International

code for
Fire Safety
System

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 Reasons of Fire

(1) Smoking

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(2) Hot-work (welding Torch) :

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(3) Ship's Galley :

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(4) Electrical fires :

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(5) Cargo Holds :

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(6) Paint Locker :

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(7) Engine Bilge :

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(8) Ship's funnel :

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 Burning

burning is the rapid oxidation of millions of vapour

molecules.

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HOW FIRE SPREAD

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1- conduction

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2- Radiation

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3- Convection

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Fire Triangle

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There three things that are required for combustion :

(1) Fuel (to vaporize and burn).

(2) Oxygen (to combine with fuel vapour), and

(3) Heat (to raise the temperature of the fuel vapour to its

ignition temperature .

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 Breaking Fire Triangle
Effect Direct Attack on Also affects
1 Cooling Reduces the The heat side of Cooling using
temperature of the fuel the fire triangle water will
below its ignition produce steam
temperature that will act as a
smothering
2 Starvation Separates the fuel The fuel side of
away from the fire the triangle

3 Smothering Reduces the amount This is an attack Usually this will

(oxygen of available oxygen on the oxygen be done using
dilution) below that needed to side of the compressed inert
sustain combustion triangle gas that will
cause a cooling
effect while being
released.

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 Classes of Fire
There are several types or classes of fire; there are basic major

categories (labeled A through D) according to their fuels

Class Description Extinguishing agent
Cass A Fires caused by common The best extinguishing agent is
flammable solid fuels or Water.
what may be called ash-
producing materials
Class B Fires caused by Water can not be used as an
flammable liquids extinguishing agent hence the oil
(liquids in gaseous state) will float on top of water. The best
or flammable gasses. extinguishing agent is Foam .

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 Classes of Fire
Class Description Extinguishing agent

Class C Fires caused by The best way to extinguish fire in

electricity electronics using inert gasses (Co2, it
leaves no residues while fires in
electrical equipments may be
extinguished using "Dry Powder".
LIQUIDS CAN NOT BE USED for fear
electrical shock.

Class D Fires caused by "Dry Powder".

combustible metal
fuels.

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 Chemistry of Fire
• Oxidation is a chemical process in which a substance combines

with oxygen. During this process energy is given off, usually in the

form of heat. Rusting iron and rotting wood are common examples

of slow oxidation. Fire, of combustion, is rapid oxidation; the

burning substance combines with oxygen at a very high rate. Energy

is given off in the form of heat and light. Because this energy

production is so rapid. We can fell the heat and see the light as

flames

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• Start of a Fire

All matter exists in one of three states :

(1) Solid, the atoms or molecules of a solid are packed closely together.

(2) Liquid, where we will find atoms or molecules of a liquid are packed

loosely.

(3) Gas (vapour), with its molecules are not packed together at all, they are

free to move about.

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• In order for a substance to oxidize, its molecules must be very

surrounded by oxygen molecules. The molecules of solids and

liquids are packed too tight to be surrounded by oxygen molecules.

Therefore, only vapours can burn

• When a solid or liquid is heated, its molecules move about rapidly. If

enough heat is applied some molecules break away from the surface

to form a vapour just above the surface. This vapour can now mix

with oxygen. If there is enough heat to raise the vapour to its

ignition temperature, and if there is enough oxygen present, the

vapour will oxidize rapidly and it will start to burn.

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 Definitions
• Flammability :

Is the ease with which a substance will ignite, causing Fire or

combustion. Materials that will ignite at temperatures commonly

encountered (up to 750 C) are considered flammable. Materials

that ignites in less than 23 C are considered highly flammable.

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• LFL (LOWER Flammable Limit) :

Is the point below which the mixture of substance and air lacks

sufficient fuel (substance) to burn. This is sometimes called the

lower explosive limit (LEL).

UFL (Upper Flammable Limit) :

Is the point above which the mixture of substance and air is too

rich in fuel (deficient in oxygen) to burn. This is sometimes

called the upper explosive limit (ULE).

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• Flammable limits (Flammable Range) :

Flammable limits apply generally to vapors and are defined as

the concentration range in which a flammable substance can

produce a fire or explosion when an ignition source (such as a

spark or open flame) is present. The concentration is generally

expressed as percent fuel by volume.

Any concentration between these limits (UFL & LFL) can ignite

or explode

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• Ignition point :

Is the lowest temperature at which it can form an ignitable

mixture with air. At this temperature the vapor cease to burn

when the source of ignition is removed.

Flash point :

Is the lowest temperature at which a liquid can form an ignitable

mixture in air near the surface of the liquid. The lower the flash

point, the easier it is to ignite the material.

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• Ignition Source

Ignition occurs when the heat is enough to sustain burning. The

initial source of heat is the "Ignition Source" which may be an

external source like flame or spark or an eternal source such as

internal combustion.

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