Sampling & Reconstruction

Sampling – 1D Signal

12 samples per cycle

3/5 samples per cycle

 Sampling – 1D Signal
1 sample per cycle

∆𝑡 in sec
2 samples per cycle
∆s = ∆t/2
1 2
𝑓𝑠 = = =2.f
∆𝑠 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐
4/3 samples per cycle
𝑓𝑠 in hz
f in hz ∆𝑡
Frequency = f : =1/f in sec
𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
Frequency
Recoverable
Aliasing –
Original Frequency Lost-
Lower Frequency Appears-
 Nyquist Theorem

The highest frequency component in an continuous signal

determines the bandwidth of that signal. Suppose the highest
frequency component for a given analog signal is fmax. Such a
signal is called bandlimited signal.

According to the Nyquist Theorem, in order to perfectly

reconstruct the continuous bandlimited signal from samples, the
sampling frequency must be at least 2.fmax. If the sampling rate is
less than 2.fmax , some of the highest frequency components in the
analog input signal will not be correctly represented. When such a
discrete signal is converted back to continuous form, false
frequency components appear that were not in the original
continuous signal. This undesirable condition is a form of
distortion called aliasing.
 Nyquist –
Reconstruction of Discrete Signals

r(t) = σ∞
𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜋 𝑡−𝑛𝑇 ) f(t) to x(n)
𝑛=−∞ 𝑥(n). 𝜋(𝑡−𝑛𝑇)

x(n) to r(t)