For excavation, bituminous and

concrete roads
 In the case of huge construction projects;
 Proper use of the appropriate equipment contributes to
economy, quality, safety, speed and timely completion of a
project.
 Equipment are use for highway projects, irrigation,
buildings, power projects etc.
 Power shovel
 Back hoe
 Drag line
 Clam shell
 Scrapers
 Bull dozer
 To excavate the earth and to load the trucks
 capable of excavating all types of earth except
hard rock
 Basics parts of power shovel including the
mounting, cab, boom, dipper stick, dipper
• Class of material
• Depth of cutting
• Angle of swing
• Size of hauling units
• Skill of the operator
• Physical condition of the shovel
• Also known as hoe, back shovel and pull shovel
• It is used to excavate below the natural surface on which it
rests.
• Generally used to excavate trenches, pits for basements
• Useful for close range work
• The basic parts are boom, mounting, Dipper, hoist cable
8
• It is the most suitable machine for digging below the
machine level, such as, trenches, footings, basements etc.
• It can be efficiently used to dress or trim the surface
avoiding the use of manual effort for dressing the
excavated the surface.

9
• Operate by dragging the bucket against the material to be
excavated.
• Unlike the shovel, it has a long light crane boom and the
bucket is loosely attached to the boom through cables.
• Because of this construction, a dragline can dig and dump over
larger distances than a shovel can do.
• Drag lines are useful for underwater excavation.
• It operates on natural firm ground.
• Can excavate below its level and underwater
• It has long reaches
• It is mostly used in the excavation for canals and
depositing on embankment without hauling units.

.
• This is so named due to resemblance of its bucket to a
clam which is like a shell-fish with hinged double shell.
• The front end is essentially a crane boom with a specially
designed bucket loosely attached at the end through cables
as in a drag line.
• The capacity of a clam shell bucket is usually given in
cubic meters.
• Used for handling loose material such as crushed stone,
sand, gravel, coal etc.

• Main feature is vertical lifting of material from one

location to another.

• Mainly used for removing material from coffer dam,

sewer manholes, well foundations etc.
s.no. Items of comparison Power Back hoe Drag line Clam shell
shovel
1 Excavation in hard Good Good Not good Poor
soil or rock

2 Excavation in wet Poor Poor Moderately Moderately

soil or mud good good
3 Distance between Small Small Long Long
footing and digging
4 Loading efficiency Very good Good Moderately Precise but
good slow
5 Footing required Close to work Close to pit Fairly away Fairly away
from pit from pit
6 Digging level Digs at or Digs Digs Digs at or
above below below below
footing footing footing footing level
level level level
7 Cycle time Short Shortly More than More than
more power shovel the other
than
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT equipment 16
power
 Used for excavating
trenches for laying
pipelines, sewer,
cables etc.
 Operation is quick
giving the required
depth or width.
 Two types of
trenching machine
wheel type, ladder
type
• Unique machine for digging and long-distance hauling of
plough able materials.
• self-operating machine
• Dig, load, haul and discharge
• It is not dependent on other equipment.
• Carry All Equipment
• It is essentially a heavy steel blade mounted on front of
tractor
• Efficient excavating tools for short haul applications upto
100m.
• Classification of bull dozer
1. Position of blades
a) Bull dozers in which the blade perpendicular to the
direction of movement
b) Angle dozers in which the blade is set at an angle with the
direction of movement.
2. Based on mountings
a) Wheel mounted
b)Crawler mounted
3. Based on the control
a) Cable controlled
b)Hydraulically controlled
Bull dozers are mainly used for the following operations
1. For spreading the earth fill
2. For opening up pilot roads through mountainous and
rocky terrains.
3. Clearing construction sites.
4. Maintaining haul roads
5. back-filling trenches at construction sites by dragging the
earth from one place to another
• Boiler
• Sprayer/Distributor
• Hot Mix Plants
• Cold Mix Plants
• Truck
• Mechanical Pavers/ Finishers
• Rollers
 TILTING MIXER
Preferable for mixes of low
workability and for those
containing large sized aggregates.
Mixing chamber known as drum is
tilted for discharging the mixture.
NON TILTING MIXER
Mixer is not allowed to tilt and the
axis of the mixer is always
horizontal. Drum charged from one
opening discharged from other
opening.
In Non-tilting mixers,
mechanism of drum also
comes with reversing
arrangement which is known
as Reversing drum mixers. In
a reversing drum mixer, the
ingredients of concrete rotate
in one direction and are
discharged from the opposite
direction
Pan type mixer consists of
cylindrical pan that contains set
of blades which mix the concrete
ingredients. Generally, the
mixture of concrete is discharged
from the bottom of the pan.
 Needle Vibrators
• size varies from 40 to 80 mm
diameter
• Frequency of vibration varies
up to 15000 rpm
Surface/Screed Vibrators
• Very dry mixes can be most
effectively compacted
• best suited for compaction of
shallow elements
• As per IS2506-1985
• The screed board vibrator shall consist of one or more vibrating units
mounted on a screed board.
• vibrating unit or units shall be rigidly affixed to the screed board
• The tube or casing of the vibrating unit shall be seamless in construction
• The screed board shall generally be of well-seasoned hard wood timber
of cross-section not less than 75 X 150 mm or any other suitable material.
• As per IS 3764-1992
• Heavy equipment, such as excavating machinery and road
traffic shall be kept back from the excavated sides at a
distance not less than the depth of trench or at least 6 m for
trench deeper than 6 m.
• The use of power shovels or draglines in a trench, because of
his violent thrust or blows delivered, rapidly renders the banks
of the trench unstable and dangerous to people working
nearby. These conditions shall be watched for and suitably
remedied or eliminated.