EXPERIMENT 1

VINEGAR ANALYSIS
SolutionConcentration
Relative amounts of solute and solvent.
§ solute – substance dissolved.
§ solvent – substance doing the dissolving.

There are several concentration units.

Most important to chemists: Molarity
Molarity

Molarity = nsolute
mol/L units
Vsolution(in L)

• V of solution not solvent.

M ≡ mol/L

• Shorthand: IUPAC c(solute) = 5.12 M

commonly seen [solute] = 5.12 M

Brackets [ ] represent
“molarity of ”
Molarity
36.0 g of sodium sulfate are dissolved in enough water
to make 750.0 mL of solution. Calculate the molarity of
the Na2SO4.

36.0 g = 0.2534mol
nNa2SO4 =
142.0 g/mol

0.2534 mol
c(Na2SO4) = Unit change!
0.7500 L mL → L

c(Na2SO4) = 0.338mol/L = 0.338 M

Molarity
6.37 g of Al(NO3)3 are dissolved to make a 250. mL
aqueous solution. Calculate (a)c(Al(NO3)3) (b) c(Al3+)
and c(NO3-).
(a) Al(NO3)3 molar mass = 26.98 + 3(14.00) + 9(16.00)
= 213.0 g
mol
6.37 g
nAl(NO3)3= = 2.991 x 10-2 mol
213.0 g/mol

c(Al(NO3)3) = 2.991 x 10-2 mol

= 0.120 M
0.250 L
Molarity
6.37 g of Al(NO3)3 in a 250. mL solution. (a) c(Al(NO3)3)? (b) c(Al3+) and c(NO3-)?

(b) Molarity of Al3+ , NO3-?

Al(NO3)3(aq) → Al3+(aq) + 3 NO3-(aq)

1 Al(NO3)3 ≡ 1 Al3+

c(Al3+) = 0.120 M Al(NO3)3 1 Al3+

= 0.120 M Al3+
1 Al(NO3)3

1 Al(NO3)3 ≡ 3 NO3-

c(NO3-) = 0.120 M Al(NO3)3 3 NO -

3 = 0.360 M NO3-
1 Al(NO3)3
SolutionPreparation

Solutions are prepared either by:

1. Dissolving a measured amount of solute and

diluting to a fixed volume.

or…

2. Diluting a more concentrated solution.

SolutionPreparationfromPureSolute
Prepare a 0.5000 M solution of KMNO 4 (potassium
permanganate) in a 250.0 mL volumetric flask.

Mass of KMnO4 required

nKMnO4 = c(KMnO4) x V
= 0.5000 M x 0.2500 L (M ≡ mol/L)
= 0.1250 mol

massKMnO4 = 0.1250 mol x 158.03 g/mol

= 19.75 g
SolutionPreparationfromPureSolute
1. Weighexactly19.75 g of pure KMnO4. Transfer to a
volumetric flask.
2. Rinse all solid from the weighing dish into the flask.
3. Fill the flask ≈ ⅓ full
4. Swirl to dissolve the solid
5. Fill the flask to the mark on the neck.
6. Shake to thoroughly mix
SolutionPreparationbyDilution
cconcVconc = amount of solute =cdilVdil
Example M1V1 = M2V2
Commercial concentrated sulfuric acid is 17.8 M. If
75.0 mL of this acid is diluted to 1.00 L, what is the
final concentration of the acid?

M1= cconc = 17.8 M Vconc = 75.0 mL = V1

M2 = cdil = ? Vdil = 1000. mL = V

cconcVconc 17.8 M x 75.0 mL = 1.34 M

cdil = =
Vdil 1000. mL
StoichiometryinAqueousSolution

Mass Mass
A Use molar B
Use molar mass of B
mass of A

Amount Amount
A B
Use mole ratio

Use solution Use solution

molarity of A molarity of B
Volume
Volume B solution
A solution

nA = c(A) x V

c(product) = nproduct / (total volume).

StoichiometryinAqueousSolution
25.0 mL of 0.234 M FeCl 3 and 50.0 mL of 0.453 M
NaOH are mixed. Which reactant is limiting? How many
moles of Fe(OH)3 will form?

FeCl3(aq) + 3 NaOH(aq) → 3 NaCl(aq) + Fe(OH)3(s)

nFeCl3 = 0.0250 L x 0.234

mol/L = 0.005850mol

nNaOH = 0.0500 L x 0.453 mol/L = 0.02265 mol

Molarity&ReactionsinAqueousSolution
FeCl3(aq) + 3 NaOH(aq) → 3 NaCl (aq) + Fe(OH)3(s)
0.005850 mol 0.01925 mol nFe(OH)3 ?

