Quezon City Science High School

(Regional Science High School for NCR)

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS

For Grade 11
GENERAL1 Semester
BIOLOGY 1 st

CELL CYCLE:S.Y. 2020-2021

MITOSIS & MEIOSIS
Writer:

ANGEL MAE B. RICOHERMOSO

Special Science Teacher I

Content/Language Editors:

SHERYL VERDADERO
MT-II, SHS Focal Person

ROSALIND C. CASTRO
Assistant Principal II for SHS

REMEDIOS P. DANAO
Principal III
 GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
Name of Learner: Charmaine T. Rosal
Grade Level/ 11
Section: Einstein
Date: October 26-November 11, 2020

LESSON 6: Cell cycle: Mitosis and Meiosis

INTRODUCTION
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
Each cell has only one set of genetic information. For that reason, a cell must first copy it’s
genetic information before cell division begins. Each daughter cell then gets a complete copy of that
information. In most prokaryotes, cell division is a simple matter of separating the contents of the cell
into two parts. In eukaryotes, cell division occurs in two main stages. The first stage is division of the
nucleus called mitosis. The second stage is division of the cytoplasm called cytokinesis.
In eukaryotes, genetic information is passed on by the chromosomes. Well before cell division,
each chromosome is replicated (copied). When copying occurs, each chromosome consists of two
identical “sister” chromatids. Each pair of chromatids is attached at an area called centromere.
The cell cycle is a series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide. During the
cell cycle, a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells, each of which
then begin the cell cycle again. The cell cycle consists of four phases. The M phase includes mitosis
and cytokinesis. The other three phases are grouped together and called interphase. Interphase is divided
into three phases: G1, S, and G2. During the G1 phase, cells increase in size and make new proteins and
organelles. During the next phase, the S phase, the replication (copying) of chromosome takes place.
When the S phase is complete, the cell enters the G2 phase. During the G2 phase, many of the organelles
and molecules required for cell division are produces.

Figure 1: Mitosis is the phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle that occurs between DNA replication and the
formation of two daughter cells. Mitosis has four substages, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
 Mitosis consists of four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. The first and
the longest phase is prophase. During prophase, the chromosomes condense and become visible. The
centrioles separate and take up position on opposite sides of the nucleus. Centrioles are two riny
structures located in the cytoplasm near the nuclear envelope. The centrioles lie in a region called the
centrosome that helps to organize the spindle, a fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the
chromosomes.
During the second phase, called metaphase, chromosomes line up across the center of the cell.
During the third phase, called the anaphase, the centromeres that join the sister chromatids split and
sister chromatids split and the sister chromatids become individual chromosomes. The two sets of
chromosomes move apart. During the fourth and final phase, called, telophase, the chromosome gather
at opposite ends of the cell and lose their distinct shapes. Two new nuclear envelopes form.
Cytokinesis usually occurs at the same time as telophase. In most animal cells, the cell
membrane is drawn inward until the cytoplasm is pinched into two nearly equal parts. In plant cells, a
structure known as a cell plate forms midway between the divided nuceli. A cell wall then begins to
appear in the cell plate.
Cell Regulation
In multicellular organism, cell growth and cell division are carefully controlled. For instance,
when an injury such as cut in the skin occurs, cells at the edge of the cut will divide rapidly. When the
healing progress nears completion, the rate of cell division slows down and then turns to normal.
Cyclins-a group of proteins- regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells. There are
two types of these regulatory proteins: internal regulators and external regulators.
Internal regulators are proteins that respond to events inside the cell. They allow the cell cycle to proceed
only when certain processes have happened inside the cell. External regulators are proteins that respond
to events outside the cell. They direct cells to speed up or slow down the cell cycle. Growth factors
stimulate growth and division of cells, such as during the development of the embryo or when a wound
is healing.

Cancer is a disorder in which some of the body’s own cells lose the ability to control growth of
most cells. As a result, they divide uncontrollably and form masses of cells called tumors and spread
throughout the body. Cancer cells damage tissues and disrupt normal activities, causing serious medical
problems.

