EM - II Lab

UCET ELECTRO MECHANICS LAB-II
OC AND SC TESTS ON A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM : To conduct oc and sc tests on single phase transformer for equivalent circuit and for pre-
determining the regulation and efficiency of the transformer.
APPARATUS :
S.no Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity
1 Ammeter 0-10A MI 1No
3 Voltmeter 0-300V MI 1No
5 Wattmeter 300V,5A LPF 1No
6 Wattmeter 150V,10A UPF 1No
THEORY:-
Open – Circuit (OC) or No-Load Test
The purpose of this test is to determine the shunt branch parameters of the equivalent circuit of the
transformer. One of the windings is connected to supply at rated voltage, while the other winding is
kept open - circuited. From the point of view of convenience and availability of supply the test is
usually performed from the LV side, while the HV side is kept open circuited.
Voltage = V1; Current = I0 and power input = P0
Indeed the no-load current, I0 is so small (it is usually 2-6% of the rated current) and R 01 and X 01 are
also small, that V1 can be regarded as = E1 by neglecting the series impedance. This means that for all
practical purposes the power input on no-load equals the core (iron) loss i.e.,
P0 = V1 I0cos0
cos0 = P0 / V1 I0
Iw = I0cos0, I = I0sin0
R0 = V1/ Iw , X0 = V1 / I.
Short Circuit (SC) Test
1
This test serves the purpose of determining the series parameters of a transformer. For
convenience of supply arrangement and voltage and current to be handled, the test is usually
conducted from the HV side of the transformer while the LV side is short-circuited. Since the
transformer resistance and leakage reactance are very small, the voltage V sc needed to circulate the
full load current under short circuit is as low as 5-8% of the rated voltage. The exciting current under
these conditions is only about 0.1to 0.5% of the full load current Thus the shunt branch of the
equivalent circuit can be altogether neglected. While conducting the SC test, the supply voltage is
gradually raised from zero till the transformer draws full load current. The meter readings under these
conditions are: Since the transformer is excited at very low voltage, the iron loss is negligible (that is
why shunt branch is left out ), the power input corresponds only to the copper loss, i.e
Vsc =Voltage, Isc = Current , Psc = Power (Copper loss)
Z 01= VSC / ISC =  R 012 + X 012
Equivalent resistance, R01= PSC / (ISC)2
Equivalent reactance, X 01 =  Z 012 – R 012
PROCEDURE :
OC TEST :
(1) All the connections are done as per the circuit diagram of OC test
(2) By using 1- variac apply rated voltage to the circuit.
(3) At this rated voltage note down voltmeter, ammeter & wattermeter readings.
(4) From the values we can find R0 and X0
SC TEST :
(1) All the connections are done as per the circuit diagram of SC test
(2) By using 1- variac rated current is made to flow in the circuit.
(3) At this rated current note down voltmeter, ammeter & wattermeter readings.
(4) From this values we can find out R01 & X01
PRECAUTIONS :
(1) Open circuit test is performed on LV side i.e meters are connected LV side and HV side will be
Regulation
open circuited.
(2) For short circuit test is connect meters on HV side and LV side will be short circuited
(3) Rated voltage and rated current must be maintained in OC test and SC test respectively
(4) All the connections must be tight
MODEL GRAPHS :
Pf lead Pf lagging
 leading
2
Regulation
IL in amps
Equivalent circuit
R02 X02
R0 E1
V1 =240V X0
TABULAR FORM :
Current (in amps) Voltage (in volts) Wattmeter (W)
OC TEST
SC TEST
Power factor, cos % Regulation for lagging pf % Regulation for leading pf
RESULT :
3
4
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: OC AND SC TESTS ON A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
0-1A, MI 300V ,5 A L, PF
2KVA
1A 240 / 415 V
M L
Ph ● ● ||
||
● A
•
|| C V
|| 230/ 0-270V
230V,
|| Variac
1- || V 0-300V ,MI
OC
φ,50Hz || D
AC Supply
|| P
|| S
|| T
N ● || ●
1A
LV HV •
150V,1 0 A, UPF 2KVA
0-10 A MI
5A 415 /240 V
M L
Ph ● ● ||
||
● A
•
|| C V
|| 230/ 0-270V
|| Variac
230V,
1- ||
D
V 0-30 V ,MI
SC
φ,50Hz ||
AC Supply || P
S
||
T
||
N ●
|| ●
5A
HV LV •
NAME PLATE DETAILS: 5
SUMPNERS TEST
AIM: To find the efficiency and regulation of given two similar 1- transformers.
APPARATUS :
S.no Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity
1. 1 Ammeter 0-10A MI 1No
2. Ammeter 0-1A MI 1No
3. Voltmeter 0-300V MI 1No
4. Voltmeter 0-150V MI 1No

