to room temperature by holding the bottle in your hands for a few minutes (if
recommended by the healthcare provider).
• Tilt your head to the side or lie down with the affected ear facing upwards.
• Pull the outer ear gently upward and backward (for adults and older children) or downward and
backward (for younger children) to straighten the ear canal.
• Hold the dropper or bottle containing the prescribed ear drops in an upright position.
• Instill the prescribed number of drops into the ear canal without touching the dropper tip to the ear.
• Keep your head tilted to the side for a few minutes to allow the drops to penetrate the ear.
• You may place a clean cotton ball at the ear opening to prevent the drops from leaking out.
• Repeat the process for the other ear if needed, ensuring to use a clean dropper or bottle for each ear.

iii. Eyes:
• Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water before starting the process.
• Tilt your head back slightly or lie down with your face pointing upward.
• Gently pull down the lower eyelid to create a small pocket.
• Hold the dropper or bottle with the prescribed eye drops in one hand, being careful not to touch the
dropper tip to any surface.
• Instill the prescribed number of drops into the lower eyelid pocket, aiming for the space between the
eye and the lower lid.
• Blink gently to help distribute the drops across the surface of the eye.
• Close your eyes gently for a short time, allowing the drops to spread over the eye.
• If using ointment, squeeze a small strip of ointment into the lower eyelid pocket, then close your eyes
gently and move the eyeball around to distribute the ointment evenly.

 It's important to follow the specific instructions provided by your healthcare provider or the medication
packaging.
 If you have any concerns or questions about the technique of instilling drops, it's recommended to consult
with a healthcare professional for guidance specific to your situation.

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