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ASSIGNMENT

ON

HIGH PASS FILTER

COURSE CODE : EEE873

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ADVANCED ELECTRONICS AND INTERGRATED CIRCUIT

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PURPOSE

TO DESIGN A SECOND (2ND) ORDER HIGH PASS FILTER

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OBJECTIVES

1. To analyse the necessary steps in designing the high pass filter

2. To compute the expression for Gain (Av)= Vout/Vin, hence obtain the damping factor
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SUBMITTED BY

OSARUMWENSE BATESON OMOROGIUWA/ PG2020_328442

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF BENIN

BENIN CITY

JANUARY, 2022
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ASSIGNMENT

A 2nd order high pass filter is to be designed. Sketch the circuit. Derive an expression
for the gain of the circuit the quality factor Q of the circuit for a

1. Butterworth filter
2. Chebyshev filter
3. Bessel filter

Hence draw their characteristic curve.

Note: The gain equation should be compared with that of a parallel RLC network.
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PREAMBLE
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
To aid in deriving an expression for for the circuit, we will label the two nodes 𝑉𝑋
𝑉𝑖𝑛
and 𝑉𝑌 .

We will also denote the reactance of capacitors 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 as 𝑋𝐶1 and 𝑋𝐶2 respectively
where
1 1
𝑋𝐶1 = and 𝑋𝐶2 =
𝑗𝜔𝐶1 𝑗𝜔𝐶2

THE SECOND ORDER HIGH PASS FILTER

DERIVATION OF AN EXPRESSION OF THE GAIN OF THE CIRCUIT

Fig 1. Analysing the op-amp circuit

If the gain of the circuit from point 𝑉𝑋 is “A” then,

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑉𝑋 = (1)
𝐴
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Now, we analyze the current 𝐼2 .

𝑉𝑋 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐼2 = = (2)
𝑅2 𝐴𝑅2

Using Kirchhoff’s Current Law, we get that:

𝑉𝑌 − 𝑉𝑋
𝐼2 =
𝑋𝐶2
Equating the two expressions we now get that:
𝑉𝑌 − 𝑉𝑋 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
=
𝑋𝐶2 𝐴𝑅2
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑉𝑌 = 𝑋 + 𝑉𝑋
𝐴𝑅2 𝐶2
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑋𝐶2
𝑉𝑌 = 𝑋𝐶2 + = ( 𝑅 + 1) (3)
𝐴𝑅2 𝐴 𝐴 2

Let’s analyse the current 𝐼1 :

By Kirchhoff’s Current Law,

𝑉𝑌 − 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑌 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 1 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑋𝐶2
𝐼1 = = − = [ ( + 1) − 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 ]
𝑅1 𝑅1 𝑅1 𝑅1 𝐴 𝑅2
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑋𝐶2
𝐼1 = ( 𝑅 + 1 − 𝐴) (4)
𝐴𝑅1 2

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
To find out , we need to find the expression for the current 𝐼𝑖𝑛 which will contain
𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑖𝑛 . But firstly,

𝐼𝑖𝑛 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑋𝐶2 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐼𝑖𝑛 = ( + 1 − 𝐴) +
𝐴𝑅1 𝑅2 𝐴𝑅2
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𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 1 𝑋𝐶2 1
𝐼𝑖𝑛 = [ ( + 1 − 𝐴) + ]
𝐴 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅2
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑋 1 𝐴 1
𝐼𝑖𝑛 =
𝐴
(𝑅 𝐶2
𝑅
+ − + )
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
(5)
1 2 1 1 2

Also, using Kirchhoff’s Current Law, we get

𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 𝑉𝑌
𝐼𝑖𝑛 =
𝑋𝐶1
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑌 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑋𝐶2 1
𝐼𝑖𝑛 = − = − ( + 1)
𝑋𝐶1 𝑋𝐶1 𝑋𝐶1 𝐴 𝑅2 𝑋𝐶1
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑋
𝐼𝑖𝑛 =
𝑋𝐶1
−
𝐴𝑋𝐶1
( 𝑅𝐶2 + 1) (6)
2

Combining the equations (5) and (6) we have that:

𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑋𝐶2 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑋𝐶2 1 𝐴 1
− ( + 1) = ( + − + )
𝑋𝐶1 𝐴𝑋𝐶1 𝑅2 𝐴 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅1 𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑋𝐶2 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑋𝐶2 1 𝐴 1
= ( + 1) + ( + − + )
𝑋𝐶1 𝐴𝑋𝐶1 𝑅2 𝐴 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅1 𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑋𝐶2 1 𝑋𝐶2 1 𝐴 1
= [ + + + − + ]
𝑋𝐶1 𝐴 𝑋𝐶1 𝑅2 𝑋𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅1 𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑋𝐶2 1 𝑋𝐶2 1 1
= [ + + + (1 − 𝐴 ) + ]
𝑋𝐶1 𝐴 𝑋𝐶1 𝑅2 𝑋𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅1 𝑅2