5. 2 Voltmeter 0-600V MI 1No
6. 3 Wattmeter 300V,10A LPF 1N0
7. Wattmeter 150V,10A UPF 1N0
THEORY:-
Without conducting any actual loading test is the Sumpner’s test which can only
be conducted simultaneously on two identical transformers. In conducting the Sumpner’s test
the primaries of the two transformers are connected in parallel across the rated voltage
supply(V1), while the two secondaries are connected in phase opposition. As per the
superposition theorem, if V2 source is assumed shorted, the two transformers appear in open-
circuit to source V1 as their secondries are in phase opposition and therefore no current can
flow in them. The current drawn from source V 1 is thus 2I0 (twice the no-load current of each
transformer) and power is 2P0 (= 2Pi , twice the core loss of each transformer). When V 1 is
regarded as shorted, the transformers are series-connected across V 2 and are short-circuited
on the side of primaries. Therefore, the impedance seen at V 2 is 2Z and whenV2 is adjusted to
circulate full-load current (Ifl), the power fed in is 2Pc (twice the full-load copper-loss of each
transformer). Thus in the Sumpner’s test while the transformers are not supplying any load,
full iron-loss occurs in their core and full copper-loss occurs in their windings; net power
input to the transformers being(2Po+2Pc).The heat run test could , therefore, be conducted on
the two transformers, while only losses are supplied.
6
For each trans former the results are

Voltage =V1 , Current = I0 /2 , Core losses = P0 /2
Voltage =Vsc /2 , Current = Isc , Copper losses = Psc /2
P0 = Pi (iron-loss)
P0 = V1 I0cos0
cos0 = P0 / V1 I0
Iw = I0cos0, I = I0sin0
R0 = V1/ Iw , X0 = V1 / I.
Vsc =Voltage, Isc = Current , Psc = Power (Copper loss)
Z 01= / ISC =  R 012 + X 012
Equivalent resistance, R01= / (ISC)2
Equivalent reactance, X 01 =  Z 012 – R 012

PROCEDURE :
(1) Connections are done as per the circuit diagram.

(2) By using the variac rated voltage is 240V is made to apply across the low voltage side
of the transformer.
(3) Before closing the DPST switch the reading of the voltmeter connected across DPST
switch must be zero.
(4) By using the variac in H.V side rated current is made to flow in the circuit.
(5) At this instant note down all the meter readings.
(6) By using above tabulated readings the efficiency and regulation of the transformers
are calculated.
O.C TEST
Voltage in
S.NO Current in amps(IOC) Wattmeter reading(WOC)
volts(VOC)
7
S.C TEST
Voltage in volts Wattmeter reading

S.NO Current in amps (ISC)
(VSC) (WSC)
MODEL GRAPHS
UPF
0.8 + % Reg
0.6
%
Leed p.f Lag p.f
_ % Reg
IL in amps
PRECAUTIONS :
(1) The reading of voltmeter connected across DPST switch must be zero before closing
the DPST switch.
(2) Never exceed the rated values of the transformer.
RESULT :-
8
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: SUMPNER’S TEST
300V,10A,LPF
0-1A,MI
1A
M L
Ph ● ● || ● A
||
|| C V
||
230/ 0-270V
|| Variac
230V,
1- || D
φ,50Hz || P
AC Supply ||
S
|| T 0-300V,MI
|| V
|| 240 V 240V
N ● || ●
1A
150V,10A,UPF 2KVA
0-10A,MI 240/415V
5A M L •
Ph ● ● || ● A ● || ● 0 415 V 415 V 0
|| ||
|| C V ||
|| D ||
D
|| P ||
230V, P 230/0-270V
1- || S || V 0-600V,MI
S Variac
φ,50Hz || T ||
AC Supply || T
||
|| 0-150V,MI ||
|| V ||
||
N ● ● ● ●
||
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
9
SCOTT CONNECTION
AIM : To convert three phase system to two phase system with the help of scott
connection
APPARATUS :
THEORY :-
Phase conversion from three to two phase is needed in special cases, such as in
supplying 2-phase electric arc furnaces.
The concept of 3/2-phase conversion follows from the voltage phasor diagram of
balanced 3-phase supply shown in Fig 1. If the point M midway V BC could be located , then
VAM leads VBC by 90o. A 2-phase supply could thus be obtained by means of transformers; one
connected across AM, called the teaser transformer and the other connected across the lines B
and C. since VAM= (3/2) VBC , the transformer primaries must have  3 N1/2 (teaser) and N1
turns; this would mean equal voltage/turn in each transformer. A balanced 2-phase supply
could then be easily obtained by having both secondaries with equal number of turns, N2. The
point M is located midway on the primary of the transformer connected across the lines B and
C. The connection of two such transformers, known as the Scott connection, is shown in Fig.
1(a), while the phasor diagram of the 2-phase supply on the secondary side is shown in Fig.
1(c).
The neutral point on the 3-phase side, if required, could be located at the point N
which divides the primary winding of the tertiary in the ratio 1 : 2 (refer Fig.)
10
_ Teaser Transformer
IA
A _
a2 Ia
  +
3 N1 / 2
_
N  _ N2 Va
IA
_
a1 _
Ib
_
 _
IA / 2 IA / 2
_ _
B
IB  
IBC
N1 / 2 M N1 / 2
_
Ic
C
b2 / Ib   N2 b 1
1(a) _
Vb _
+
A
_
Va
C M B _
Vb
(b) (c)
LOAD ANALYSIS:-
_ _
If the secondary load currents are IA and IB , the currents can be easily
found on the 3-phase side fig.1(a).
_ _
IA = (2N2 / 3N1) x Ia = (2 Ia / 3) (for N1 / N2 = 1)
_ _ _
IBC = N2 / N1 Ib = Ib (for N1 / N2 = 1)
_ _ _
11
IB = IBC - IA / 2
_ _ _
Ic = - IBC - IA / 2
The corresponding phasor diagram for balanced secondary side load of unity
power factor is drawn in fig. (2) from which it is obvious that the currents drawn from the
3-phase system are balanced and cophasal with the star voltages. The phasor diagram for
the case of an unbalanced 2-phase load is drawn in fig (3)
A
Va
IA = 23
Ia
- IBC IBC =1
1
- IA / 2 - IA / 2 = 1 / 3
C Ic B 1 Ib Vb
IB = 1 + 1/ 3 = 2 / 3
Fig.(2)
A Va Ia
- IBC
- IA / 2 IA
IC
a
b Vb
C B
IBC
IB IA / 2
Fig.(3)
Ib
12
PROCEDURE :

