EM-I LAB-final

ELECTRICAL MACHINES-1 Lab
EXP-1
OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS
OF
A DC SHUNT GENERATOR
EEE Department, UCET, Guntur. Page 1


1. OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS OF A DC SHUNT

GENERATOR
AIM:- To draw the open circuit characteristics of a DC Shunt generator to find critical
resistance and critical speed from graph.
APPARATUS:
S.no. Name Range Type Quantity

1. Voltmeter 0-300V MC 1 No.
2. Ammeter 0-2A MC 1 No.
3. Rheostat 360Ω/ 1.2A MC 2 Nos.
4. Tachometer 0-15,000Rpm Digital 1No.
THEORY:
Magnetization Curve:
The graph between the field current and no load induced emf is called the
magnetization characteristics of a machine. This is same as B-H curve of the material used
for the pole construction. Due to residual magnetism in the poles, some emf is generated even
when If=0. Hence the curve starts a little way up. The slight curvature at lower end is due to
magnetic inertia. It seen that the first part of the curve is practically straight. This is due fact
that at lower flux densities, reluctance of the iron path being negligible, total reluctance is
given air gap reluctance which is constant. Hence, the flux and consequently, the generated
emf is directly proportional to the field current. However at higher flux densities where
permeability is small, iron path reluctance becomes appreciable and straight relation between
E and If no longer holds good. In other words saturation of poles starts.

OBSERVATIONS:
S.No. Generated voltage (Volts) Field current(Amps)
Model Graph:
Fig-1 Fig-2



PROCEDURE:
1. All the connections are done as per the circuit diagram.

2. Before giving the supply to the motor, field rheostat of motor is kept at minimum
position and filed rheostat of generator is kept at maximum position.
3. Supply is given to the motor by closing DPST switch.
4. Start the motor with the help of 3-point starter.
5. Speed of the motor is adjusted to rated value by varying field rheostat of motor.
6. By varying the field rheostat of generator, the readings of ammeter and voltmeter are
noted for each step of variation of rheostat.
7. The meter readings are noted until the generated voltage is just above the rated
voltage.
8. Bring the field rheostat of generator & motor to its original positions and open the
DPST switch.

CALCULATION OF RC&NC:
1. Draw the OCC (Eg vs If) for given speed.

2. Draw a line tangential to this OCC say OA.
3. Draw a line representing the given Rsh say OP.
4. Select any field current say point R.
5. Draw vertical line from R to intersect OA at S and OP at T.
6. The critical speed Nc is
𝑅𝑇
𝑁𝑐 = 𝑁
𝑅𝑆
7. The critical resistance

ΔE 𝐷𝐸
𝑅𝑐 = = = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
Δ𝐼𝑓 𝐶𝐷

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid loose connections.

2. Observe the starter handle position before closing the DPST switch.
3. Take the readings without parallax error.
RESULT:
Viva Questions:
1. What is meant by build-up of a generator?

2. Mention the various causes for the failure of the generator to build up
3. How do we conclude the connections between the field coils and armature are
correct?
4. Can a generator be reversed by reversing the connections between the armature and
field coils?
5. Define critical resistance and critical speed?


EXP-2
LOAD TEST
ON
DC SHUNT GENERATOR


2. LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT GENERATOR

AIM: To draw the load characteristics of a given DC Shunt generator.
APPARATUS:

1 Voltmeter 0-300V MC 1 No.
2 Ammeter 0-20A MC 1 No.
4 Rheostat 360Ω/ 1.2A 2 Nos.
5 Tachometer 0-15,000Rpm Digital 1 No.
THEORY:
External characteristics
It gives the relation between terminal voltage and the load current.. We know that
Vt=E-IaRa.The terminal voltage decreases slowly with increase of load current. This is due to
two reasons. One of the reasons is armature resistance drop. The other reason is armature
reaction drop by which the main field flux is demagnetized, thus reducing generated emf on
load. The effect of armature reaction increases with increase of load current. This curve lies
below the internal characteristic because it takes into account the voltage drop over the
armature circuit resistance.
Internal characteristics:
It gives the relation between emf actually induced in the armature (after allowing for
the demagnetizing effect of armature reaction) and the armature current Ia.

Circuit to find armature resistance:

0-5 A, MC 145 Ω, 2.8 A
__
+
+ ● ● || ● A
||
|| A
|| +
220V DC || 0-150 V, MC
Supply ||
M V
|| __
|| AA
||
● ● || ●
||
||
Armature voltage,Va Armature current,Ia Armature resistance,
S.No
(volts) (amps) Va / Ia (Ohms)

PROCEDURE:

position and filed rheostat of generator is kept at maximum position.
4. Start the motor with the help of 3-point starter.
5. Speed of the motor is adjusted to rated value by varying field rheostat of motor.
6. Voltage of the generator is brought to the rated voltage with the help of the field
rheostat of the generator.
7. The readings of ammeter and voltmeter at no load are noted.
8. DPST at load is closed and by applying different loads, ammeter and voltmeter
readings are noted up to rated load current of generator.
9. Slowly reducing the load and open the DPST switch at load.
DPST switch.
MODEL CALCULATIONS:
Armature Current= Ia=IL+Ish

