Introduction to xWDM

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 Network Hierarchy

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 DWDM(Dense Wavelength Division
Multiplexing)
Multiple optical channels(wavelengths) multiplexed and transmitted over a
single fiber.
Allows deployment of less fiber and hardware.
More bandwidth.
Protocol independent.
Tejas support 80 channels.

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 Tejas DWDM Channel Plan
Compatible with ITU-T G. 694.1
Tejas DWDM grid support from 192.00 THz to 195.95 THz at 50GHz spacing (80 Ch). In Future it can be extended to
191.60 THz (88 Ch).
THz nm THz nm THz nm THz nm
191.60 1564.6788 192.95 1553.7313 194.10 1544.5258 195.25 1535.4287
191.65 1564.2706
193.00 1553.3288 194.15 1544.1280 195.30 1535.0356
191.70 1563.8626
191.75 1563.4548 193.05 1552.9265 194.20 1543.7305 195.40 1534.2500
191.80 1563.0472 193.10 1552.5244 194.25 1543.3331
195.45 1533.8575
191.85 1562.6399 193.15 1552.1225 194.30 1542.9360
195.50 1533.4653
191.90 1562.2327 193.20 1551.7208 194.35 1542.5390
191.95 1561.8258 195.55 1533.0732
193.25 1551.3193 194.40 1542.1423
192.00 1561.4191 195.60 1532.6813
193.30 1550.9180 194.45 1541.7457
192.05 1561.0125 195.65 1532.2896
192.10 1560.6062 193.35 1550.5170 194.50 1541.3494
192.15 1560.2001 193.40 1550.1161 194.55 1540.9533 195.70 1531.8981
192.20 1559.7943 193.45 1549.7155 194.60 1540.5573 195.75 1531.5068
192.25 1559.3886 193.50 1549.3150 194.65 1540.1616 195.80 1531.1157
192.30 1558.9831 193.55 1548.9148 194.70 1539.7661 195.85 1530.7248
192.35 1558.5779
193.60 1548.5148 194.75 1539.3708 195.90 1530.3341
192.40 1558.1729
192.45 1557.7680 193.65 1548.1149 194.80 1538.9757 195.95 1529.9436
192.50 1557.3634 193.70 1547.7153 194.85 1538.5807
192.55 1556.9590 193.75 1547.3159 194.90 1538.1860
192.60 1556.5548 193.80 1546.9167 194.95 1537.7915
192.65 1556.1508 193.85 1546.5177 195.00 1537.3972
192.70 1555.7471
193.90 1546.1189 195.05 1537.0031
192.75 1555.3435
192.80 1554.9401 193.95 1545.7203 195.10 1536.6092
192.85 1554.5370 194.00 1545.3219 195.15 1536.2155
192.90 1554.1340 194.05 1544.9238 195.20 1535.8220

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 Tejas Channel conventions

Tejas software and cards uses last three digits of the ITU-T frequency to represent the channel.
For example:
Channel 1550.12nm(193.40 THz) is represented as 340, similarly Channel 1536.21nm(195.15Thz) is represented as
515.

Channels end with 0 are Even channels.

Channels end with 5 are Odd channels.

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 THE FIBRE-OPTIC CABLE

THE FIBRE-OPTIC CABLE

It is a thin strand of glass or plastic that serves as the DWDM transmission medium. It consists of the
section that carries the signal and the part that protects it from environmental and mechanical damage.
Fiber types based on manufacturing material can be:
Glass Fiber
Plastic-clad Silica (PCS)
Plastic

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 In DWDM, the fiber modes used are the single and multi-modes.
However, the single mode is preferred by transmission deplorer due to the multiplied effects of scattering
and absorption on the multi-mode fiber.
During the manufacturing process, all impurities cannot be removed from the material. These residual
impurities are therefore responsible for the inherent attenuation characteristic of the fiber-optic cable.
The other resultant effect of scattering and absorption is modal dispersion.