(2) By using 3- auto transformer apply different voltages to the circuit.
(3) Note down the all the meter readings.
(4) Observe different meter readings.
TABULAR FORM :
3 -  SUPPLY 2 -  SUPPLY
S.NO VRY in VYB in VBR in
VPh in volts VPh in volts VL in volts
volts volts volts
RESULT
13
Teaser Transformer
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: 2 KVA,415 / 240
SCOTT CONNECTION
10 A 240
86.6%
R ● ● || ● ● 0 – 300
|| V,MI
|| 0–600 V
415V, 3-, 50Hz, || T V,MI
Supply
AC || P V 0 – 600 V,MI
|| S
|| T 10 A
||
Y ● ● || ● ●
0
0 V
||
415V, 3-, 50Hz, ||
AC ||
Supply ||  0 – 300 V,MI
||
||
B ● ● ● ● 415 50 0 V
%
|| 10 A
||
240 0
Main
Transformer
NAME PLATE DETAILS: 2 KVA
415 / 240
V
14
SEPERATION OF CORE LOSSES 1- TRANSFORMER
AIM : To separate hysteresis and eddy current losses of a given 1-

transformer.
APPARATUS :

3 Wattmeter 600V,10A LPF 1No
4 Rheostat 18,12A 1No
5 Rheostat 360,1.2A 1No
THEORY :-
Hysteresis and eddy current losses are called iron loss and take place in core of the
transformer .
Hysteresis loss is given by = Wh = KBmox1.6 f = Af
Eddy current loss also depends on the frequency f and is given by
We = KB2mox f2 t2 =Bf2
B max = Maximum flux density weber / m2

F = frequency cycles/ seconds
t = thickness of stamping
The iron loss will be expressed by
W i = Af +B f2
W i/ f = A + B f , y =mx+c
This is equation of straight line y = m x + c, when y = w i / f , c = A , and m = B

and x = f.
Eddy current and Hysteresis loss can be separated when A and B are found.
The variable frequency supply is obtained from an alternator when frequency can be
varied.
15
MODEL GRAPHS
W/f
PROCEDURE :
f
(2) Initially rheostat in the armature circuit of motor is kept at maximum position, the
rheostat in the field circuit of motor is kept at minimum position and the rheostats in the
field circuit (potential divider)of the alternator are kept so that minimum voltage is
applied to the field circuit of the alternator.
(3) Start the motor with the help of 3-point starter
(4) Bring the speed of the motor to the rated speed by using the rheostats of the motor.
(5) By increasing the excitation of alternator using the potential divider bring the voltage of
the alternator to the rated voltage.
(6) Apply the rated voltage to the high voltage side of the transformer by closing the DPDT
switch.
(7) Note down all the meter readings and speed.
(8) Alternator is made to run at different speeds below the rated speed and adjust the voltage
of the alternator, so that v / f ratio is constant.
(9) At each and every speed, note down the readings of voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter and
the speed of the motor.
(10) Perform the experiment up to 80% of the rated speed and graphs are drawn between
(i) Wi / f Vs f (ii) losses Vs f
16
TABULAR FORM :
Voltage Current Wattmeter Speed f = PN / Af Bf2 Af + Bf2

S.no Wi / f
(V) (A) reading (W) (rpm) 120 (W) (W) (W)
MODEL GRAPH:
Hysteriss
Wh
We
loss
W/f Eddy current
loss
A
f in Hz
f in Hz
PRECAUTIONS :
(1) Care must be taken about the v / f value constant so that the flux density is maintained
constant.
(2) The rheostat in the field circuit of motor should be minimum position, the rheostat in the
armature circuit of motor should be maximum position and potential divider of alternator
should give voltage to the alternator at the time of starting.
RESULT :
17
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: SEPERATION OF CORE LOSSES 1- TRANSFORMER

3 Pt starter
10 A L A F
+ ● ● || ●
||
• ● ● ●
360Ω 1.2A
|| 145Ω
|| 2.8A U
18Ω/12A
|| X
||
||
D
220V ,DC ||
Supply P Z
|| A
S
||
T
|| M 145 Ω W V
|| 2.8A XX
|| AA
|| ZZ
_● ||
● ●
10 A
600 V, 10 A, LPF
1 KVA 0-1A MI
M L
•
230 /415 V
A ● || ●
||
C V ||
D ||
P ||
Open Circuit S || V 0-600V MI
T ||
||
||
• ● ●
NAME PLATE DETAILS: 18
BRAKE TEST ON 3-Φ SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION

