(Mathematic) LIMIT

INTRODUCTION :
The concept of limit of a function is one of the fundamental ideas that distinguishes calculus from
algebra and trigonometry. We use limits to describe the way a function ƒ varies. Some functions vary
continuously; small changes in x produce only small changes in ƒ(x). Other functions can have values that
jump or vary erratically. We also use limits to define tangent lines to graphs of functions. This geometric
application leads at once to the important concept of derivative of a function. 2.
DEFINITION :
Let ƒ(x) be defined on an open interval about „a‟ except possibly at „a‟ itself. If ƒ(x) gets arbitrarily close
to L (a finite number) for all x sufficiently close to „a‟ we say that ƒ(x) approaches the limit L as x
approaches „a‟ and we write ƒ(x) = L and say “the limit of ƒ(x), as x approaches a, equals L”. This implies if
we can make the value of ƒ(x) arbitrarily close to L (as close to L as we like) by taking x to be sufficiently
close to a (on either side of a) but not equal to a. x a Lim
LEFT HAND LIMIT AND RIGHT HAND LIMIT OF A FUNCTION :

The value to which f(x) approaches, as x tends to ' a ' from the left hand side (x → a− )is called left hand
limit of f(x) at x = a. Symbolically, LHL = Limx→a− ⁡ f(x) = Limh→0 ⁡ f(a − h).
The value to which f(x) approaches, as x tends to ' a ' from the right hand side (x → a+ )is called right
hand limit of f(x) at x = a. Symbolically, RHL = Limx→a+ ⁡ f(x) = Limh→0 ⁡ f(a + h).
Limit of a function 𝐟(𝐱) is said to exist as, 𝐱 → a when 𝐋𝐢𝐦𝐱→𝐚− ⁡ 𝐟(𝐱) = 𝐋𝐢𝐦𝐱→𝐚+ ⁡ 𝐟(𝐱) = Finite
quantity.
Example: Graph of 𝐲 = 𝐟(𝐱)

Limx→−1+ ⁡ f(x) = Limh→0 ⁡ f(−1 + h) = f(−1+ ) = −1

Limx→0− ⁡ f(x) = Limh→0 ⁡ f(0 − h) = f(0− ) = 0
Limx→0+ ⁡ f(x) = Limh→0 ⁡ f(0 + h) = f(0+ ) = 0
Limx→1− ⁡ f(x) = Limh→0 ⁡ f(1 − h) = f(1− ) = −1
Limx→2− ⁡ f(x) = Limh→0 ⁡ f(2 − h) = f(2− ) = 1
Limx→0 ⁡ f(x) = 0 and Limx→1 ⁡ f(x) does not exist.

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(Mathematic) LIMIT
Important note :
In Limx→a ⁡ f(x), x → a necessarily implies x ≠ a. That is while evaluating limit at x = a, we are not concerned with
the value of the function at x = a. In fact the function may or may not be defined at x = a.
Also it is necessary to note that if f(x) is defined only on one side of ' 𝐱 = 𝐚′ , one sided limits are good
enough to establish the existence of limits, and if f(x) is defined on either side of 'a' both sided limits are
to be considered.
As in limx→1  cos −1 ⁡ x = 0, though f(x) is not defined for x > 1, even in it's immediate vicinity.
Illustration 1 : Consider the adjacent graph of y = f(x) Find the following :

(a) ⁡limx→0−  f(x) (b) ⁡limx→0+  f(x) (c) ⁡limx→]−  f(x)

(d) ⁡limx→l+  f(x) (e) ⁡limx→2−  f(x) (f) limx→2+  f(x)
(g) limx→3−  f(x) (h) ⁡limx→3+  f(x) (i) ⁡limx→4−  f(x)
(j) ⁡limx→4+  f(x) (k) ⁡limx→∞  f(x) = 2 (1) ⁡limx→6  f(x) = −∞
Solution : (a) As x → 0− : limit does not exist (the function is not defined to the left of x = 0 )
(b) As → 0+ : f(x) → −1 ⇒ limx→0+  f(x) = −1. (c) As x → 1− : f(x) → 1 ⇒ limx→1−  f(x) = 1.
(d) As x → 1+ : f(x) → 2 ⇒ limx→1+  f(x) = 2. (e) As x → 2− : f(x) → 3 ⇒ limx→2−  f(x) = 3.
(f) As x → 2+ : f(x) → 3 ⇒ limx→2−  f(x) = 3. (g) As x → 3− : f(x) → 2 ⇒ limx→3−  f(x) = 2.
Do yourself-1:
(i) Which of the following statements about the function y = f(x) graphed here are true, and
which are false ?