We now take the LCM of the fractions i.e. 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑋𝐶1

Consequently, we have
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
= [𝑋 𝑅 + 𝑅1 𝑅2 + 𝑋𝐶1 𝑋𝐶2 + 𝑋𝐶1 𝑅1 + 𝑋𝐶1 𝑅2 (1 − 𝐴)]
𝑋𝐶1 𝐴𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑋𝐶1 𝐶2 1

𝑋𝐶1 from both sides of the equation will cancel out from the denominators and
therefore we are left with:
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑉𝑖𝑛 = [𝑋 𝑅 + 𝑅1 𝑅2 + 𝑋𝐶1 𝑋𝐶2 + 𝑋𝐶1 𝑅1 + 𝑋𝐶1 𝑅2 (1 − 𝐴)]
𝐴𝑅1 𝑅2 𝐶2 1
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𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐴𝑅1 𝑅2
=
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑋𝐶2 𝑅1 + 𝑅1 𝑅2 + 𝑋𝐶1 𝑋𝐶2 + 𝑋𝐶1 𝑅1 + 𝑋𝐶2 𝑅2 (1 − 𝐴)

Dividing both the numerator and denominator by 𝑅1 𝑅2

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐴
=
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑋𝐶2 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋
+ 1 + 𝐶1 𝐶2 + 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 (1 − 𝐴)
𝑅2 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅2 𝑅1
1 1
We now substitute 𝑋𝐶1 = and 𝑋𝐶2 = back into the equation and we get
𝑗𝜔𝐶1 𝑗𝜔𝐶2

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐴
=
𝑉𝑖𝑛 1 1 1 1
+1+ 2 2 + + (1 − 𝐴 )
𝑗𝜔𝐶2 𝑅2 𝑗 𝜔 𝐶2 𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑗𝜔𝐶 𝑅
1 2 𝑗𝜔𝐶2 𝑅1

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐴
= 1 1 1 1 (7)
𝑉𝑖𝑛 1− 2 −𝑗[ + + (1−𝐴)]
𝜔 𝐶2 𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝜔𝐶2 𝑅2 𝜔𝐶1 𝑅2 𝜔𝐶2 𝑅1

At resonance, the imaginary part of the equation is zero and also, 𝜔 = 𝜔0 .

1
1− =0
𝜔02 𝐶2 𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2

1 1
1= ; 𝜔02 =
𝜔02 𝐶2 𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝐶2 𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2

1
𝜔0 = (8)
√𝐶2 𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2
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CASE I
We set the value of A to be equal to 1 i.e. the circuit becomes a unity gain amplifier:

𝐴=1

(a) We test to see what happens when the frequency decreases i.e. as 𝜔0 → 0:

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 1
=
𝑉𝑖𝑛 1 1 1 1
1− −𝑗[ + + (1 − 𝐴 )]
0 × 𝐶2 𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2 0 × 𝐶2 𝑅2 0 × 𝐶1 𝑅2 0 × 𝐶2 𝑅1
1
= =0
∞
So,
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
=0
𝑉𝑖𝑛

(b) We test to see what happens when the frequency increases i.e. as 𝜔0 → ∞:
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 1
=
𝑉𝑖𝑛 1 1 1 1
1− −𝑗[ + + (1 − 1)]
∞ × 𝐶2 𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2 ∞ × 𝐶2 𝑅2 ∞ × 𝐶1 𝑅2 ∞ × 𝐶2 𝑅1

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 1
=
𝑉𝑖𝑛 1 − 0 − 𝑗(0 + 0 + 0[1 − 1])
1
= =1
1
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
So, as 𝜔0 → ∞, =1
𝑉𝑖𝑛

Now, since the gain becomes unity as the frequency increases and it becomes zero as
the frequency decreases, we can infer that the circuit only allows high to pass through.
Therefore, our circuit is a high pass filter.
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CASE II
Let the value of “A” float (i.e. it is to assume any value). We also set the values of 𝐶 =
𝐶1 = 𝐶2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅 = 𝑅1 = 𝑅2

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐴
=
𝑉𝑖𝑛 1 1 1 1
1− −𝑗[ + + (1 − 𝐴 )]
𝜔 2 𝐶 2 𝑅2 𝜔𝐶𝑅 𝜔𝐶𝑅 𝜔𝐶𝑅

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐴
= 1 1 (9)
𝑉𝑖𝑛 1− 2 2 2 −𝑗[ (3−𝐴)]
𝜔 𝐶 𝑅 𝜔𝐶𝑅

Multiplying the numerator and the denominator with 𝜔2 𝐶 2 𝑅2

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐴𝜔2 𝐶 2 𝑅2
= (10)
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝜔2 𝐶 2 𝑅2 −1−𝑗[𝜔𝐶𝑅(3−𝐴)]

We will now derive the transfer function of the parallel RLC circuit and compare it with
the gain equation we just derived for the floating value of “A”.
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Fig 3. A parallel RLC circuit