MOTOR
AIM :- To conduct brake test on 3-φ squirrel cage induction motor and draw the
performance curves.
APPARATUS
Quantity
S.no Name of the equipment Range Type
1 Voltmeter 0-600V MI 1
2 Ammeter 0-10A MI 1
3 Wattmeter 300V, 10A UPF 1
THEORY
It is a direct method and consists of applying a brake to a water cooled pulley

mounted on the motor shaft. The brake bond is fixed with the help of wooden blocks gripping
the pulley. One end of the bond is fixed to earth via spring balance S and the other is
connected to a suspended weight W1, the motor is run and the load on the motor is adjusted
till carries its full load current.
Let W1 = Suspended weight in kg

W2 = Reading on spring balance in kg w
The net pull on the load due to friction at the pulley is (W1- W2 ) kg W or 9.81(W1- W2 )N
If R = radius of the pulley in meter
N = motor or pulley speed in rps
The shaft torque Tsh developed by the motor = (W1- W2 ) R kg-m =9.81(W1- W2 ) R N-m
Motor out put power = Tsh x2ΠNT watt
61.68N(W1 – W2) R N-M
Set V=supply voltage
I=full load current taken by the motor
Input power = VI watt
19
The simple brake test described above can be used for small motors only, because in
the case of large motor it is difficult to dissipate the large amount of heat generated at the
brake.
Another simple method of measuring motor output is by the use of poney brake one
form and which is shown. A rope is wound round the pulley and its two ends are attached to
two spring balances S1 & S2. The tension of the rope can be adjusted with the help of
squirrels. Obsuly the force acting tangentially on the pulley is equal to the difference between
the readings of the two spring balances. If R is the pulley radius, the torque at the pulley is
Tsh = (S1 – S2) R. If W = 2ΠN is the angular velocity of the pulley, then
motor output = Tsh X W = 2ΠN (S1 – S2) R. mkg-watt
=9.81X 2ΠN (S1 – S2) R. watt
PROCEDURE
1) All connections are done as per the circuit diagram

2) Start the motor with the help of DOL starter i.e it is running at rated speed.
3) Note down the readings of Wattmeter, Voltmeter, speed and balance readings S1
and S2.
4) Apply brake to the water cooled pulley . Pulley mounted on the motor shaft and
note down the corresponding balance readings S1 and S2 .
5) For each step of the brake (load) on the motor note down the readings of
voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter and speed.
6) Take readings of all meter until motor carries its full load current.
7) From the tabulated readings required quantities are to be calculated.
20
MODELGRAPH :
Torque
N Speed
T (rpm)
(N-m) η(%) Efficiency
Rated load
Out put
TABULAR FORM :
%
Balance
Wattm Input Torque Output Efficiency
readings % slip Power
Voltage Current eter watts 9.81 x kg 2NT/60 output / Speed
S.no factor
(V) (A) reading /phas x r (N (w) input x100 (rpm)
cos
S1 (kg) S2 (kg) (w) ex3 M)
PRECAUTIONS
1) Water is poured into the pulley when conducting the experiment.

2) Motor current should not exceed its full load current.
3) All the connections must be tight.
RESULT
21
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: BRAKE TEST ON 3-Φ SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR
600V,10A,UPF
0-10A MI  
10 A
M L R
R ● ● || ● ●D ● A
|| O
T
|| L
415V, 3-, 50Hz, P V C V
AC ||
Supply ||
S
S
0-600V MI STATOR 
T 10 A
||
Y ● ● || ● ●T ● B
A Y
|| R ROTOR
415V, 3-, 50Hz, ||
AC T
Supply || E
||
B ● ● ● ●R ●
• •
10 A
Y
•
C
• • V •S
•R S
• B•
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
22
NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON 3-

INDUCTION MOTOR
AIM : To conduct no load and blocked rotor test on 3- induction motor and to draw circle
diagram.
APPARATUS :

4 Wattmeter 300V,10A LPF 1N0

5 Wattmeter 300V,10A UPF 1N0
THEORY
No load test:
A full voltage is applied to the motor terminals and the rotor is run at no-
load speed. A circuit diagram is shown in fig.
The open circuit equivalent circuit of induction motor is calculated as follows
 3 V0I0 cos0 =Wo
cos0 = Wo/ 3 V0I0
The no load current IO is the line current up to this level. In the equivalent
circuit we require a phase value of the current.
Iph =I0/ 3
The current Iph will be divided into two components

IR= Iph cos0= Resistive current
IX=Iph sin0=Inductive current
The open circuit parameters will be given by
Ro= V0/Iph cos0 and
23
Xm= V0/Iph sin0
Where Ro and Xm are the resistance and magnetizing reactance of

motor.
BLOCKED ROTOR TEST
In this test Block the rotor by belt or catch it by hands so that it cannot
move . A reduced voltage of 20% is applied to the motor in all three phases.
The adjustment of full load current is made by varying the supply voltage.
Further we calculate equivalent circuit of the motor at blocked rotor condition as
follows.
Ws =3 Vs Is coss
coss = Ws / 3 Vs Is
The Is is aline current we may change it to a phase value because equilent circuit is
found on phase values .
Isp = Is / 3
The impedance of motor will be
Zs = Vs / Isp
Req = Zs coss and Xeq = Zs sins
Reqcircuit.
The above Itwo tests will give us a complete equilent Xeq
1
I0
Ise
R0
V1 X0
PROCEDURE :
NO-LOAD TEST :