Armature resistance drop= IaRa
InternalVoltage,E= VL +IaRa(Volts)

OBSERVATIONS:
Load Field Armature Internal

Load Armature
S.no. voltage,VL Current,Ish Current, Voltage,E=
current, IL resistance
(volts) (Amps) Ia=IL+Ish VL +IaRa
(amps) drop, IaRa
(Volts)
Observed Calculated
EXPECTED CHARACTERISTICS: V
O
L
Load voltage (Volts),VL
T EXTERNAL
S
V
V
INTERNAL (Eg vs Ia)
V
V
V
V
V
V
Load current (Amps),IL
V
O



PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid loose connections.
2. Observe the starter handle position before closing the DPST switch.
3. Take the readings without parallax error.
RESULT:
Viva questions:
1. What are the Applications of shunt generator?
2. Define armature reaction?
3. What is the purpose of compensating winding in DC machine?
4. How does field distortion affect commutation?
5. What are the methods of improving commutation?


EXP-3
BRAKE TEST
ON
A DC SHUNT MOTOR


3. BRAKE TEST ON A DC SHUNT MOTOR
AIM: To perform the brake test on D.C shunt motor and draw the performance curves.
APPARATUS:
S.No Name Range Type Quantity

5 Rheostat 0-360Ω/ 1.2A Wire wound 1 No.
4 Tachometer 0-15,000RPM Digital 1 No.
THEORY:
This is a direct method of testing a DC shunt machine. It is a simple method of

measuring motor output, speed and efficiency etc., at different loading conditions. In this
method a rope is wound round the pulley and its two ends are attached to two spring balances
S1 and S2. The tension of the rope S1 and S2 can be adjusted with the help of swivels. The
force acting tangentially on the pulley is equal to the difference between the readings of the
two spring balances.
Total power input to the motor, PIN= VSIL
IF „r‟ is the radius of the pulley, then torque at the pulley is given by
Tshaft= (S1 ~ S2) x 9.81 x r N-m
Angular velocity of the pulley, ω = (2ΠN/60) in rad/sec
Motor output, P O= Tshaft x ω
% Efficiency = (PO / PIN)x 100.

OBSERVATIONS:
S. Torque (N-m)
Supply voltage Line current Speed S1 S2 o/p=(2ΠNT/60) Input power(i/p) % η=
No T= 9.81(S1-S2).r
( Volts) IL (Amps) (RPM) (Kg) (kg) (Watts) VIL (watts) (o/p)/(i/p)
Observed Calculated



PROCEDURE:
2. Before starting the motor field rheostat is kept at minimum resistance position.
3. Supply is given to the motor.
4. Motor is started by 3- point starter.
5. The speed of the motor is brought to the rated speed by field rheostat.
6. The voltmeter, ammeter, loads (S1, S2) and speed are noted.
7. The load is increased on the water cooled pulley mounted on the shaft.
8. The voltmeter, ammeter, loads and speed are noted for each step of increase in load
until motor draws rated current.
9. Then slowly reduce the load, bring the field rheostat to minimum position and
switch of the supply.

EXPECTED CHARACTERISTICS:

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Initially 3-point starter should be kept at „OFF‟ position and later it must be
varied slowly and uniformly from „OFF‟ to „ON’ position.
2. The field regulator must be kept at its minimum output position.
3. The brake drum of the motor should fill with cold water.
4. The motor should be started without load.
RESULTS:
VIVA QUESTIONS:-
1. Why a 3-point starter is used for starting a D.C shunt motor?
2. Give the applications of Shunt motor
3. Explain the Characteristics of dc Shunt motor
4. Why the starting current is high in motor.


EXP-4
LOAD TEST
ON
DC COMPOUND GENERATOR


4. LOAD TEST ON DC COMPOUND GENERATOR

AIM:To draw the load characteristics of a given DC compound generator as cumulative type.
APPARATUS:

5 Tachometer 0-15,000rpm Digital 1 No.
THEORY:
A compound generator consists of a series field winding and a shunt field winding. It
is further categorized into (a) cumulatively compound generator (b) differentially compound
generator
Cumulatively compound generator: -
In this generator, the flux produced by both field windings adds up together. Hence,
the net flux will be increased as the load on the generator increases. The emf generated and
hence, the terminal voltage increases with load till the series field is saturated. The terminal
voltage decreases further with increase in the load current due to the armature reaction. Thus,
the cumulatively compound generator is categorized as (a) Flat compounded (b) over-
compounded and (c) under- compounded based on the emf generated from no-load to rated –
load.
Differentially compound generator: -
In this generator, the flux produced by both the field windings opposes each other.
Hence, the net flux in the air gap decreases and the generated emf decreases with the increase
in the load.
The reasons for terminal voltage drop of compound generator are the armature
resistance drop, armature reaction drop.