The impedance of the circuit 𝑍𝑖𝑛 can be derived from the equation.
1 1 1
= + + 𝑗𝜔𝐶
𝑍𝑖𝑛 𝑗𝜔𝐿 𝑅
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
Recall, the total current flowing through a circuit 𝐼𝑖𝑛 =
𝑍𝑖𝑛

1 1
∴ 𝐼𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 ( + + 𝑗𝜔𝐶)
𝑗𝜔𝐿 𝑅

𝑗𝜔𝐿 + 𝑅 + 𝑗 2 𝜔2 𝑅𝐿𝐶
𝐼𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 ( )
𝑗𝜔𝑅𝐿
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑗𝜔𝑅𝐿
=( ) (11)
𝐼𝑖𝑛 𝑗𝜔𝐿+𝑅−𝜔2 𝑅𝐿𝐶

Dividing through by R, we get:

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑗𝜔𝐿
= (𝑗𝜔𝐿 ) (12)
𝐼𝑖𝑛 +1−𝜔2 𝐿𝐶
𝑅
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If we denote the parameters we made use of from the op-amp circuit with a subscript
“a”, we will now compare the denominators of the two equations:
1 1
1− 2 −𝑗[
(3 − 𝐴 )]
𝜔 2 𝐶𝑎 2 𝑅𝑎 𝜔𝐶𝑎 𝑅𝑎

And
𝑗𝜔𝐿
1 − 𝜔2 𝐿𝐶 +
𝑅
Comparing the two equations, we have that:

𝑅 = 𝑅𝑎 from equation (11)

𝐿 3−𝐴
𝑗𝜔 = −𝑗 ( )
𝑅 𝜔𝐶𝑎 𝑅𝑎
𝐿 3−𝐴
𝜔 = −( )
𝑅 𝜔𝐶𝑎 𝑅𝑎

Recall that 𝑅 = 𝑅𝑎
𝐴−3
∴𝐿=( 2 )
𝜔 𝐶𝑎
Lastly, we have that:
1
1 − 𝜔2 𝐿𝐶 = 1 −
𝜔 2 𝐶𝑎 2 𝑅𝑎 2
1
𝜔2 𝐿𝐶 =
𝜔 2 𝐶𝑎 2 𝑅𝑎 2

Multiplying through by 𝜔2 𝐶𝑎 2 𝑅𝑎 2 , we have that:

1
= 𝜔4 𝐶𝑎 2 𝑅𝑎 2 𝐿
𝐶
Recall,
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𝐴−3
𝐿=( 2 )
𝜔 𝐶𝑎 𝑅𝑎
1 𝐴−3
∴ = 𝜔4 𝐶𝑎 2 𝑅𝑎 2 × ( 2 )
𝐶 𝜔 𝐶𝑎

1
= 𝜔2 𝐶𝑎 𝑅𝑎 2 (𝐴 − 3)
𝐶
1
∴𝐶=
𝜔 2 𝐶𝑎 𝑅𝑎 2 (𝐴 − 3)
The quality factor for a parallel RLC network is given by:
𝑅
𝑄=
𝜔𝐿
Therefore, when we substitute the expressions for R and L, we will get:

𝑅𝑎 𝜔2 𝐶𝑎
𝑄= ×( )
𝜔 𝐴−3

𝜔𝑅𝑎 𝐶𝑎
𝑄=
𝐴−3
At resonance, recall that

1
𝜔 = 𝜔0 =
√𝐶2 𝐶1 𝑅1 𝑅2

Now, also recall that 𝐶 = 𝐶1 = 𝐶2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅 = 𝑅1 = 𝑅2

Therefore,
1 1
𝜔0 = =
√𝐶 2 𝑅2 𝐶𝑅

We earlier named our R, L and C components for our filter as 𝑅𝑎 , 𝐶𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐿𝑎

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1
∴ 𝜔0 =
𝐶𝑎 𝑅𝑎
So, finally our Q-factor will now be

1
× 𝑅𝑎 𝐶𝑎
𝐶𝑎 𝑅𝑎
𝑄=
𝐴−3
1
𝑄=
𝐴−3

Determining the gain for the Butterworth, Chebyshev and Bessel filters:

Note that the equation we just derived for the Quality factor can be re-written to make
“A” the subject of the formula to become:
1
𝐴 =3+
𝑄
1. So, for Butterworth we have:
1
𝐴 =3+ = 4.414
0.707
2. For Chebyshev we have:

1
𝐴 =3+ = 5.611
0.383
3. For Bessel we have:
1
𝐴 =3+ = 4.167
0.8569
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Fig 4. A sketch of the gain of the different types of filters (gain vs. frequency)

The -3dB points are shown and the individual cut-off frequencies
𝒇𝒄𝟏 , 𝒇𝒄𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒇𝒄𝟑 are for Butterworth, Bessel and Chebyshev respectively.