(2) By using the 3- auto transformer apply rated voltage to the stator winding of motor.
(3) At this rated voltage voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings are tabulated.
24
BLOCKED ROTOR TEST :
(1) Connections are done as per the circuit diagram by replacing the necessary meters.
(2) Block the rotor by brake.
(3) By using the 3- auto transformer rated current is made to flow in the line.
(4) At this rated current all the meter readings are tabulated.
TABULAR FORM :
NO-LOAD TEST BLOCKED ROTOR TEST

Vo Io Wo Vse Ise Wse
PRECAUTIONS :
(1) While conducting the rotor blocked test the rotor must be blocked.
(2) Care must be taken while applying rated voltage and rated current in no-load and Blocked
rotor tests respectively.
(3) All the connections must be tight.
RESULT :
25
BRAKE TEST ON 3-Φ SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON 3- INDUCTION MOTOR
600V,10A,LPF--NL
0-10A MI 600V,10A,UPF--BR
10 A
M L R
R ● ● || ● A
||
|| T 0-600V MI -- NL
415V, 3-, 50Hz, P V C V
AC ||
Supply || S STATOR
0-150V MI -- BR
|| T 10 A
Y ● ● || ● B
Y
||
415V, 3-, 50Hz, ||
AC
Supply ||
10 A
||
B ● ● ●
• • Y
•
N ●
415 V/0-470 V,3-Φ
C
• • V •S
•R • B•
AUTO TRANSFORMER
S
NAME PLATE DETAILS:

NL ---- NO LOAD TEST
BR ----BLOCKED ROTOR TEST
26
REGULATION OF 3- ALTERNATOR
AIM: To obtain the regulation of a 3- alternator by synchronous impedance method and
MMF method.
APPARATUS :

2 Ammeter 0-5A MC 1No
4 Rheostat 18 ,12A 1N0
THEORY
Open-circuit Characteristic (OCC)
In this test the machine is run mechanically at synchronous speed Ns to generate voltage at
the rated frequency, while the armature terminals are open-circuited. The readings of the
open- circuited line-to-line armature voltage, Voc are taken for various values of If , the rotor
field current
The OCC exhibits the saturation phenomenon of the iron in machine. At the values of
If when iron is in the unsaturated state, the OCC is almost linear and the mmf applied is
mainly consumed in establishing flux in the air-gap, the reluctance of the iron path being
almost negligible. The straight-line part of the OCC, if extended is called the air-gap line and
would indeed be the OCC if iron did not get saturated.
Short-circuit Characteristic (SCC)
The short-circuit characteristic of the machine is obtained by means of the short

circuit test. While the rotor is run at synchronous speed Ns , the rotor is kept unexcited to
27
begin with. The field excitation is then gradually increased till the armature current equals
about 150% of its rated value.
From the graphs of OC and SC test results
Zs = Ei /3 / I1
Xs = Zs2 – Ra2
V = (Vcos + IaRa)2 + (Vsin ± IsXs)2 + for lag current

- for lead current
%
Reg = (E0 – V) / V * 100
AT METHOD
The test would require open circuit and short circuit readings and the graphs for an
alternator. Open circuit and short circuit tests donot require any load, therefore these are
simple.
E Ei I1 Ish
If B
Total field
current
 SC field
O current
No load field A
current
OA is the field current required to produce normal voltage ,AB is field current necessary to
neutralize the armature reaction,OB is the total field current required.
% reg =
28
PROCEDURE :
OC Test

(2) Initially rheostat in the armature circuit of motor is kept at maximum position, the
rheostat in the field circuit of motor is kept at minimum position and the rheostats in the
field circuit (potential divider)of the alternator are kept so that minimum voltage is given
to the field circuit of the alternator.
(3) Start the motor with the help of 3-point starter
(4) Bring the speed of the motor to rated speed by using the rheostats of the motor.
(5) Vary the field current in the field circuit of alternator by using the rheostats in the
alternator field .
(6) For every step of variation of rheostat tabulate the voltmeter and ammeter readings until
the voltmeter reads just above the rated voltage.
SC-Test
(1) Reduce the excitation to the alternator field for conducting SC test.
(2) Before closing the TPST switch ensure that the voltmeter reads zero volts.
(3) Now close the TPST test
(4) By varying excitation, tabulate If and Ise readings until Ise equal to full load current of
alternator.
TABULAR FORM :
OC Test
S.NO Field current(amps) Induced
voltage(Volts)
SC Test
S.NO Field current(amps) Short circuit current
(amps)
29
% Regulation
S.No Power factor p.f lag
p.f lead
PRECAUTIONS :
(1) Initially the rheostat in field circuit of motor must be kept at minimum position.
(2) The rheostat in the alternator field circuit must be kept at maximum position initially.
(3) While conducting SC test the voltmeter across armature should read zero.
(4) The readings should not exceed meter readings.
MODEL GRAPH :
Regulation
Voc Isc
Pf lea Pf lagging
d
leading
If
RESULT : Regulation
30
A
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: REGULATION OF 3- ALTERNATOR
3 Pt starter 0-10A
0-5A MC MI
10 A L A F
+ + A
● ● || ● ● ● ● ● || ●
|| ||
|| 145Ω
1.2A
360Ω
2.8A ||
|| U 0-600V ||
|| 18 Ω,12A MI
||
X V T A
|| || P
|| D || S
220V ,DC || P N || T
Supply
|| S A
Z
||
|| T V
145 Ω ● || ●
|| M 2.8A
W ||
XX
|| ||
|| ||
|| ZZ ||
_●
AA
|| ||
● ● ● ●
10 A TPST
Switch
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
31
V AND INVERTED V CURVES OF A SYNCHRONOUS