Figure 2: The concentrations of cyclin proteins change throughout the cell cycle. There is a direct
correlation between Cyclin accumulation and the three major cell cycle checkpoints. Also note the sharp decline of
cyclin levels following each checkpoint (the transition between phases of the cell cycle), as Cyclin is degraded by
cytoplasmic enzymes.
Meiosis
Meiosis is a specialized type of nuclear division that reduces the chromosome number by half,
creating four haploid cells, each genetically distinct from the parent cell that gave rise to them. The
haploid cells, after undergoing a period of maturation, become gametes. The two main roles of meiosis
are to create haploid gametes and to increase genetic diversity/variation within the gametes.
In multicellular animals, meiosis occurs only in the sex organs/gonads. The only cells capable
of doing meiosis are specialized, diploid germ cells found in the gonads. Before meiosis begins, the
DNA is replicated during the S phase of interphase.

Figure 3: the stages of meiosis are often categorized into two main categories: Meiosis I and Meiosis II.

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCIES

In this learning activity sheet, you are expected to:
a. Characterize the phases of the cell cycle and their control points (STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-6)
b. Describe the stages of mitosis/meiosis given 2n=6. Compare mitosis and meiosis, and their role
in the cell-division cycle (STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-7)
c. Explain the significance or applications of mitosis/meiosis (STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-9)
d. Identify disorders and diseases that result from the malfunction of the cell during the cell cycle
(STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-10)
DIRECTION: Complete the diagram of the cell cycle by writing the names of each of the four phases.
And answer the following guide questions below.

ACTIVITY 1: The Cell Cycle (22pts)

(4pts)

G1 Phase

Cell Division
S Phase

G2 Phase

GUIDE QUESTIONS:

1. What is meant by the cell cycle or cell-division cycle? (1)

A cell cycle is a sequence of events that, as it develops and divides, take place in a cell. In
what is called an interphase, a cell spends much of its time, and during this time it develops,
replicates its chromosomes, and prepares for cell division. Then the cell leaves the interphase,
undergoes mitosis, and finishes its division.

2. Why would some cells stay at G1 (G0) in the cell cycle? Give one example. (1)
At the G1 checkpoint, damage to DNA and other external factors are assessed; if
conditions are insufficient, the cell will not be able to proceed to the interphase S phase.

3. What are the two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm near the nuclear envelope at the
beginning of the prophase? (1)
Centrioles

4. When chromosomes become visible at the beginning of the cell division, what does each
chromosome consist of? (1)
Two identical sister chromatids
 5. What cells undergo mitosis? List at least 3 cells in your body and explain the reasons they
would undergo mitosis. Describe how you are now comprised of over 1 trillion cells,
when you began as just a single cell.(3)
Most eukaryotic cells reproduce asexually through mitosis. The muscles we use to walk
around daily are skeletal muscles. The muscle cells undergo mitosis as we are developing
as a infant, so that our muscles will expand in proportion to our bones, height, and weight;
The epidermis cells are continuously undergoing mitosis in order to quickly replace the
outer dead cells containing keratin when they fall off, which happens after so many days;
A smooth muscle, in reaction to a typical pregnancy, the muscle cells in the uterus of a
pregnant woman undergo a massive amount of mitosis. Cells divide all the time. That
means that just one cell, a fertilized egg, is able to become trillions of cells that make up
our body, just by dividing.

6. When does DNA replicate (copy itself)? Why does this stage take so long? (1)
DNA replication occurs during the interphase S stage. In vitro (artificially, outside a cell),
DNA replication (DNA amplification) may also be performed. In a template DNA
molecule, DNA polymerases isolated from cells and artificial DNA primers can be used
to start DNA synthesis at known sequences.

7. Label this chromosome (4)

1. Chromatid

2. Centromere

3. Short arm

4. Long arm

8. Complete the following table regarding Mitosis: (4)

Question MITOSIS
What type of cells are produced in this Two identical daughter cells
process?
How many chromosomes are in a human cell 46 chromosomes
before this process?
How many chromosomes are in a human cell 46 chromosomes
after this process?
How many cells are produced in this process? 2 cells
(starting with one cell)
9. Explain the difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes. (1)
Autosomes are known as the pair of chromosomes that govern the somatic characters of the
body, while sex chromosomes or allosomes are known as the pair of chromosomes that decide
the sex of an organism as they regulate the sex-linked characteristics.

