4 : HEAT YouTube

Standard content Learning standards

4.1 Thermal Equilibrium • Explain with examples thermal equilibrium in daily life.
• Calibrate a liquid-in-glass thermometer using two fixed points.
4.2 Specific Heat Capacity
• Explain heat capacity, C.
• Define specific heat capacity of a material, c.
• Experiment to determine the specific heat capacity of water and
aluminum
• Communicate to explain the applications of specific heat capacity
in daily life, material engineering and natural phenomena.
• Solve problems involving specific heat capacity using formula
4.3 Specific Latent Heat • Explain latent heat.
• Define specific latent heat, 𝓁, specific latent heat of fusion, 𝓁f and
specific latent heat of vaporisation, 𝓁v
• Experiment to determine specific latent heat, 𝓁f of fusion of ice
and specific latent heat of evaporation, 𝓁v of water
• Communicate to explain the applications of specific latent heat in
daily life.
• Solve problems involving latent heat.
4.4 Gas Laws
• Explain pressure, temperature and volume of gas in terms of the
behavior of gas molecules based on the Kinetic Theory of Gas.
• Experiment to determine the relationship between the pressure
and volume of a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature.
• Experiment to determine the relationship between the volume
and temperature of a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure.
• Experiment to determine the relationship between the pressure
and temperature of a fixed mass of gas at constant volume.
• Solve problems involving pressure, temperature and volume for a
fixed mass of gas using Gas law formulas.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
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4.1 Thermal Equilibrium

Before thermal After thermal

equilibrium equilibrium

Two objects in thermal contact, heat will be Temperature is the same

transferred Rate of heat transfer is equal
Net heat transfer is zero
Rate of heat transfer from hot to cold
object is higher than rate of heat transfer Object has reached thermal
from cold to hot object equilibrium

Net heat moves from hotter to cooler cold hot

objects

Temperature of the cold object increases,

hot object decreases same temperature

Thermal Equilibrium in Daily Life

(Refer textbook page 122)
Heating objects Cooling objects

Baking cake in the oven Keeping food in fridge

Using thermometer Use ice to cool drinks

Calibrating thermometer

Thermometric properties: Physical properties which can be measured which changes with temperature.
Calibration: Process of making a scale of reading on a thermometer.

use two fixed points melting point of ice, 0°C (fixed lower limit)
boiling point of water, 100°C (fixed upper limit)

0°C 𝜃 100°C
𝑙𝜃 − 𝑙0
𝜃= × 100℃
𝑙100 − 𝑙0
l0
ϴ = temperature, °C
lϴ
l0 = length when temperature is 0°C, cm

l100 = length when temperature 100°C, cm l 100

Example
If the length of mercury column in at 0°C and 100°C are 23 − 3
3 cm and 40 cm respectively, what is the temperature 𝜃= × 100℃
40 − 3
when the length of mercury column is 23 cm?
= 54℃

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Exercise
1. Siti uses a metal spoon to stir her coffee. Using the concept of heat transfer,
explain how does the spoon and coffee reaches thermal equilibrium.

2. freepik.com Irfan got sick and she uses a thermometer to measure her
temperature. To make sure the temperature is accurate, she has
to wait a few seconds before taking the reading of the
thermometer. Using concept of thermal equilibrium, explain why.

3. If the length of mercury column in at 0°C and 100°C are 5 cm and 33 cm respectively, what
is the temperature when the length of mercury column is 28 cm?

4. If the length of mercury column in at 0°C and 100°C are 4 cm and 26 cm respectively, what
is the length of the mercury column if the temperature is 87°C?

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4.2 Specific Heat Capacity
Heat capacity
Heat capacity, C: Quantity of heat energy needed to raise the temperature by 1°C

𝑄 Q : heat supplied, J
𝐶= mass increase, heat capacity increase
∆Ɵ m : mass, kg
c : specific heat capacity, J kg-1 °C-1 • Soup in large bowl stays hotter longer
𝐶 = 𝑚𝑐 • Large volume water takes longer to boil
∆Ɵ : change in temperature, °C

Specific heat capacity

Specific heat capacity, c: Quantity of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg substance by 1°C

c water is 4200 Jkg-1°C-1 = 4200 J of energy is needed to increase temperature of 1 kg water by 1°C