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 DISPERSION & ATTENUATION

Dispersion and Attenuation occur in fibre-optic transmission using DWDM and these influence the quality
of light signal transmitted along the line.
Since both problems are inherent in this transmission system, adequate solution must be provided.
This may be in form of dispersion compensating devices.

Due to dispersion, clarity is reduced with distance and speed and the light waves tend to scatter.

Due to attenuation, power levels are reduced with distance.

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 Dispersion

It is the result of the different colors, or wavelengths, in a light beam arriving at their destination at
slightly different times.
The result is a spreading, or dispersion, of the on-off light pulses that convey digital information.

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 Typical DWDM network

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 Optical WDM Components

Transponders.
Muxponders.
Optical Amplifiers.
Mux-Demux Units (MDU).
Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers (OADM).
Reconfigurable Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers (ROADM).

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 Amplifiers – Optical Amplifiers

> Devices to amplify the optical signal directly without ever changing it to electrical signal. The light
itself is amplified.

Reasons to use the optical amplifiers:

> Reliability
> Flexibility
> Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
> Low Cost

Variety of optical amplifier types exists, including:

>Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (SOAs)

>Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifiers (EDFAs) (most common)
>Distributed fibre amplifiers (Raman Amplifiers)

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 Amplifiers

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 EDFA
• At the heart of EDFA technology is the Erbium Doped Fiber (EDF)
• A conventional Silica fiber doped with Erbium.
• Erbium is illuminated with light energy at a suitable wavelength (980nm or 1480nm) using Pump and
is excited to a long lifetime intermediate state , following which it decays back to the ground state by emitting light within the
1525-1565 nm band.
• If light energy already exist within the 1525 1565nm band, (signal channel passing through the EDF),
• This stimulates the decay process (so called stimulated emission), resulting in additional light energy.

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 Amplification Process of EDFA
N3 N3
Radiationless
Decay
980 nm N2 N2

Pump
N1 N1

Optical Pumping to Higher Energy levels Rapid Relaxation to "metastable" State

N3

~1550 nm

~1550 nm N2

Signal
N1
Output
Stimulated Emission and Amplification

15
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 Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifier
> A pump optical signal is added to an input signal by a WDM coupler
> Within a length of doped fibre part of the pump energy is transferred to the input signal by stimulated emission
> For operation circa 1550 nm the fibre dopant is Erbium
> Pump wavelength is 980 nm or 1480 nm, pump power 50 mW
> Gains of 13-40 dB possible

Isolator Isolator

Input WDM Output

Erbium Doped Fibre

Pump Source
= Fusion Splice

Source: Master 7_5 16

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 Interior of an Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifier
(EDFA)

Pump laser
WDM Fibre coupler

Erbium doped
fibre loop

Fibre input/output

Source: Master 7_5 17

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 Working Modes of AGC and APC

AGC- Gain is kept constant

APC- Output power is kept constant

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 Types of Amplifiers
Fixed gain
High gain
Low gain
Variable gain
Multi stage Amplifiers

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 Types of Amplifiers

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 Types of Amplifiers

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 EDFA DWDM Amplifiers

Active LED Monitor port

Nomenclature:
OFA- Optical Fiber Amplifier
C- C band
S20- Single port, 20dbm o/p power
VG- Variable Gain

Status LED
Handle

Active LED Monitor port

Nomenclature:
OFA- Optical Fiber Amplifier
C- C band
D20- Dual port, 20dbm o/p power
VG- Variable Gain
Status LED
Handle

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 Optical Active Cards

Mid-Stage Access (MSA) EDFA

Amplifier Port Monitoring Port OSCF Slot

Active LED

Status LED

Mid-Stage Port towards DCM

MSA EDFA
Number of Stages 2
Stage-1 Variable Gain Amplifier
Stage-2 Fixed Gain Amplifier
Mid-Stage placement • DCMs or
• ROADMs
Advantages Mitigates OSNR penalties due to
the insertion loss (which can be in
order of 10db) of the DCM and
ROADM
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 Thank You

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