10. Explain the difference between somatic cells and gametes using the terms haploid and
diploid.(1)
They vary in the number of chromosomal sets they have. As one gamete is able to combine with
another to form a diploid cell that is the zygote, gametes have the haploid number of
chromosomes. Somatic cells are diploid cells that have two total chromosome sets.

DIRECTION: .Complete the chart below regarding the 4 phases of mitosis:

ACTIVITY 2: Mitosis (20 pts)

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Chromosome The complex of DNA During the metaphase, Each pair of When the replicated,
and proteins found in in a form of cellular "tug chromosomes is divided paired chromosomes
description the nucleus, referred to of war," the during anaphase into have been removed and
as chromatin, condenses
chromosomes of the cell two identical, pushed to opposite
during prophase. The
chromatin coils and align themselves in the independent sides, or poles, of the
becomes more and more center of the cell. The chromosomes. Then the cell, telophase starts. A
compact, allowing chromosomes, which divided chromosomes nuclear membrane
visible chromosomes to have been replicated and are pushed to opposite forms around each set of
form. The chromosomes remain linked at a poles of the cell by the chromosomes during the
that are repeated have an central point called spindle. telophase, to separate
X shape and are called
centromere, are sister the nuclear DNA from
sister chromatids.
called chromatids. the cytoplasm.

Nuclear Breaks down Does not appear Reformed Reassembled

envelope
Appearance

Spindle Fiber At opposite poles of the Spindle fibers called Spindle fibers shorten When the chromosomes
cell, spindle fibers form. polar fibers stretch into and move spindle poles are divided, spindle
Description In animal cells, a mitotic the midpoint of the cell towards sister fibers scatter and
spindle appears as asters
known as the metaphase chromatids. Separated become housed within
that surround each
centriole pair. As plate from the cell poles. chromatids of sisters two new nuclei.
spindle fibers extend Chromosomes are fixed migrate towards
from each pole, the cell to the metaphase plate opposite poles of cells.
becomes elongated. by the force of spindle In order to make room
Sister chromatids on fibers pulling on their for the cell to divide,
their kinetochores bind centromeres. spindle fibers not
to spindle fibers.
attached to chromatids
lengthen and elongate
the cell.
 Draw a picture
of each stage of
mitosis showing
2 chromosomes.

GUIDE QUESTIONS:
1. What is cytokinesis? (1)
Cytokinesis is a part of the mechanism of cell division during which two daughter cells are
separated into the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell. During or after the late stages of nuclear
division in mitosis and meiosis, cytoplasmic division begins.

2. Explain what will be the result if a cell completed mitosis, but failed to complete cytokinesis?
(1)
After the DNA in a cell has been duplicated, mitosis happens, meaning there are two sets of
chromosomes in one cell. A cell with more than one nucleus will become the product of mitosis
without cytokinesis. Such a cell is called a multinucleated cell.

3. Cytokinesis in an animal cell is different than cytokinesis of a plant cell. Explain how this
process must be different in each cell type. (2)
A ring of actin filaments forms on the metaphase plate during cytokinesis in animal cells. The
ring contracts, forming a furrow of cleavage, which splits the cell in two. A new cell wall
between the daughter cells must develop in plant cells. Animal cells have a furrow of cleavage
that can pinch the cytoplasm into two almost equal sections. Although plant cells have a plate
of cells that forms halfway between the nuclei that are separated.

DIRECTION: Complete the table below showing what you have learned about cell
regulation.