MOTOR
AIM :- To draw the V and inverted V curves of a synchronous motor at different loads.
APPARATUS :
4 Rheostat 18,12A 1N0
5 Rheostat 360,1.2A 1N0
THEORY
A definite procedure has to be followed in connecting a synchronous machine to

bus-bars which for the present purpose will be assumed to be infinite. Infinite bus bars means
a 3-phase supply of constant voltage and frequency independent of the load exchanged (fed
into the bus-bars or drawn from the bus-bars). Figure shows a synchronous machine with U,
V, W which is required to be connected to bus-bars with terminals R,Y,B by means of a
switch S.
The machine is run as a generator with its terminals so arranged that its phase sequence
is the same as that of the bus-bars. The machine speed and field current are adjusted so as to
satisfy the following conditions:
1) The machine terminal voltage must be nearly equal to the bus-bars voltage.
2) The machine frequency is nearly equal to the bus-bars frequency, i. e. the machine
speed is close to synchronous.
After the above conditions are satisfied the instant of switching on (synchronizing)
must be determined such that the two voltages are almost co-phasor (the acceptable phase
32
difference is of the order of 5o). This instant is determined with the help of the method
described below.
Figure shows the phasor diagram for phase voltages (line-to-neutral) for the machine
and bus-bars. AS the two frequencies are not exactly equal, the machine phasors are rotating
slowly with respect to the bus-bar phasors at2   rad/s, where  is the difference in the
two frequencies. At the instant when the two sets of phasors are coincident (cophasal), the
voltage.
The condition can be easily determined by connecting three lamps—one across UR,
the other across VY and the third across WB (in order to use standard-voltage lamps it may
be necessary to employ potential transformers). The rms values of voltages VUR, VVY and VWB
oscillate at the difference frequency  so that each lamp is alternately dark and bright. All
the lamps are dark out. . It is at this instant that switch synchronous switch is closed.
The magnitude of armature current varies with excitation . The current has
larger values both for low and high values excitation. In between it has minimum value
corresponding to a certain excitation. The variation I with excitation are known as V curves
because it their shape.
For the same input armature varies over a wide range and so causes the power factor
also to vary accordingly when over excided motor runs with leading pf and legging pf when
under excided. In between the pf is unity. The variations of pf with excitations looks like
invited V course. It would be noted that minimum armature current corresponds to unity
power factor.
PROCEDURE :-
1. connections are done as per the circuit diagram.
2. In the DC motor initially the armature rheostat and field rheostat is kept at
maximum and minimum respectively.
3. The rheostats in the rotor circuit of alternator initially kept in a position so that
less current will be flow through rotor circuit .
4. Supply is given to the motor and start the DC motor by 3-point starter, adjust the
speed of the motor to its rated speed by using rheostats of the motor.
5. Now by varying rotor field rheostats adjust the voltage of alternator to its rated
voltage.
6. Keeping synchronous switch off ,close the supply switch and observe the lamps
across the supply lines and machine terminals.
33
7. If any difference of glowing of lamps (i.e. one set after another is observed it
indicates that the phase sequence is not correct .Then reduce rotor field current to
zero.So that no voltage is induced from synchronous machine and inter change
any two terminals of machine.
8. Try to get the dark period which will be sufficient to close synchronous switch by
adjusting the motor rheostats .
9. Close the synchronous switch at the middle of the dark period of lamps and
immediately open the supply switch of D.C motor.
10. Now the field excitation of rotor is varied and note the corresponding readings of
field current ,armature current and wattmeter.
RESULT
34
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: V AND INVERTED V CURVES OF A SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
0-5A MC 300V,10A,UPF
10 A L A F 10 A
+ A M L
● ● || ● ● ● ● ● ● || ● ● R
|| ||
|| C V ● || ● ||
|| 18 Ω,12A U || ||
1.2A
360Ω
|| X
|| T T ||
|| 145Ω || P P || 415V, 3-, 50Hz,
|| D 2.8A AC
0-300 V MI || S S ||
220V DC || V Supply
Supply P F || T T ||
|| S A || 10 A ||
|| T || ||
 ● ● Y
|| ●
|| 145 Ω W
|| M 2.8A
XX
V ||
||
||
|| ● || ● || 415V, 3-, 50Hz,
AC
|| AA || ||
_
0-5A MI Supply
|| FF || ||
● ● || ● A  || ● ● ● B
|| 10 A || 10 A
● || ●
||
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
N
35
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE CONSTANTS

AIM :-To determine the direct axis synchronous reactance Xd and quadrature
synchronous reactance Xq of the given machine.
APPARATUS :

4 Rheostat 18,12A 1N0
THEORY
A low voltage of rated frequency is supplied to a synchronous generator in

three phases. Field winding is kept open. The rotor is driven by motor in the same direction
as the synchronously rotating field of the stator current. The speed is kept below the
synchronous speed.
The rotor poles slip slowly through the poles produced by the armature
current. The two magnetic fields (mmfs) will be in one line at one time and in quadrature at
another time.When the two fields are in line we obtain the Xd , the direct axis reactance.When
the two fields are in quadrature we obtain X q the quadrature axis reactance. The applied
armature voltage will be equal to the drop due to the Xd and Xq in the above two causes.
If the slip is sufficiently small the pointers of voltmeter and ammeter will
swing slowly from maximum to minimum. If voltage will be the minimum when the current
is maximum. The voltage will be maximum when the current is minimum.
X d = V max / 3/I min , X q = V min /  3 / Imax.
36
PROCEDURE :-
1. Connections are done as per the circuit diagram.