OBSERVATIONS:
S.no. Cumulatively compound long Cumulatively compound short

shunt Generator shunt Generator
Load current Load voltage Load current Load voltage
(amps (volts) (amps (volts)
V
O
L
T
EXPECTED CHARACTERISTICS: S
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
O



PROCEDURE:

resistance position and filed rheostat of generator is kept at maximum resistance
position.
3. Supply is given to the motor by closing DPST Switch
4. Motor is started with the help of 3-point starter.
5. Speed of the motor is adjusted to rated value by using field rheostats of motor circuit.
rheostat of the generator.
8. DPST at load is closed and by applying different loads, ammeter and voltmeter
readings are noted up to rated load current of generator.
9. Slowly reducing the load and open the DPST switch at load
DPST switch.
CALCULATIONS:
Long shunt compound:-

Ia=Ise
Ia= Ish+IL
Ish=V/Rsh
E= V+IaRa+IaRse
Short Shunt Compound:-

Ia=Ise+Ish
Ise=IL
𝐸 − 𝐼𝑎𝑅𝑎
𝐼𝑠ℎ =
𝑅𝑠ℎ
𝐸 = 𝑉 + 𝐼𝑎𝑅𝑎 + 𝐼𝑅𝑠𝑒


PRECAUTIONS:
1. Keep the rheostat in minimum position in field circuit of motor.

2. Keep the rheostat in maximum position in field current of generator.
3. Starter handle is moved slowly.
4. The load must be increased and also removed in steps.
5. If you increase or decrease the load the speed should be constant i.e. rated speed.
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:-
1. What are the differences between cumulative & differential compound generator
connection?
2. What is under compounded, flat compounded and over –compounded generator?
3. How is the degree of compounding in a d.c generator adjusted?
4. Give the applications of DC compound Generator


EXP-5
HOPKINSON’S TEST
ON
DC SHUNT MACHINES

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: HOPKINSON’S TEST ON DC SHUNT MACHINES

5. HOPKINSON’S TEST ON DC SHUNT MACHINES

A I M : To perform Hopkinson‟s test on two similar DC Shunt machines and hence obtain
their efficiencies at various loads
APPARATUS:

5 Rheostat 360Ω/ 1.2A Wire wound 2 Nos.
6 Tachometer 0-15,000RPM Digital 1 No.
THEORY: -
To find the efficiency of a DC shunt machine, the best method is to directly load it
and measure its output and input. For large rating machines the direct load test method is
difficult to conduct due to
a) It is costly to obtain a suitable load and
b) The amount of energy to be spent for testing is too large.
Hopkinson‟s test (also called Regenerative or Back-to-Back test) offers the advantage
of without its disadvantages. By this method, Full load test can be carried out on two identical
shunt machines without wasting their outputs. The two machines are mechanically coupled
and are so adjusted that one of them runs as a motor and the other as a generator. The
mechanical output of the motor drives the generator. The generator emf is brought to the bus
bar voltage and then paralleled it to bus bars. The electrical output of the generator is used in
supplying the greater part of input to the motor. If there were no losses in the machine then
they would have run without any external power supply. But due to losses in the machines
the output is not sufficient to drive the motor and vice versa. Thus these losses in the two
machines are supplied electrically from the supply mains.

OBSERVATIONS:
MOTOR GENERATOR
Supply voltage Line current Speed in
S.NO.
(V) (A) Field Field rpm
Armature Armature
current current
current (A) current (A)
(A) (A)

0-5 A, MC 145 Ω, 2.8 A
__
+
+ ● ● || ● A
||
|| A
|| +
220V DC || 0-150 V, MC
Supply || M V
|| __
|| AA
||
● ● || ●
||
||
S.No

PROCEDURE:
1) All the connections are done as per the circuit diagram.
2) Before giving the supply to the motor, field rheostat of motor is kept at minimum
resistance position and filed rheostat of generator is kept at maximum resistance
position.
3) Supply is given to the motor.
4) Motor is started with the help of 3-point starter.
5) Speed of the motor is adjusted to rated value by using field rheostats of motor circuit.
6) By varying the rheostat of generator, the voltmeter reading across the knife switch is
made to zero.
7) After getting the zero reading in voltmeter connected across knife switch , the switch
is closed.
8) If the voltmeter connected across the switch shows twice the rated voltage (440V),
then switch off the supply & interchange the field connections of generator.& repeat
step 6& 7.
9) At this instant all the meter readings are tabulated.
10) Motor field is weakened by field rheostat of motor and generator field is strengthened
by field rheostat of generator and all the meter readings are tabulated.
11) Repeat the same procedure until the two machines get rated load current.

MODEL CALCULATIONS:
TABULAR FORM:
Generator Motor
S Load current O/P
o/p in i/p in I/P in
No. (IL) in amps η=(o/p)/(i/p) in η=(o/p)/(i/p)
watts watts watts
watts



Generator
%η
Motor
Line current,IL
PRECAUTIONS:
1) Before giving the supply check the positions of 3 point starter, motor field
regulator, generator field regulator and SPST switch.
2) Move the 3 point starter handle from „OFF‟ to „ON‟ position slowly.
3) After taking all the reading first unload the generator by decreasing its filed
excitation simultaneously reduce the speed of motor (if the excitation is not
decreased its speed will rise above rated value).
RESULT:
Viva Questions:
1. Is it load test or no load test?