ACTIVITY 3: Cell cycle regulations (25pts)

Checkpoint Factors needed Needed Duration CDK (Present

to proceed with materials/ or Absent)
the cell cycle molecules
1. Size Undamaged 11 hours Present
G1 Nutriets DNA
Molecular signals Growth factors
Mechanical
signals
DNA integrity
2. Chromosome Kinetochores of 8hours Present
S attachment to each pair of sister
spindle at chromatids are
metaphase plate properly attached
to spindle fibers

3. DNA integrity Undamaged 4 hours Present

G2 DNA replication chromosomes

4. Sister chromatids Kinetochores of 1 hours Absent

M attach to spindle each pair of sister
microtubules chromatids are
properly attached
to spindle fibers

GUIDE QUESTIONS
1. What type of disease may result if cell division is not properly regulated? (1)
Cancer results from a disturbance of the cell cycle’s natural regulation. Cells can divide without
order when the cycle continues without control and accumulate genetic defects that can lead to
a cancerous tumor.

2. What is a substance known to produce or promote development of cancer? (1)

Substances that can cause cancer are referred to as carcinogens. The cancer production
mechanism is called carcinogenesis. The increased risk of particular cancers due to prolonged
exposure is associated with such carcinogenic chemicals.

3. Draw a cartoon to help you remember the difference between benign and malignant. (3)
DIRECTION: On the lines provided, specify the different stages of meiosis I THROUGH meiosis II
as describe in each numbered statement, include interphase & cytokinesis. The first one is done for
you.

ACTIVITY 4: Meiosis (34pts)

1. MEIOSIS I - METAPHASE I homologous chromosome line up in the center of the cell

2. MEIOSIS I- ANAPHASE I spindle fibers pull homologous pairs to ends of the cell
3. MEIOSIS II- TELOPHASE II 4 haploid (N) daughter cells form
4. MEIOSIS I- INTERPHASE I cells undergo a round of DNA replication
5. MEIOSIS II- ANAPHASE II sister chromatids will separate/move away from each other
6. MEIOSIS II- PROPHASE II 2 haploid (N) daughter cells form
7. MEIOSIS I- PROPHASE I spindle fibers attach to the homologous chromosome pairs
8. MEIOSIS I- TELOPHASE I division of cytoplasm occurs
9. MEIOSIS I- PROPHASE I synapsis & crossing-over (if any) occurs

GUIDE QUESTIONS
10. What is the only purpose of meiosis? What are the only cells produced in meiosis? (1)
The aim of meiosis is to generate sex cells, or gametes. Four daughter cells, each of which is
haploid, are formed during meiosis (containing half as many chromosomes as the parent cell).

11. Describe what is happening with the chromosome during meiosis I compared to what happens
in meiosis II(1)
In Meiosis 1, chromatin condenses to chromosomes, pairing up (prophase 1), aligning in line
(metaphase 1), separating and transporting each chromosome from a pair to opposite poles
(during anaphase 1), then covering them by chromosomes decondense and nuclear envelope
(telophase 1), which disappeared in prophase 1. Meiosis II is similar to mitosis since each
chromosome consists of two centromere-attached sister chromatids. On the other hand, meiosis
II is targeted at the separation of sister chromatids. Separated chromosomes during Meiosis I)
begin to transfer to the equatorial plane.

12. How are the events of Metaphase I of meiosis different than Metaphase of mitosis? (2)
The homologous pair is a reflection but has different alleles of the same DNA. During
metaphase I, the homologous pairs can bind to each other and undergo alignment on the
metaphase plate, unlike in mitosis, where the sister chromatids are the ones that align on the
metaphase plate.

13. What is genetic diversity? How do Crossing over and Independent Assortment lead to so many
Different possible combinations of genes? Be Specific for Each one. (3)
Genetic variation is the total number of genetic features in a species 'genetic makeup, varying
widely from species to species variations, which can be related to the species' survival period.
Genetic diversity functions as a means of adapting societies to changing conditions.
Crossing-over can occur when homologous chromosomes form pairs during prophase I of
meiosis I. Crossing-over is the interchange of homologous chromosomes of genetic material.
On-chromosome, it results in new combinations of genes.
Homologous chromosomes are randomly distributed to daughter cells as cells divide during
meiosis, and various chromosomes segregate independently of each other. This call is called
independent assortment. This results in gametes with distinctive combination of chromosomes.
 An incredible amount of possible variance emerges from all these processes working together.
For instance, each human couple has the potential to create more than 64 trillion children that
are genetically unique.