High specific heat capacity

𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐∆Ɵ
• When heated up – heat up slowly
• When cooled down – cool down slowly
Q : heat supplied, J
m : mass, kg Low specific heat capacity
c : specific heat capacity, J kg-1 °C-1 • When heated up – heat up quickly
∆Ɵ : change in temperature, °C • When cooled down – cool down quickly

Example

Pot X requires 25 kJ of heat energy to increase its temperature from 25 to

65°C. Given that the mass of the pot is 700 g.

i. What is its heat capacity?

ii. What is its specific heat capacity?
iii. Pot Y with the same mass as Pot X has a specific heat capacity of
500 J kg -1 °C-1. When given same amount of energy, which one will
heat up faster? Explain your answer.
Pot X

i. Heat capacity ii. Specific heat capacity iii. Pot Y will heat up faster.
𝑄 This is because the specific
𝐶 = 𝑄 = 𝑚 𝑐 ∆Ɵ heat capacity of Pot Y is
∆Ɵ
25 000 = (0.7) (c) (65-45) smaller than Pot X.
25 000
=
(65 − 45) c = 892.86 J kg-1 °C-1

= 625 J°C-1

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4.2 Specific Heat Capacity
Relating electric and heat energy
(Experiment to find SHC - refer Experiment 4.2 in textbook – page 130)

• Heat energy produced by electric heater will be absorbed by substance

𝑄=𝑃𝑡
• Assuming that there is no heat lost to surrounding, heat released by
Q : energy, J heater is equal to the heat absorbed by substance
P : power, W 𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 = 𝑄𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑
t : time, s
𝑃𝑡 = 𝑚𝑐∆Ɵ

Example

Immersion heater 100 W, 240 V is used to heat up 1kg aluminium block as

shown in the diagram. After being heated for 5 minutes, the block
increases its temperature by 33.3 °C.

i. Calculate the heat energy supplied by the heater.

BBC Bitesize

ii. Calculate the specific heat capacity of aluminium.

iii. State the assumption to answer (ii).

i. Q = P t ii. Q = m c ∆Ɵ iii. Energy released by the heater is the

= (100) (5 x 60) 30 000 = (1) (c) (33.33) same as absorbed by aluminium. There
= 30 000 J is no heat loss to the surrounding.
c = 900 J kg-1 °C-1

Exercise
1. What does the statement “Specific heat capacity of titanium is 523 J kg-1 °C-1” means?

2. Wulan uses a 50 g metal spoon to stir her drink. If the temperature of spoon
increases from 30 to 45 °C, calculate the heat capacity and the heat energy
absorbed by the spoon. (Specific heat capacity of spoon = 800 J kg-1 °C-1)

3. A 3 kg ball of steel is placed in boiling water. After it reaches thermal equilibrium with the water,
the ball is removed from the water and allowed to cool. Calculate the energy released by the ball to
reach temperature of 40 °C. Given that the specific heat capacity of steel is 466 J kg-1 °C-1.

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Exercise
4. Immersion heater 200 W, 240 V is used to heat up 3 kg steel block. If the specific heat capacity of
steel is 466 J kg-1 °C-1, how long does it take to increase its temperature by 37 °C?

5. Marlia wants to drink warm water so she mixes 0.5 kg of boiling water with 0.3 kg of cold water at
temperature 10 °C. What is the final temperature of the mixture assuming that there is no heat loss
to the surrounding?

6. During the day, we can feel sea breeze from the water
moving to the beach. Based on your knowledge about
specific heat capacity, explain the phenomenon.
(Refer textbook – page 134)

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7. State and explain the characteristics of material used to make a kettle

that can heat up large amount of water quickly and safely.
• Specific heat capacity of the material to make its body
• Specific heat capacity of the material to make its handle
• Mass of the kettle
• Volume of the kettle
• Density
• Melting point

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4.3 Specific Latent Heat
Specific latent heat
Specific latent heat, l : Quantity of heat that is absorbed or released during a change of phase of 1 kg of
the substance without any change in its temperature.

Q : heat supplied, J
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑙 m : mass, kg
l : specific latent heat, J kg-1

Specific latent heat of fusion, l f Quantity of heat absorbed during melting or the quantity of
heat released during freezing of 1 kg of the substance
without any change in temperature.

