EXCHANGE OF GASES

Factors involved : -

t I 1
.

PARTIAL THICKNESS OF
SOLUBILITY
PRESSURE OF DIFFUSION →
layered
3.

GASES MEMBRANE

Air =

Ngtogtcogt others
CO2 → 20-25 trines Alveolar
Pg =
Png Pogtpcogt Pother
1-
more soluble A) nrmembranl
than 02 (simple
0003%
78%21-1
squamous)
.

Ep
Partial
.

I \ Basement
Partial pressure
9h02 PN
760×7%-1
__
pressure ,

lfN2
02
Partial
←
802
Iatm -760mm
ofHg=PT
-

Po2= 159mm

760=9
of Hg pco<
poi
= 0.3
's-9
c)
EndotawÉE
squamous

Hoo ✗ Atmosphere Diffusion

membrane of capillaries
.

hentai -%=¥% HT
llessthanammthick )
f- 0.2mm)

Deoxygenated
€¥ oxygenated
blood
blood
poz
= 95mm
oftlg
[ pos ofHg)
ru
-40mm
-

(
pCOz= 40 " "
"

pco2=45mmofHg
[ Co2 pressure
gradient
-5mm

(
✓

Haemoglobin of Hg
is still
saturated 02 5£
byoz
n

Tb
upto 75%
Body
.

tissues
poz Plog solubility is higher
40mm
45mm ( 70T .
→
HW5 ) .

oftlg of Hg
 TRANSPORT OF GASES

to "
co → Loo -250 times more
affinity CO2
02 for Hb than 0
-

I
d- d d L

97°/ •
Oz 34 - 70
Yo do -23.1 .
7%0
as
dissolved
transported as as as

caibanriuoltb dissolved in
in tecozéous
oxy haemoglobin plasma
plasma
RBC
( ) Caebaminoteb
HbfCoz→
carbon
5- 5.5 million RBC / Clemon of blood (Irreversible)
IRBC → I 280 million Hb molecules
ybtco
,
→
carboxy Hb
100mL blood → 12-16 Hb binds to fe+2→Fet3
gm Ferrous ferric
.

100mL blood 15 Hb ( oxidise )

gm
- .

1g Hb →
transports 1.34 mloz * 100mL blood delivers
alveoli
15g
Hb → " 15×1.34 ml Oz

20 -
l ml 02
4mL Cog to
lung .

= is

100mL blood =
n 20mL Oz

t
, t.

condition strenuous condition

Resting
Y
Physical activity 9

delivered to
y

25%02 75.1.02 delivered to

tissues queues
→ causes
Breathing
salep
d d
5mL 02 is delivered to 15 mlozais delivered
b- lissues
tissues
byblood
every mil
byblood
every
loonie
of .
100
of .

15ml_ reserve 5ml_ resend .

 Plasma Carbonic
CA →
anhydrase
B

c0zT→C°2Jeoz+µ
0
70%

-Ñ++Hw5•f
B
D
°
7- y .
, ⇐ Hycoz tlcoj
Y 70%
"
is 70% carbonic
dissolved ↳
acid
A
Nat
T R's in cogttlb-carbanu.no
A
'
plasma S E
f
23%
Httlb
n Hb
a-

70% BPG "

kttkce
r
S f
v

Hb 02<-2,3 chloride
-

v E

S
E
021 ÉToi 97%
shift or
,
b- RBC
tissues Hamburger 's
phenomenon

oxidised.tt#Cfet3)-sMeth---aeuwglobinBuffee--
Ttt → t.PH

in
resists
change pH
types →↳HW5 buffer
↳
inbody → 3.
Phosphate buffer
↳ Protein
④
µtHb→ Protonated Hb buffer .

gyp ,

Haemoglobin acid
or I .

DISSOCIATION OF OXY -
Hb -
Coat , p coat 021 , post Hzcozt H+ T
, , ,

tcoslisoi
qyhysoxine
}→Tmetabolic
rate
dpt , Tempt
Fever
→ Tmetabolism - coat

d with p
1^2,3 BPG ( in RBC) binds -

→
Bes
-

Coq its
( 2,3 -
Bis
phospho globin & Lies

shy cerate ) affinity to 02

L Plaything
U
HW5
N
tycoon Tcozt Hi _& Hoos
amttiiws
plaza
%Yat
via

]
<
g ,
H T coat Hb ←
Callsamino cé
A b
A #
c el
23
L
D
V
A H+Hb 4
N not
E
KIKU
.

E 's
it

O > Hboz
L €" 02
AH .

RBC

Ogg
,

g
Reverse
0z&Hb coat pcosnd 029 chloride
ASSOCIATION OF →
, , , post
PMT ,
Htd , Temple shift
 sigmoid
S
OXYGEN HB DISSOCIATION CURVE
shaped /
-

LEFT ^

SHIFT , poz=U0mm#Y
y
④ ( poor 95mm ofteg )
-

Association
-

ofOz&Hb Saturated
-20¥
-

LEFT s-o.TT

\
dcogipcogd ,
I
→

"° ""
PET
"
02T , *

PHT Htd
; -95 →
97%
I
,
,
-

Tempt , ! RIGHT
2,3 Brat - - - - - -

l
"
SHIFT
Y
-

!
" Dissociation
of Oxyhhb
i ! I Tcoz , past ,
Ozd , post
,
1
,
I 1
,
Tnt , pnt , Tempt ,

BPG cortisol
Fever 1^2,3

"§
-

!
a ,
,
'
T
Thyroxine
I
.

>

95mm
oftlg
1-

26.3mm
Pso value That pozat which
of Hg -

(25-30 mmofteg ) Hb is 50% saturated

with 02 .

!¥É Y¥
%
A
Saturation fetal Hb .

retain .