14. What is the advantage and disadvantage of sexual reproduction? In oogenesis, why is only 1
of the products used as the egg? How many of the cells produced in spermatogenesis are
functional gametes? (3)
The sexual reproduction process causes variation in the species since the alleles in the offspring
that the mother and the father bear are mixed together. A downside is that it takes longer for
sexual reproduction than for asexual reproduction. Most of the cytoplasm, nutrients, and
organelles comprise the one egg cell that results from meiosis. As the zygote that results from
fertilization receives all of its cytoplasm from the egg, the unequal distribution of the cytoplasm
throughout oogenesis is important. So there must be as much cytoplasm as possible in the egg.
During spermatogenesis, four sperm result from each primary spermatocyte, which divides into
two haploid secondary spermatocytes; these cells will go through a second meiotic division to
produce four spermatids. Meiosis begins with a cell called a primary spermatocyte. In the male,
the production of mature sperm cells, or spermatogenesis, results in four haploid gametes.

15. Explain how nondisjunction during meiosis can lead to abnormal offspring. Give 2 examples
of nondisjunction disorders.(2)
When homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis,
nondisjunction occurs, resulting in an irregular number of chromosomes. The turner and Down
syndrome are examples of nondisjunction disorder.

16. Complete the following table regarding Mitosis and Meiosis (10)

Question Mitosis Meiosis

What is the purpose of this
process?
Cell regeneration,
development, and asexual
reproduction are the
purposes of mitosis.
The development of gametes
for sexual reproduction is the
purpose of meiosis. Mitosis is
a single nuclear division
resulting in two nuclei which
are typically split into two new
daughter cells.

How many chromosomes 46 chromosomes 46 chromosomes

are in a human cells before
this process?
How many chromosomes 46 chromosomes 23 chromosomes
are
in a human cells after this
process?
How many cells are 2 cells 4 gametes
produced in this process?
(starting with one cell)
How are the daughter cells For the most part, diploid cells Diploid cells are partitioned
produced in this process are partitioned into two new into four new haploid cells in
diploid cells in mitosis. The meiosis. Since crossing over has
different or similar to the mitosis-produced daughter cells occurred, the daughter cells
original cell? are identical. formed by meiosis are different.
 17. Why is meiosis described as a process of reduction division? (1)
Since the genetic material is reduced-by half-Meiosis is also called "reduction division".
Meiosis I is referred to as reduction division, because when the cell is transformed from a
diploid (2n) cell to a haploid cell, when the two daughter cells are formed, the number of
chromosomes is reduced.

18. Is the following sentence true or false? The diploid cell that enters meiosis becomes 4 haploid
cells at the end of meiosis. (1)
True

19. Define differentiation and explain why cells in a multicellular organism would differentiate.
(1)
The mechanism in which a cell moves from one type of cell to another is differentiation. The
cell usually switches to a more specialized form. During the formation of a multicellular
organism, differentiation happens several times as it transitions from a basic zygote to a
complex structure of tissues and types of cells. In multicellular organism, differentiation and
specialization are important because maintaining a complete complement of all cellular
capabilities is expensive and/or incompatible with meeting all the needs of the organism.

REFLECTION (3)
What real life realization did you have after finishing the topic? (3)
I've been learning about cells and cell division since 8th grade, which is also known as Mitosis or
Meiosis. So far, in mitosis, meiosis, and the variations between the two, I have heard about how the cell
cycle functions. Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase are the four basic stages of each of these
cell division processes.
Throughout this unit, something that was difficult for me was to recall was the phases. Not only that,
but in all these phases, including anaphase I and anaphase II, it was particularly confusing to understand
the two stages. However, it slowly got branded into my brain after continuing to look at the phases and
interactively drawing and creating models of the phases. I assume, therefore, that I have solved a big
challenge for me.

REFERENCES
Campbell, N., Cain, M., Minorsky, P., Reece, J., Urry, L. and Wasserman, S., 2013. Biology. 10th ed.
pp.1233-1250
Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky LS, et al. (2004) in Molecular Cell Biology (4th ed.). New York: Scientific
American Books.

Moulton GE. Ed.D. (2004) in “Excerpted from The Complete Idiot's Guide to Biology”. Alpha Books,
(USA) Inc.