2. Comment on the efficiency determined by this test.
3. Comment on the losses of D.C machines.


EXP-6
FIELD TEST
ON
TWO IDENTICAL SERIES MACHINES


6. FIELD TEST ON TWO IDENTICAL SERIES MACHINES

AIM: To conduct the field test on two identical series machines and to find the efficiency at
full load.
APPARATUS:
S.NO Description Type Range Quantity

1 Volt meter M.C 0-300v 3
2 Ammeter M.C 0-20A 2
3 Resistive load Carbon Type 230V/5Kw 1
4 Tacho meter Digital 0-3000 1
THEORY:
Testing of series motors in the laboratory is rather more difficult compared to testing of shunt
motors. This is because:
(a) The field current varies over a wide range during normal working conditions of a series
motor. Therefore, tests made at a constant excitation are no value.
(b)On no-load, the series motor attains dangerously high speed. So no –load test is not
possible.
Field‟s Test is conducted on series machines to obtain its efficiency.

In this test,
Two similar rating series machines are mechanically coupled.
One series machine runs as a motor and drives another series machine, which runs as a
generator.
The series field winding of the generator is connected in series with the motor series field
winding as shown in the figure.
This test is not a regenerative test

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM TO FIND ARMATURE RESISTANCE (Ra)
Sl.No Voltage Current
ARMATURE RESISTANCE (Ra)=
CIRCUIT DIGRAM TO FIND SERIES FIELD RESISTANCE (RSE):
Sl.No Voltage Current
SERIES FIELD RESISTANCE (RSE)=

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit Diagram
2. Initially the machine is loaded with half load and the 2 –point starter must be at
„OFF‟ position
3. Excite the circuit to D.C 220V supply by closing DPST switch
4. Start the motor by moving the 2-point starter handled gradually from „OFF” to “ON”
position
5. Load the machine to full load by observing the Ammeter on the load side and record
the Ammeter, Voltmeter readings
6. After recording values bring the machines to half load by opening the load resistance
and then switch of the machine by opening the DPST switch.
TO FIND ARMATURE RESISTANCE (Ra):

1.Connect the circuit as per the circuit Diagram
2.Keep the rheostat connected in circuit is in maximum position
3.Excite the armature by 30V by closing the DPST switch
4.By varying the rheostat ,note down the Ammeter and voltmeter readings
5.The ratio of average voltmeter and ammeter readings gives the value of Ra
TO FIND SERIES FIELD RESISTANCE(Rse):

1.Connect the circuit as per the circuit Diagram
2.Keep the rheostat connected in circuit is in maximum position
3.Excite the field by 30V by closing the DPST switch
4.By varying the rheostat ,note down the Ammeter and voltmeter readings
5.The ratio of average voltmeter and ammeter readings gives the value of RSe

TABULAR COLUMN
SNO Ammeter Voltmeter reading Ammeter Voltmeter Input Output

Reading reading reading Power in Power in
V1 Volts V2 Volts I2 Amps Vg Volts watts watts
CALCULATIONS:
Power Input to whole set=
Power Output of whole set=
Total losses=Power Input-Power Power Output
Total Armature copper losses=
Total field copper losses=
Stray losses for the set (Ws)=
Stray losses of each machine=(Ws)/2=
AS A MOTOR
Motor Input=
Motor losses=
Motor output= Motor Input-Motor losses
% efficiency=(Motor output/Motor Input )*100

AS A GENERATOR
Generator Output=
Generator losses=
Generator Input=Generator output Generator losses
% efficiency=(Generator output/generator Input )*100
PRECAUTIONS:
1.Initially 2-point starter is kept in „OFF‟ position
2.Starter handle is moved slowly
3.Motor Must be switched „off with load
RESULT:
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1.Why the field windings of two machines are connected in series in field test?
2.Is it load test?
3.Why the series motor is not operated on no load?


EXP-7
SWINBURNE‟S TEST


7. SWINBURNE’S TEST
AIM: To pre-determine the efficiency of a DC shunt machine considering it as a generator or

as motor by performing Swinburne test on it.
APPARATUS
S.No. Name Range Type Quantity

1 Voltmeter (0-300) V MC 1 No.
2 Ammeter (0-5) A MC 1 No.
3 Ammeter (0-2) A MC 1 No.
4 Rheostat 360 Ω/ 1.2A Wire wound 1 No.

THEORY
Swinburne‟s test is an indirect method of testing a DC machine. In this method, the
constant losses of DC machine are calculated at no-load. Hence, its efficiency either as a
motor or as a generator can be determined. In this method, the power requirement is very
small. Hence this method can be used to determine the efficiency of higher capacity DC
machines as a motor and as a generator. It is convenient and economical because power
required to test a large machine is small.
PROCEDURE: -
2. Before giving the supply to the motor, field rheostat is kept at minimum position.
6. All the meter readings are noted.