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(Mathematic) LIMIT
(a) limx→−1+  f(x) = 1 (b) limx→2  f(x) does not exist
(c) limx→2  f(x) = 2 (d) limx→l−  f(x) = 2
(e) limx→1  f(x) does not exist (f) limx→0+  f(x) = limx→0−  f(x)
(g) limx→c  f(x) exists at every c ∈ (−1,1) (h) limx→c  f(x) exists at every c ∈ (1,3)
(i) limx→l−  f(x) = 0 (j) limx→3+  f(x) does not exist.
4. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREMS ON LIMITS :
Let limx→a  f(x) = ℓ and limx→a  g(x) = m. If ℓ and m exist finitely then :
(a) Sum rule : Limx→a ⁡{f(x) + g(x)} = ℓ + m
(b) Difference rule : Limx→a ⁡{f(x) − g(x)} = ℓ − m
(c) Product rule : Limx→a ⁡ f(x) ⋅ g(x) = ℓ ⋅ m
f(x) ℓ
(d) Quotient rule : Limx→a ⁡ g(x) = m, provided m ≠ 0

(e) Constant multiple rule : Limx→a ⁡ kf(x) = kLimx→a ⁡ f(x); where k is constant.
(f) Power rule : If m and n are integers then ⁡ [f(x)]m/n = ℓm/n provided ℓm/n is a real number.
x→a

(g) ⁡Limx→a ⁡ f[ g(x)] = f(Limx→a ⁡ g(x)) = f( m); provided f(x) is continuous at x = m.

For example : Limx→a ⁡ ℓn(g(x)) = ℓn[Limx→a ⁡ g(x)]
= ℓn(m); provided ℓnx is continuous at x = m, m = limx→a  g(x).
5. INDETERMINATE FORMS :
0 ∞
, , ∞ − ∞, 0 × ∞, 1∞ , 00 , ∞0
0 ∞
Initially we will deal with first five forms only and the other two forms will come up after we have
gone through differentiation.
Note : (i) Here 0,1 are not exact, infact both are approaching to their corresponding values.
(ii) We cannot plot ∞ on the paper. Infinity (∞) is a symbol and not a number It does not obey the
laws of elementary algebra,
(a) ∞ + ∞ → ∞ (b) ∞ × ∞ → ∞ (c) ∞∞ → ∞ (d) 0∞ → 0
6. GENERAL METHODS TO BE USED TO EVALUATE LIMITS :
(A) Factorization :
Important factors :
(i) x n − an = (x − a)(x n−1 + ax n−2 + ⋯ … … . . +an−1 ), n ∈ N
(ii) x n + an = (x + a))(x n−1 − ax n−2 + ⋯ … … … . . +an−1 ), n is an odd natural number.
xn −an
Note : Limx→a ⁡ = nan−1
x−a
xn −an
Note : Limx→a ⁡ = nan−1
x−a

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(Mathematic) LIMIT
1 2(2x−3)
Illustration 2: Evaluate : limx→2  ⌊x−2 − x3−3x2+2x⌋

Solution : We have
1 2(2x − 3) 1 2(2x − 3) x(x − 1) − 2(2x − 3)
lim  ⌊ − 3 ⌋ = lim  ⌊ − ⌋ = lim  ⌊ ⌋
x→2 x − 2 x − 3x 2 + 2x x→2 x − 2 x(x − 1)(x − 2) x→2 x(x − 1)(x − 2)
x 2 − 5x + 6 (x − 2)(x − 3) x−3 1
= lim  ⌊ ⌋ = lim  ⌊ ⌋ = lim  ⌊ ⌋=−
x→2 x(x − 1)(x − 2) x→2 x(x − 1)(x − 2) x→2 x(x − 1) 2
Do yourself -2 :
x−1
(a) Evaluate : limx→1   2x2 −7x+5

(b) Rationalization or double rationalization :

4−√15x+1
Illustration 3: Evaluate : limx→1   2−√3x+1
4−√15x+1 (4−√15x+1)(2+√3x+1)(4+√15x+1)
Solution : lim   2−√3x+1 = lim   (2−√3x+1)(4+√15x+1)(2+√3x+1)
x→1 x→1

(15 − 15x) 2 + √3x + 1 5

lim   × =
x→1 (3 − 3x) 4 + √15x + 1 2
√x2 +8−√10−x2
Illustration 4: Evaluate : limx→1  ( √x2 )
+3−√5−x2
3−3 0
Solution : This is of the form 2−2 = 0 if we put x = 1
0
To eliminate the 0 factor, multiply by the conjugate of numerator and the conjugate of the

denominator
(√x 2 + 8 + √10 − x 2 )
∴ Limit = limx→1  (√x 2 + 8 − √10 − x 2 )
(√x 2 + 8 + √10 − x 2 )