1 Fe(OH)3
0.00585 mol FeCl3 = 0.00585 mol Fe(OH)3
1 FeCl3

1 Fe(OH)3
0.02265 mol NaOH = 0.00755 mol Fe(OH)3
3 NaOH

FeCl3 is limiting; 0.00585 mol Fe(OH)3 produced.

StoichiometryinAqueousSolution
A 4.554 g mixture of oxalic acid, 2HC2O4 and NaCl was
neutralized by 29.58 mL of 0.550M NaOH. What was
the weight % of oxalic acid in the mixture?
H2C2O4(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) → Na
2C2O4(aq) + 2 H2O(ℓ)

nNaOH = 0.02958 L x 0.550 mol/L = 0.01627 mol

1 H2C2O4 ≡ 2 NaOH
1 H2C2O4
nacid = 0.01627 mol NaOH
2 NaOH

= 8.135 x10-3 mol

StoichiometryinAqueousSolution
A 4.554 g H2C2O4 / NaCl mixture … Wt % of oxalic acid in the mixture?

Mass of acid consumed, massacid

= 8.135 x10-3 mol x (90.04 g/mol acid)
= 0.7324 g

massacid
Weight % = sample mass x 100%

0.7324 g
Weight % = x 100% = 16.08%
4.554 g
Titrations in Aqueous Solution
Titration = volume-based method used to determine an
unknown concentration.

Standard solution (known concentration) is added to a

solution of unknown concentration.
§ Monitor the volume added.
§ Add until equivalence is reached – stoichiometrically equal
moles of reactants added.
§ A color change (an indicator may be necessary) monitors
the end point.

Often used to determine acid or base concentrations.

TitrationsinAqueousSolution

Standardsolution (known
concentration) is added to a solution of
unknown concentration.
§ Monitor the volume added.
§ Add untilequivalenceis reached–
stoichiometrically equal moles of
reactants added.
§ A color change (an indicator may be
necessary) monitors the end point.
To get the same equivalencepoint as
the end point, pH of the indicator
should match the pH at
theequivalence .
TitrationsinAqueousSolution
Buret = volumetric glassware used for titrations.
Slowly add standard solution until the end point is
seen. Vtitrant and the known c(titrant) and Vunknown allow
calculation of c(unknown).
TitrationsinAqueousSolution
29.5 mL of 0.100 M H2SO4 was required to neutralize
25.0 mL NaOH. What was the NaOH concentration?
H2SO4(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2 H2O(ℓ)

0.100 mol
nH2SO4= 0.0295 L = 2.95 x 10-3 mol
L

2 NaOH
nNaOH = 2.95 x 10-3 mol = 5.90 x 10-3 mol
1 H2SO4

5.90 x 10-3 mol

c(NaOH) = = 0.236 M
0.0250L
OBJECTIVE
TO DETERMINE THE PERCENT BY MASS
OF ACETIC ACID IN VINEGAR.
CALCULATIONS
CH3COOH (aq)+ NaOH (aq) à NaCH3CO2 (aq) + H2O

(l) mole NaOH à mole CH3COOH à mass

CH3COOH

! "
Molarity =
" [NaOH] (V) = 𝒏

𝒏 #$%& ’ #$%&
[NaOH] = M=
M=
!"#$
’ ( %) (L) = mole
Volume = (Final reading – initial Reading)
CH3COOH (aq)+ NaOH (aq) à NaCH3CO2 (aq) + H2O
(l)
CH3COOH (aq)+ NaOH (aq) à NaCH3CO2 (aq) + H2O
(l)

mol CH3COOH = mol NaOH

Determine molar mass of CH3COOH
CH3COOH
 1x4=4
16 x 2 = 32
12 x 2 = 24
60 g/mole
CH3COOH (aq)+ NaOH (aq) à NaCH3CO2 (aq) + H2O

(l) mole NaOH à mole CH3COOH à mass

CH3COOH

mass CH3COOH = mole CH3COOH x molar mass of CH3COOH

SUMMARY
grams = mole x &’(!) !"#$
!"## $% &’
!&((’
% by mass of acetic acid = x
100
)*+,-".
• Mole of NaOH = (Molarity of NaOH)*(Volume of NaOH)
Volume of NaOH = Final reading – Initial Reading

• Mole of CH3COOH = Mole of NaOH

• Mass of CH3COOH = (Mole of CH3COOH)*(Molar Mass of CH3COOH)
TRIAL Percent by mass of
Acetic Acid (%)
1 4

2 4

3 3.5

Percent by mass of acetic acid = !"## $% &’!&((’ x

100 )*+,-".
∑(𝒙 − 𝒙’)𝟐