0-5 A, MC 145 Ω, 2.8 A
__
+
+ ● ● || ● A
||
|| A
|| +
220V DC || 0-150 V, MC
Supply || M V
|| __
|| AA
||
● ● || ●
||
||
S.No
OBSERVATIONS:
Line current field current

S. No. Supply voltage
(amps) (amps)
volts

MODEL CALCULATIONS:

TABULAR FORM:
Load Generator Motor

Sl No. current (IL) o/p in i/p in O/P in I/P in
in amps η=(o/p)/(i/p) η=(o/p)/(i/p)
watts watts watts watts



PRECAUTIONS:
1. We should start the motor under no load
2. Take the reading without parallax error.
3. The connections must be tight.
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS;-
1. Why the magnetic losses calculated by this method are less than the actual value?
2. Is it applied to D.C series machines?
3. Comment on the efficiency determined by this method.


EXP-8
SPEED CONTROL
OF
DC SHUNT MOTOR


8. SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR
AIM:
To obtain the speed characteristics of a DC shunt motor as a function of armature
voltage, field current.
APPARATUS:

1 Voltmeter 0-300 V MC 1 No.
2 Ammeter 0-5 A MC 1 No.
3 Ammeter 0-2 A MC 1 No.
4 Rheostat 290Ω/ 2.8A Wire wound 1 No.
5 Rheostat 360Ω/ 1.2A Wire wound 1 No.
THEORY:
Any DC motor can be made to have smooth and effective control of speed over a
wide range. The shunt motor runs at a speed defined by the expressions.
EB= (ΦZN/60)(P/A) and
Eb=V- IaRa , i.e., N= (V- IaRa)/KΦ, Where K= (Z/60) (P/A)
Since Ia Ra drop is negligible NαV and N α (1/Φ)
Where N is the speed, V is applied voltage, Ia is the armature current and Ra is the armature
resistance and Φ is the field flux.
Speed control methods of a shunt motor:
1. Armature rheostat control.
2. Field flux control
Armature rheostat control: -
Speed control is achieved by adding an external resistance in the armature circuit.
This method is used where a fixed voltage is available. In this method, a high current rating
rheostat is required. This method of speed is used for below rated speeds only.

OBSERVATIONS:
Armature control method:

Armature
Line current, Field current ,If Speed, N (rpm)
S.No. voltage ,Va
IL(amps) (amps)
(volts)
Flux control method:

Armature
Line current, Field current ,If Speed, N (rpm)
S.No. voltage ,Va
IL(amps) (amps)
(volts)



Field flux control: -

Speed control by adjusting the air gap flux is achieved by means of adjusting the
field current i.e., by adding an external resistance in the field circuit. The disadvantage of
this method is that at low field flux the armature current will be high for the same load. This
method is used to run the motor above its rated speed only.
PROCEDURE: -
2. Before giving the supply to the circuit the armature rheostat is kept at maximum
resistance position and field rheostat is kept at minimum position.
5. Speed of the motor is adjusted to rated value by using armature and field rheostats of
motor circuit.
6. All the meter readings and speed are noted
Armature control method:

1. Some resistance is increased in the armature circuit i.e., in series with armature all
the meter readings and speed are noted.
2. All the meter readings and speed are noted until the motor runs at 80% of rated
speed.
3. Again the speed of the motor is brought to the rated speed by varying the armature
rheostat.
Field control method:

1. Some resistance is increased in the field circuit i.e., in series with field all the meter
readings and speed are noted.
2. All the meter readings and speed are noted until the motor runs at 120% of rated
speed.
3. Again the speed of the motor is brought to the rated speed by varying the field
rheostat.


PRECAUTIONS:
1. Initially 3 point starter is in „OFF‟ position.
2. Check the circuit before applying voltage.
3. Keep the armature rheostat is in maximum resistance position and field regulator is
in minimum position.
4. Move the starter handle from „OFF’ to „ON‟ position slowly.
RESULT:
VIVA-QUESTIONS:-
1. Why did you keep the resistance at minimum position in field circuit initially?
2. What are the functions of NVC & OLR in starter?
3. What is the difference between 3-point starter & 4-point starter?
4. Give advantage & disadvantage of field controlled method


EXP-9
BRAKE TEST
ON
A DC COMPOUND MOTOR


9. BRAKE TEST ON A DC COMPOUND MOTOR

AIM: To perform the brake test on D.C compound motor and draw the performance curves.
APPARATUS:
S.No Name Range Type Quantity

5 Rheostat 0-360Ω/ 1.2A Wire wound 1 No.
4 Tachometer 0-15,000 rpm Digital 1 No.
THEORY:
This is a direct method of testing of a DC compound machine. It is a simple method

of measuring motor output, speed and efficiency etc., at different loading conditions. In this
method a rope is wound round the pulley and its two ends are attached to two spring balances
S1 and S2. The tension of the rope S1 and S2 can be adjusted with the help of swivels. The
force acting tangentially on the pulley is equal to the difference between the readings of the
two spring balances.
Total power input to the motor, PIN= VSIL
IF „r‟ is the radius of the pulley, then torque at the pulley is given by
Tshaft= (S1 ~ S2) x 9.81 x r N-m
angular velocity of the pulley, ω = (2ΠN/60) in rad/sec
Motor output, P O= Tshaft x ω
% Efficiency = (PO / PIN)x 100