I d
9242
1 1 Y - no
affinity

!
to 2,3
-

BPG
1
1

↳ * >

poz
?⃝
 92132 Quaternary Hatin/
1 structure 2. g-
globin → 141 AA /chain +

Haemoglobin 4 Globin
* →
chain

I 2ps -

globin
- 146nA chain
/
4 Haun /
Porphyrin sing )
14am → 1 Fetz → combines with 1oz

4 Fet
-
Hb → → 4oz

→ tertiary structure
*
Myoglobin
( ) Mb
→
single globin
+
chain → 153 Arts .

1 Halm (I fetz)

Mb -31 feta Ends 1oz

Adult Hb / Maternal fetal Hb

t Hb -

d
✗ 2/32 ✗242

B- globin chains canbuid 7- globin chains do not combine

to 2,3 BPG-

with 2,3 -

BPG

TBR
Sns →

LBR REGULATION RESPIRATION

voluntary regulation
PSNS OF is
by cerebrum
-

t ,
1
Neural Control Brain centres chemical control
( neurons )
I
t ,
t
. Is &
PERIPHERAL

}Maéu
MEDULLA PONS CENTRAL
OBLONGATA hYthMCentre
VAROL 11
CHEMORECEPTORS CHEMORECEPTORS

(Located in (Inttosladcarotid)
medulla)
figural to
2C
te te te

i¥¥¥Éj÷÷::
Inspiratory Expiratory Apneustic
Pneuma
(supplies blood
-

Centre toxic centre

to brain )
Centre
-

or centre d-
or ← carotid bodies
*
*
9
+
*
Frequency
Aorta
(Dorsal ( ventral of inspiration
of
Respiratory Respiratory
group ) Group ) breathing )
p.us/pcCPneumotaxic)

{µ,ayµ
( Apnellsbtc
peripheral
chemoreceptors
Ac
g-
"

cerebellum
¥
uggs Draw -2C
×

④
VR"
Tony or chemosensitive
Pons % e, mummy,µ cogent conch
medulla medulla for
>
 DISORDERS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
in
a) ASTHMA
Difficulty breathing due to
narrowing of airway
-

Hypersensitivity A B
reaction
.µMastWb moles
§
Wall

lumen lumen narrow

Blood
capillaries >
Chhoti d
↳ vasodilation
% increased
airway
-
L
resistance
due to
inflammation *
vasodilation
section
of trachea caused
by any allergen * Broncho constriction

Bronchi

stimulates secretes
Allergen >
fallen
:
: mast cells > histamine > inflammation
causes
vasodilation
via
IgE ( )
Is t.in .

inhaler , anti histamines adrenaline

Remedy : -
* Broncho dilators -

* Asthalin

b) Bronchitis
Inflammation of Bronchi due to
infection
→
.

Alveolar walls
c.) Emphysema are
damaged due to chronic
cigarette smoking
→
.

Chronic
cigarette
d
smoking

¥FYÉIdg
Guy degeneration
of
stimulates
elastase
alveoli
expressionin of
enzyme
SAT alveolar sad t
alveoli
digesting
elastase starts

is used treatment
elastin
protein of alveolate
9, antitrypsin for walls 1
-

Alveolar walls
d
damaged
d.) OLD
Occupational lung disorder respiratory gaseous exchange
-

or decrease
Pneumoconiosis
.

Lung fibrosis d-
or →

air dust
Types
1
in
silica dust Silicosis Macrophages
industry wings
→
Glass →
,
Asbestos dust Asbestosis
Asbestos
engulf d the dust
→ -
i.

Textile cotton dust

Byssinosis
. " → -

Tron → Iron dust siderosis remains

of macrophages
" -

& aeoumulaton
d
Reduced dad Elasticity of ←
lung fibrosis
fatal
lungs
←

&
Irreversible breathing lung
t
cancer .
 Pulmonary volumes &
Capacities
Tidal volume air
a) →
Vol
of inspired or
expired during
NORMAL

Tv = 500mL respiration
MINUTE BR( Rate )
Breathing
VENTILATION = TV ✗
6000 to oooo ml
=
500 ✗ 42 to 16 minute ) =
.

per

Actual TV = TV -

DSA ( Dead Space air

) - air which does not
participate
gaseous exchange
in .

=
500 -
150 ml
= 350 me

Alveolar dead space Total dead

Anatomical dead space +
space
=

dead
Carini conducting zone ) tin healthy Physiological space)
(
negligible individual
air
b) IRV 1 Inspiratory Reserve Volume) → ADDITIONAL Vol
of inspired
2500mL -03 oooml during
FORCIBLE
respiration
air
a) ERV 1 Expiratory Reserve Volume) → ADDITIONAL Vol
of expired
respiration
during
FORCIBLE
1000 -
1100mL

d) Residual volume Vol

of
air in
lungs
remaining (participates
even
after
.
-

gaseous exchange)
in
forceful expiration .

1100 - 1200mL
d) Which ?
following
the is incorrect
IC
EC
=

=
Irv + Tv
Tvt ERU
of
FRC =
ERV + RV A) Tv = EC -
ERU

RV FRC ERV
b)
=
IRV 1- ERU + TV
-

VC =

VC ERV + TV RV
4-
= -

TLC = VCTRV VC
Rv = TLC
d.)
-

significance -

hung
disorders can be
diagnosed .

Measured
by
gERv
IRV

spirometer
laanong 's
spirometer)
vital
☒
Note - FIR , RI capacity
✓ I
exchanged
cannot be
measured
direct
by
spinney
but g. ,
-

ev
^
gobo?uMlh
lungs I
atmosphere

by EEE
Indirect u

spiromety
Helium →
exchanged
eg dilution
between

method .
alveoli &
blood .