Quantity of heat absorbed during boiling or the

quantity of heat released during condensation of 1 kg
of the substance without any change in temperature. Specific latent heat of vaporisation, l v

Relating electric and heat energy

(Experiment to find SLC - refer Experiment 4.3 in textbook – page 141)

• Heat energy produced by electric heater will be absorbed by substance

𝑄=𝑃𝑡
• Assuming that there is no heat lost to surrounding, heat released by
Q : energy, J heater is equal to the heat absorbed by substance
P : power, W 𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 = 𝑄𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑
t : time, s
𝑃𝑡 = 𝑚𝑙

Example
Temperature of pure ice is 0°C. A block of ice with s is melting as it is supplied
with heat energy from 1 kW, 240 V immersion heater for 10 minutes.

i. State the temperature as it melts.

ii. Assuming there is no heat loss to the surrounding, calculate the
mass of ice that has melted. (lv : 3.34 x 105 J kg -1)

i. 0°C ii. P t = m l
(1000) (10 x 60) = (m) (3.34 x 105)
m = 1.78 kg

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 4.3 Specific Latent Heat
Heating curve
Latent heat absorbed to
break bonds between
molecules. Kinetic energy
of molecules is constant.
Temperature

Temperature constant.
Latent heat absorbed to
weaken bond between
molecules. Kinetic energy
of molecules is constant.
Temperature constant.
Gas is heated. Heat
absorbed used to
increase the kinetic
Liquid heated until boiling energy of molecules.
point. Heat absorbed used Temperature increase.
to increase the kinetic
energy of molecules.
Temperature increase.
Solid heated until melting
point. Heat absorbed used
to increase the kinetic
energy of molecules.
Temperature increase.
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Time

Cooling curve

Latent heat released and

molecular bonds are
formed. Kinetic energy
of molecules is constant.
Temperature

Temperature constant.
Latent heat released to
strengthen bond between
molecules. Kinetic energy
of molecules is constant.
Temperature constant.

Gas cooled down to

boiling point. Heat is
released. Kinetic energy
of molecules decrease.
Temperature decrease. Liquid cools until freezing
point. Heat is released. Kinetic
energy of molecules decrease.
Temperature decrease.

Solid cools. Heat is

released. Kinetic energy
of molecules decrease.
Temperature decrease.
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Time

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4.3 Specific Latent Heat
Applications of Specific Latent Heat

Evaporation of sweat

1. When our body temperature increase, sweat is produced.

2. When sweat evaporates, heat is absorbed from body and
produces cooling effect.
3. Rate of evaporation increase when there is air circulation.

Cooling system in refrigerator

1. Compressor compresses cooling agent (gas)

to increase pressure and temperature
2. In condenser, cooling agent releases latent
heat during condensation (gas to liquid)
3. Cooling agent flows through expansion valve
(liquid)
4. In evaporator, cooling agent absorbs latent
heat from inside the refrigerator and
evaporates
5. Cooling agent flows out from evaporator to
compressor

Exercise
1. Fatinah uses a heater to supply 3400 J of energy to a liquid. If 0.4 kg of the liquid changes into gas
after heating, what is the latent heat of vaporisation of the liquid?

2. Siti cools a pitcher of tea using ice cubes. If the tea cools down after
releasing 10 500 J of energy, calculate the mass of ice that has melted.
(Specific latent heat of fusion of ice: 3.34 x 105 J kg-1)

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Exercise
3. Hermione uses an electric heater with power rating 100 W, 240 V to melt some ice. Initially, the
mass of the ice is 750 g. Calculate the time taken so that only 400 g of ice cubes is left.
(Specific latent heat of fusion of ice: 3.34 x 105 J kg-1)

4. Irfan uses an electric heater with power rating 250 W, 240 V to melt some ice. Initially, the
mass of the ice is 2 kg. If the heater is used for 10 minute, calculate the final mass of the ice.
(Specific latent heat of fusion of ice: 3.34 x 105 J kg-1)

5. Calculate the total energy needed to change 0.2 kg ice cube into water with
temperature of 30 °C. (Specific latent heat of fusion of ice: 3.34 x 105 J kg-1;
Specific heat capacity of water: 4200 J kg -1 °C -1)

6. Diagram shows a heating curve of 0.2 kg solid X when being supplied with heat energy from a
heater with power rating 200 W, 240 V.
Temperature/ °C
a. State the melting point of object
80
b. Calculate specific heat capacity of
solid X.
60
c. Calculate specific latent of fusion of X.
d. Explain why the temperature between 30
35 and 75 s stays the same even
though heat is still supplied to it.
0 35 75 130 Time / s

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4.4 Gas Laws
Explaining P, V, T of gas
(Based on the Kinetic Theory of Gas)

Te m p e r a t u r e
Pressure
• when temperature increase, the kinetic energy of
molecules increase
• gas molecules move randomly
• when gas molecules collide with walls of Volume
container and rebound, force is exerted on
• gas molecules move freely and fill the entire space
the wall of container
of container
• force per unit area creates gas pressure
• volume of gas is same as the volume of container

Boyle’s Law
(Refer Experiment 4.4 in textbook – page 149)

Pressure is inversely proportional to volume for a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature.