OBSERVATIONS:
Supply Line Torque o/p=
S.No. Speed S1 S2 Input power(i/p) % η=
voltage current T= 9.81(S1-S2).r (2ΠNT/60)
(RPM) (Kg) (kg) VIL (watts) (o/p)/(i/p)
( Volts) IL (Amps) (N-m) (Watts)
Observed Calculated



PROCEDURE:
2. Before starting the motor field rheostat is kept at minimum resistance position.
4. Motor is started by 3- point starter.
5. The speed of the motor is brought to the rated speed by field rheostat.
6. The voltmeter, ammeter, loads (S1, S2) and speed are noted.
7. The load is increased on the water cooled pulley mounted on the shaft.
8. The voltmeter, ammeter, loads and speed are noted for each step of increase in load
until motor draws rated current.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Initially 3-point starter should be kept at „OFF‟ position and later it must be
varied slowly and uniformly from „OFF‟ to „ON’ position.
2. The field regulator must be kept at its minimum output position.
3. The brake drum of the motor should fill with cold water.
4. The motor should be started without load.
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:-
1. How the speed of d.c compound motor can be increased or decreased?
2. Series field plays the dominating role in compound motor?
3. Explain the differences in the characteristics of D.C compound ,D.C series & Shunt
motors?


EXP-10
LOAD TEST
ON
DC SERIES GENERATOR


10. LOAD TEST ON DC SERIES GENERATOR

AIM:To draw the load characteristics of a given DC series generator.
APPARATUS:

3 Rheostat 360Ω/ 1.2A 1 No.
THEORY:
In a series generator, the field winding and armature are connected in series. The load is also
connected in series with the armature and series field. Thus, IL=Ia=Ise
Performance Characteristics:
No-load characteristic (Magnetization Characteristic,(Eg~If): This is the graph between the
generated emf Eg and the field current If at no-load and constant speed. This curve is
obtained by separately exciting the field from a separate voltage source.
Internal Characteristic (E~Ia): The graph between the E and Ia is called the Internal
Characteristic.
E=VL+Ia(Ra+Rse)
When operating as series generator, there are two fluxes in the machine air gap. One
due to the field and another due to the armature. The induced emf in the armature is due to
the net flux in the air gap. Thus, the relationship between the induced emf, the armature
current is called the internal characteristic. (after considering the armature reaction)

OBSERVATIONS:
S.no. Load current Load voltage Eg(Volts)

(amps) (volts)
V
O
L
T
EXPECTED CHARACTERISTICS: S
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
O



External Characteristics (VL~IL): The graph between VL and IL is called External

Characteristic.
This is a raising characteristic. In a series generator, if the total resistance of the
circuit (sum of armature, field and load resistance) is more than the critical field resistance,
then the emf build up process shall not begin.
The net induced emf in the armature, supplies the voltage drop across the armature and fields
resistances and also the load. So, the actual generated emf can be written as Eg=voltage drop
across the armature and field+ voltage across the external load.
Eg=Ia(Ra+Rse)+VL
PROCEDURE:

resistance position .
3. Supply is given to the motor by closing DPST Switch
7. DPST at load is closed and by applying different loads, ammeter and voltmeter readings
are noted up to rated load current of generator.
8. Slowly reducing the load and open the DPST switch at load
9. Bring the field rheostat of motor to its original positions and switch OFF the supply.

CALCULATIONS:
𝑬 = 𝑽 + 𝑰𝒂𝑹𝒂 + 𝑰𝒔𝒆𝑹𝒔𝒆
Ia=Ise=IL

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Keep the rheostat in minimum position in field circuit of motor.
2. Starter handle is moved slowly.
3. The load must be increased and also removed in steps.
4. If you increase or decrease the load the speed should be constant i.e. rated speed.
RESULT:
VIVA QUESTIONS:-
1. Why the series motor should not be operated under NO-Load condition?
2. What are the Applications of series generator?
3. How do we conclude that the connections between field coils and armature are
correct?
4. What is the standard direction of rotation of D.C generators?
5. Mention the various causes for the failure of the generator to build up the voltage.


EXP-12
SEPERATION OF LOSSES
IN A
DC SHUNT MOTOR

SEPERATION OF LOSSES IN A DC SHUNT MOTOR

AIM: -
To separate the hysteresis, eddy current, friction and windage losses of the given motor.
APPARATUS: -
Range Type Quantity

S.no. Name
1. Voltmeter 0-300V MC 1 No.
4. Rheostat 360Ω/ 1.2A Wire wound 2 Nos.
5. Tachometer 0-15,000RPM Digital 1No.
THEORY: -
At a given excitation, friction losses and hysteresis losses are proportional to speed.
Windage losses and eddy current losses on the other hand are both proportional to speed.
Windage losses and eddy current losses on the other hand are both proportional to square of
speed. Hence, for a given field current we have
Friction losses = AN watts, windage losses = BN2 watts.
Hysteresis losses= CN watts, Eddy current losses = DN2 watts. Where N= speed.
For a motor on no-load, power input to the armature is the sum of the armature copper losses
and the above losses.
In the circuit diagram, power input to the armature = VIA watts.
Armature copper losses = IA2RA watts.