2. In the DC motor initially the armature rheostat and field rheostat is kept at maximum
and minimum respectively.
3. Supply is given to the motor and start the DC motor by 3-point starter, adjust the
speed of the motor to just below the rated speed by using rheostats of the motor.
4. Close the TPST switch and apply the reduced 3- A.C voltage through the 3-
dimmer stat.
5. The reading of the voltmeter connected across the field circuit of alternator must be
zero if not reduce the applied 3- A.C voltage to zero and change the phase sequence
and apply the reduced 3- A.C voltage.
6. Then note down the minimum and maximum readings of voltmeter and ammeter.
TABULAR FORM :-
Xq = Vmin / 3 Xd = Vmax / 3
S.No Vmin Vmax Imin Imax
Imax Imin
RESULT
37
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE CONSTANTS

3 Pt starter
0-5A MI
L A F
10 A
+ A 10 A
● ● || ● ● ● ● ● R
● || ●
||
360 Ω 1.2 A
||
||
|| U T ||
|| 18 Ω X
P || 415V, 3-, 50Hz,
AC
|| D
12 A 0-150 V MI S || Supply
|| P T ||
220V DC || S
0-600V MI V ||
● Y
Supply
|| T Z V ● || ●
A 10 A ||
||
|| 415V, 3-, 50Hz,
|| W
||
M XX V || AC
|| Supply
||
AA ZZ ||
||
|| ● ● BB
|| ●
10 A ||
● ● || ●
|| 10 A
● N
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
415/ 0-470V,15A
3-φ Dimmerstat
38
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION

MOTOR
AIM :-To Determine Parameters Of Single Phase Induction Motor And Draw The
Equivalent Circuit
APPARATUS :
3 Wattmeter 300V,10A LPF 1N0
THEORY
When the rotor is stationary, the pulsating stator field induces voltages in the rotor by
the transformer action. The e.m.f induced in the stator winding by the alternating field is
referred to as ( Es )in the equivalent circuit of the motor shown in the fig(1) r 1 and x1 are the
resistance and reactance of the stator winding.r2 and x2 are the resistance and reactance of
rotor referred to the stator side. Using the concept of the rotating field, the e.m.f induced,( Es )
can be shown as composed of equal components induced by the two oppositely rotating fields
of the same strength, namely ( Ef )and (Eb).Then the Es = Ef + Eb
The magnetizing and rotor impedances are divided into two equal halves
connected in series. The motor behaves like a two series connected motors, one
corresponding to each rotating field. The circuit elements of the two component motors are
identical with the condition of stationary rotor since the rotor has same slip with respect to
each rotating field.
However, when the rotor is running at a speed N in the direction of the

forward field with a slip s, the corresponding slip with backward running field will be ( 2-
39
s)and the equivalent circuit components of the two rotors are then modified shown in
fig(2).It can be seen from these parameters that the impedance ( z f/2)of the rotor to forward
field is much higher than the impedance ( zb/2 )offered to the backward field, and therefore Ef
will be much greater than Eb. This implies that the resultant torque is generally by the forward
field which is dominant one.
r1 x1 x21
xm r21
V1 Es
Fig (1)
Equivalent circuit when the rotor is stationary
(Transformer action)
r1 / 2 x1 / 2 x21 / 2
I2f1
xm / 2 r21 / 2s
Vf Zf / 2
V1 x21 / 2 I2b1
Vb Zb / 2
xm / 2 r21 /
2(2-s)
r1 / 2 x1 / 2
Fig (2)
Equilent circuit of single phase induction motor based on the rotating field when the rotor is stationary.
40
PROCEDURE :-
NO-LOAD TEST :-

(2) By using 1- auto transformer apply rated voltage to the motor.
(3) After getting rated speed of motor tabulate all the meter readings and speed.
BLOCKED ROTOR TEST :-
(1) Replace the meters as per the blocked rotor test.

(2) Block the rotor of the 1- induction motor by brake.
(3) By using the 1- auto transformer apply reduced voltage to the motor till the motor
draws the rated current of the motor
(4) After getting rated current tabulate all the meter readings
From the above two tests we can find the parameters of 1- induction motor
OBSERVATIONS
NO-LOAD TEST
S.NO V0 in volts I0 in amps W0 in watts Speed in r.p.m
BLOCKED ROTOR TEST