P P

1
V
𝑉

1. As volume of gas decreases, the same number of molecules

move in a smaller space.
2. Number of molecules per unit volume increases.
3. Rate of collisions between molecules and the walls of the
container increase.
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃 2 𝑉 2 4. Force per unit area on the wall of the container increases.
5. Gas pressure increases.

Example

A container contains 300 cm3 of gas at 400 kPa.

When more load is added at the lid, the volume
decreased to 150 cm3. Calculate the new pressure.

𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2
(400) (300) = p (150)
P = 800 kPa

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4.4 Gas Laws
Charles’ Law
(Refer Experiment 4.5 in textbook – page 153)

Volume is directly proportional to absolute temperature for a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure.

-273

𝑉1 𝑉2
1. As temperature increase, kinetic energy of molecules increase
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
2. Molecules move with higher velocity
+ 273
3. To keep a constant pressure, volume of gas increase so that the rate °𝐶 𝐾
of collisions between molecules and wall of container is constant - 273
Example

A flask containing gas with volume of 2.5 cm3 is at a temperature of 27°C.

What is the volume of the flask if its temperature increases to 77°C?

𝑉1 𝑉2 2.5 𝑉
= = 𝑉 = 2.9 𝑐𝑚3
𝑇1 𝑇2 27+273 77+273

Gay-Lussac’s Law
(Refer Experiment 4.6 in textbook – page 158)

Pressure is directly proportional to absolute temperature for a fixed mass of gas at constant volume.

1. As temperature increase, kinetic energy of molecules increase 𝑃1 𝑃2

=
2. Molecules move with higher velocity 𝑇1 𝑇2
3. As volume is kept constant, rate of collisions between molecules and
wall of container increase + 273
°𝐶 𝐾
4. Force per unit area increase, gas pressure increase
- 273
Example
Gas in a fixed volume container has a pressure of 280 kPa at a
temperature of 29°C. What is the gas pressure when the cylinder is
cooled to a temperature of 5°C?
𝑃1 𝑃2 280 𝑃
= = 𝑃 = 257 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑇1 𝑇2 29+273 5+273

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4.4 Gas Laws
Summary of gas laws

Exercise
1. State the name of gas laws involved in the situations below.
a. Before After b. Before After

Dented ping pong ball

Heat

2. Air in a plastic bag is 250 cm3 when it is placed in a refrigerator with temperature 5°C. Calculate
the volume when it is placed outside where the temperature is 27°C.

3. Pressure in a container is 2.0x105 Pa when its volume is 30 cm3. The container is then squeezed
to change its pressure. What is the volume that will increase the pressure to 2.3x105 Pa?

4. Gas in a fixed volume container has a pressure of 280 kPa at a temperature of 29°C. The
container is heated until the pressure in the container reaches 300 kPa. Calculate the
temperature and give the answer in °C.

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Exercise
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5. Ron is going on a road trip. Diagram 1
shows the tyre pressure before the he
starts the journey in the morning.
220 kPa 240 kPa Diagram 2 shows the tyre pressure
after few hours on the hot road.
Diagram 1 Diagram 2

a. Based on Diagram 1 and 2, compare;

i. pressure ii. volume iii. temperature

b. Based on your answer in (a);

i. state the relationship between temperature and pressure.

ii. state the gas law involved.

c. Using kinetic theory of gas, explain how the tyre pressure changes before and after the
journey.

6. Diagram A shows mercury in an air column. The same cylinder is placed in different position as in
Diagram B and C. Calculate the length of air column in Diagram B and C.
(Atmospheric pressure : 76 cm Hg)

Diagram A Diagram B Diagram C

2 cm
LC
LB
10 cm

7. Diagram shows a diver under 20 m of water. Air bubble produced at the level is 2 cm3. The bubble
will rise up. Calculate the volume of air bubble near the surface of the water.
(Atmospheric pressure : 10.3 m H2O)

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