VIA- IA2RA= W = (A+ C) N + (B+D) N2

(W/N)= (A+C) +(B+D) N.
The graph between (W/N) & N is a straight line, from which (A+C) and (B+D) can be
found.
In order to find A, B, C and D separately, let the field current be changed to a reduced value
and let it be constant at that value. After knowing the blues A, B, C and D losses can be
separated.
PROCEDURE: -
2. Before giving the supply to the circuit the armature rheostat is kept at maximum
resistance position and field rheostat is kept at minimum resistance position.
5. Speed of the motor is adjusted to rated value by using armature and field rheostats of
motor circuit.
6. All the meter readings and speed are noted
7. Some resistance is increased in the armature circuit i.e., in series with armature all the
meter readings and speed are noted.
8. All the meter readings and speed are noted until the motor runs at 80% of rated speed.
9. Again the speed of the motor is brought to the rated speed by varying the armature
rheostat.
10. Repeat the same procedure with another field current(3/4).
OBSERVATIONS:
S.No. Supply Line Field Armature Speed IaRa W S= WS/N AN BN2 CN DN2
voltage current current current (N) (volts) VIL- Watt/rp (WH) (WE) (WF) (WW)
2
(volts) (amps) (amps) (amps) (rpm) I RA
A m watt watt watt watt
Observed Calculated

0-5 A, MC 145 Ω, 2.8 A
EEE Department, UCET,+Guntur. __ Page 99
+ ● ● || ● A
||
|| A
|| +


PRECAUTIONS:
1. Initially 3 point starter is in „OFF‟ position.
2. Check the circuit before applying voltage.
3. Keep the armature rheostat is in maximum resistance position and field regulator is in
minimum position.
4. Move the starter handle from „OFF’ to „ON‟ position slowly.
RESULTS:
Viva Questions:
1. What are the various losses taking place in DC machine.
2. What is the condition for the maximum efficiency of a DC machine?
3. How to minimize iron losses in DC machine.


RETARDATION TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR
AIM:
1. To determine the stray losses of a DC shunt motor.
2. To predetermine the efficiency of the motor at different loads.
APPARATUS:
S.No. Name Range Type Quantity

1 Voltmeter (0-300) V MC 1 No
2 Ammeter (0-30) A MC 1 No
4 Rheostat 6 Ω/18A 1 No
5 Tachometer 1 No.
PROCEDURE:
1. All the connections are connected as per the circuit diagram.
2. Supply is given to circuit.
3. The motor is started on no load, with the help of 3-point starter.
4. SPDT switch is kept in such a position (i.e., to position (1)) that the armature is
connected to the supply through the starter.
5. The speed of the motor is adjusted to 25 rpm above the rated speed.
6. The armature circuit is switched off using the SPDT switch and note down the time
„t1‟ taken by the machine to slow down by 5% just after disconnecting the armature
from the supply mains.
7. Again, the speed of the motor is adjusted to 25 rpm above the rated speed.
8. The armature circuit is switched off using the SPDT switch and note down the t2 taken
by the machine to slow down by 5% just after disconnecting the armature from the
supply mains and armature is connected to load rheostat.
9. The additional losses “P” in the non-inductive resistance will be equal to the product
of average of ammeter reading Ia and average of voltmeter reading Va.
10. Stray losses P, are calculated using the formula
PS=P (t2/ (t1-t2)) and efficiency of the machine is predetermined.

OBSERVATIONS:
S.No. V1(v) V2(v) t1(sec) t2(sec) IMAX(A) IMIN(A) Iave(A) Vave(V)
MODEL CALCULATIONS:
RESULTS:
Efficiency,(%)
IL in amps
CHARACTERISTICS OBTAINED:

PRECAUTIONS:
CONCLUSIONS:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: RETARDATION TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR

3 pt starter
0-5 A 0-30A
MC MC
10A F LA
-
• • • • • •2 +
+
|| + A - A
|| _
|| 1
6 Ω , 18A
|| -
||
||
||
||
||
|| 360 Ω , 1.2 A
|| D
220 V || P +
D.C. || S 0-300 V
Supply V
|| T MC
|| -M A
|| C Z
|| +
-
M
||
|| A
V
|| A
|| ZZ
_ A
• • • ||
•
10 A
NAME PLATE DETAILS:

PARALLEL OPERATION OF DC SHUNT GENERATORS

AIM: To operate two DC shunt generators in parallel.
APPARATUS:

1 Voltmeter 0-300V MC 2 Nos.
4 Ammeter 0-30A MC 2 Nos.
5 Rheostat 18Ω/ 12A 2 Nos.
7 Tachometer 1 No.
THEORY:
The DC shunt generator has slightly drooping characteristics. Hence, shunt
generators are most suited for stable parallel operation. Their satisfactory operation is
due to the fact that any tendency on the part of a generator to take more or less than its
proper share of load results in certain changes of voltage in the system which
immediately oppose this tendency thereby restoring the original division of the load.
Hence, once paralleled, there are automatically held in parallel.
PROCEDURE:

2. Before giving the supply to the motors, armature rheostat of motor is kept at
maximum resistance position, field rheostat of motor is kept at minimum resistance
position and filed rheostat of generator is kept at maximum resistance position in both
sets.
3. Supply is given to the motor1.