S.NO Vs in volts Is in amps Ws in watts
RESULT
41
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
No-Load—300V,10A,LPF Centrifugal
Blocked—300V,10A,UPF switch
0-10AMI
10 A M C
L
Ph ● ● || ● A ● ●
||
|| C V M1 S1
||
|| D 230/0-270V
230V, P 1-φ variac
1- || V (0-300V)MI
φ,50Hz || S
AC Supply || T
|| S2
|| M2
||
||
N ● ● ●
10 A
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
42
LOAD TEST ON 1-Ф TRANSFORMER
AIM: -
To construct load test on 1-Ф transformer and determination of regulation and efficiency and
draw the characteristics using resistive load.
APPARATUS: -
S.no. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Voltmeter 0-300 V MC 2
2 Ammeter 0-30 A MC 1
3 Ammeter 0-5 A MC 1
THEORY: -
When the secondary is loaded, the secondary current I2 is set up, the magnitude and
phase of I2 with respect to V2 is determined by the characteristics of load.
If current I2is in phase with V2, then the load is non-inductive. It lags if load is inductive and it
leads if load is capacitive.
The secondary current sets up its own mmf and hence its own flux Ф 2 which is in opposition
to the primary flux Ф which is due to I 0. The opposing secondary flux Ф 2 weakens the primary flux
Ф momentarily. Hence primary back emf E1tends to be reduced. Additional primary current be I 21. It
is known as load component of primary current. This current is in anti phase with I 2. The additional
primary with I2 , the additional primary mmf N 1I2 sets up its own flux Ф 21 which is in opposition to
Ф2 and is equal to it in magnitude. Hence, the two cancel each other.
Hence, what ever the load conditions, the net flux at all loads, the core loss is also practically
the same under all load conditions.
Ф2= Ф21
N2 I2= N1I21
I21= (N2I2/N1)
= KI2.
Hence, when transformer is on load, the primary winding has two currents in it, one is I 0 and
the other is I21 which is anti-phase with I2 and k times in magnitude the total primary current is
vector sum of I0 and I2.
43
(I21/I2) = (I1/I2) = (N2/N1)=K.

It’s shown that under full load conditions, the ratio of primary and secondary current is
constant. This important relationship is made the basis of current transformer a transformer that is
used with a low-range ammeter for measuring current in circuits where the direct connection of the
ammeter is impracticable.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections should be made as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Apply rated voltage to low voltage side of transformer using 1-Ф dynamic starter.
3. Note down the reading of wattmeter, voltmeter
Formulae:
%R = ((0V2-V2)/0V2) x 100
η = (o/p)/(i/p)
GRAPH:
Draw graph for IL VS η and IL VS μ
PRECAUTIONS:
RESULT:
44
LOAD TEST ON 1-PH TRANSFORMER
(0-5) A
(0-5) A
300V, 5A, UPF (MI)
20A (MI)
Ph M L
A A
C V
230 V 230 V
D D
230 V, 50 V
P V P
Hz
1- AC S (0-300) V (0-300) V S
T (MI) (MI) T
Supply
N
20 A 1-Ф, 230/(0-270) V
Autotransformer
45

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UCET ELECTRO MECHANICS LAB-II

OC AND SC TESTS ON A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

Voltage = V1; Current = I0 and power input = P0

Short Circuit (SC) Test

Vsc =Voltage, Isc = Current , Psc = Power (Copper loss)

Z 01= VSC / ISC =  R 012 + X 012

Equivalent resistance, R01= PSC / (ISC)2

Equivalent reactance, X 01 =  Z 012 – R 012

Current (in amps) Voltage (in volts) Wattmeter (W)

Power factor, cos % Regulation for lagging pf % Regulation for leading pf

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: OC AND SC TESTS ON A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

S.no Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity

1. 1 Ammeter 0-10A MI 1No

2. Ammeter 0-1A MI 1No

3. Voltmeter 0-300V MI 1No

4. Voltmeter 0-150V MI 1No

7. Wattmeter 150V,10A UPF 1N0

For each trans former the results are

Vsc =Voltage, Isc = Current , Psc = Power (Copper loss)

Z 01= / ISC =  R 012 + X 012

Equivalent resistance, R01= / (ISC)2

Equivalent reactance, X 01 =  Z 012 – R 012

(1) Connections are done as per the circuit diagram.

Voltage in volts Wattmeter reading

Leed p.f Lag p.f

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: SUMPNER’S TEST

S.no Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Voltmeter 0-300V MI 2No

2 Voltmeter 0-600V MI 2No

(1) Connections are done as per the circuit diagram.

SEPERATION OF CORE LOSSES 1- TRANSFORMER

AIM : To separate hysteresis and eddy current losses of a given 1-

S.no Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Voltmeter 0-600V MI 1No

5 Rheostat 360,1.2A 1No

6 Rheostat 145,2.8A 2No

Eddy current loss also depends on the frequency f and is given by

B max = Maximum flux density weber / m2

The iron loss will be expressed by

This is equation of straight line y = m x + c, when y = w i / f , c = A , and m = B

(i) Wi / f Vs f (ii) losses Vs f

Voltage Current Wattmeter Speed f = PN / Af Bf2 Af + Bf2

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: SEPERATION OF CORE LOSSES 1- TRANSFORMER

BRAKE TEST ON 3-Φ SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION

It is a direct method and consists of applying a brake to a water cooled pulley

Let W1 = Suspended weight in kg

1) All connections are done as per the circuit diagram

1) Water is poured into the pulley when conducting the experiment.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: BRAKE TEST ON 3-Φ SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR

NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON 3-

S.no Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity

2 Voltmeter 0-600V MI 1No

3 Voltmeter 0-300V MI 1No

4 Wattmeter 300V,10A LPF 1N0

The current Iph will be divided into two components

Ro= V0/Iph cos0 and

Xm= V0/Iph sin0