4. Motor1 is started with the help of 3-point starter.

5. Speed of the motor1 is adjusted to rated value by using armature and field rheostats of
motor1 circuit.
rheostat of the generator1.
7. Same procedure is followed for motor2.
8. Observe voltmeter connected across SPST switch.
9. SPST is closed when the voltmeter reads zero.
10. All the meter readings are noted.
11. Load is applied and all the meter readings are noted until the generators supply rated
currents
OBSERVATIONS:
S.no. Load Voltage Total load Load current of Load current of

(Volts) current (Amps) Generator1(Amps) Generator2(Amps)
MODEL CALCULATIONS:
RESULTS:
VL
oad voltage (Volts),VL
EEE Department, UCET, Guntur. LOAD Page 109

CHARACTERISTICS
CHARACTERISTICS OBTAINED:
PRECAUTIONS:
CONCLUSIONS:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: PARALLEL OPERATION OF DC SHUNT GENERATORS
3 Pt starter (0 – 30) A (MC)
20 A 20 A +
A FL
● ● || ● ● || ●
+ + || ||
A
|| ||
18 Ω, 12 A
|| 360Ω,1.2A 360Ω,1.2A ||
|| ||
+
(MC)
(0-300)V
||
220 V || D D || L
D.C. Z Z V P || O
|| P
Supply __ S || A
|| S Z A
Z T || D
|| T +
-
||
|| M +
-
G ||
|| ||
A A 20 A
|| ||
A ZZ ZZ A _
||
_ ● || ●
● ● || ● ||
_ || 20 A ||
|| + ●
(0-600)V
||
(MC)
||
3 Pt starter
V ||
|| __ ● S ||
|| 20 A A FL __ ● P ||
+● ● || ● + S
A ||
|| T ||
|| (0 – 30) A (MC) ||
360Ω,1.2A 360Ω,1.2A
(MC)
(0-300)V
18 Ω, 12 A
|| ||
|| NAME PLATE DETAILS: ||
220 V || +
D.C. || D
Supply || P
Z V
Z
|| S Z __ A
Z
|| T +
-
|| M +
-
G
||
EEE Department, UCET, Guntur. A A Page 111
||
A
_ || ZZ ZZ A
● ● || ●
_ ||

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ELECTRICAL MACHINES-1 Lab

EEE Department, UCET, Guntur. Page 1

EEE Department, UCET, Guntur. Page 2

1. OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS OF A DC SHUNT

S.no. Name Range Type Quantity

EEE Department, UCET, Guntur. Page 3

S.No. Generated voltage (Volts) Field current(Amps)

EEE Department, UCET, Guntur. Page 4

EEE Department, UCET, Guntur. Page 5

EEE Department, UCET, Guntur. Page 6

1. All the connections are done as per the circuit diagram.

EEE Department, UCET, Guntur. Page 7

1. Draw the OCC (Eg vs If) for given speed.

7. The critical resistance

EEE Department, UCET, Guntur. Page 8

1. Avoid loose connections.

1. What is meant by build-up of a generator?

EEE Department, UCET, Guntur. Page 9

EEE Department, UCET, Guntur. Page 10

EEE Department, UCET, Guntur. Page 11

EEE Department, UCET, Guntur. Page 12

2. LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT GENERATOR

S.no. Name Range Type Quantity

EEE Department, UCET, Guntur. Page 13

Circuit to find armature resistance:

EEE Department, UCET, Guntur. Page 14

1. All the connections are done as per the circuit diagram.

Armature Current= Ia=IL+Ish

EEE Department, UCET, Guntur. Page 15

Load Field Armature Internal

EEE Department, UCET, Guntur. Page 16

EEE Department, UCET, Guntur. Page 17

EEE Department, UCET, Guntur. Page 18

1. Avoid loose connections.

3. Take the readings without parallax error.

1. What are the Applications of shunt generator?

2. Define armature reaction?

3. What is the purpose of compensating winding in DC machine?

4. How does field distortion affect commutation?

5. What are the methods of improving commutation?

EEE Department, UCET, Guntur. Page 19

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EEE Department, UCET, Guntur. Page 21

EEE Department, UCET, Guntur. Page 22

3. BRAKE TEST ON A DC SHUNT MOTOR

S.No Name Range Type Quantity

This is a direct method of testing a DC shunt machine. It is a simple method of

Angular velocity of the pulley, ω = (2ΠN/60) in rad/sec

Motor output, P O= Tshaft x ω

% Efficiency = (PO / PIN)x 100.

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