(√x 2 + 3 + √5 − x 2 )
×
(√x 2 + 3 + √5 − x 2 )(√x 2 + 3 − √5 − x 2 )
√x 2 + 3 + √5 − x 2 (x 2 + 8) − (10 − x 2 ) √x 2 + 3 + √5 − x 2 2+2 2
limx→1   × 2 2
= lim x→1  ( )×1 = =
√x 2 + 8 + √10 − x 2 (x + 3) − (5 − x ) 2
√x + 8 + √10 − x 2 3+3 3
Do yourself - 3 :
√p+x−√p−x
(i) Evaluate : limx→0  
√q+x−√q−x

√a+2x−√3x
(ii) Evaluate : limx→a   ,a ≠ 0
√3a+x−2√x
G(x)−G(1)
(iii) If G(x) = −√25 − x 2 , then find the limx→1  ( )
x−1

(c) Limit when x → ∞ :

(i) Divide by greatest power of x in numerator and denominator.
(ii) Put x = 1/y and apply y → 0

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(Mathematic) LIMIT
x2 +x+1
Illustration 5: Evaluate : Limx→∞
3x2 +2x−5
x2 +x+1 ∞
Solution : Limx→∞ ⁡ 3x2+2x−5 (∞ form )
1
Put x =
y
1 + y + y2 1
Limit = Limy→0 ⁡ 2
=
3 + 2y − 5y 3
x3 +1
Illustration 6: If limx→∞  (x2 +1 − (ax + b)) = 2, then

(A) a = 1, b = 1 (B) a = 1, b = 2 (C) a = 1, b = −2 (D) none of these

x3 +1 x3 (1−a)−bx2 −ax+(1−b)
Solution : lim  (x2+1 − (ax + b)) = 2 ⇒ lim   =2
x→∞ x→∞ x2 +1
a (1−b)
x(1−a)−b− +
x x2
lim   1 = 2 ⇒ 1 − a = 0, −b = 2 ⇒ a = 1, b = −2
x→∞ 1+ 2
x

⇒ 1 − a = 0, −b = 2 ⇒ a = 1, b = −2 Ans. (C)
Do yourself 4 :
⌊n+2+n+1
(i) Evaluate : limn→∞   n+2−n+1

(ii) Evaluate : limn→∞  (n − √n2 + n)

(d) Squeeze play theorem (Sandwich theorem) :
Statement : If f(x) ≤ g(x) ≤ h(x); ∀x in the neighbourhood at x = a and

Limx→a f(x) = ℓ = Limx→a ⁡ h(x) then Limx→a ⁡ g(x) = ℓ

1
Ex.1 Limx→0 ⁡ x 2 sin⁡ x = 0,
1
sin⁡ (x) lies between -1 and 1
1 1
As ⇒ −x 2 ≤ x 2 sin⁡ x ≤ x 2 ⁡ ⇒ Limx→0 ⁡ x 2 sin⁡ x = 0

Limx→0 ⁡(−x 2 ) = Limx→0 ⁡ x 2 = 0

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(Mathematic) LIMIT
Ex. 2
1
lim xsin⁡ = 0
x→0 x
1
∵ sin⁡ (x) lies between -1 and 1
1
⇒ −x ≤ xsin⁡ ≤x
x
1
⇒ Limx→0 ⁡ xsin⁡ = 0 as Limx→0 ⁡(−x) = Limx→0 ⁡ x = 0
x

⌊x⌋+⌊2x⌋+⌊3x⌋+⋯..⌊nx⌋
Illustration 7: Evaluate: limn→∞   (where [.] denotes the greatest integer function.)
n2

Solution: We know that x − 1 < [x] ≤ x

⇒ x + 2x + ⋯ … nx − n < ∑nr=1    [rx] ≤ x + 2x + ⋯ … . +nx
xn x⋅n(n+1) x 1 1 1 x 1
⇒ 2
(n + 1) − n < ∑nr=1    [rx] ≤ 2
⇒ 2 (1 + n) − n < n2 ∑nr=1    [rx] ≤ 2 (1 + n)
x 1 x x 1 1 x
Now, limn→∞   2 (1 + n) = 2 and limn→∞   2 (1 + n) − n = 2
[x]+[2x]+⋯…+[nx] x
Thus, limn→∞   =2
n2

7. LIMIT OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS :

sin⁡ x tan⁡ x tan−1 ⁡ x sin−1 ⁡ x
Limx→0 ⁡ = 1 = Limx→0 ⁡ = Limx→0 ⁡ = Limx→0 ⁡
x x x x

[where x is measured in radians]

sin⁡ f(x) sin⁡(ℓnx)
(a) If Limx→a ⁡ f(x) = 0, then Limx→a ⁡ = 1, e.g. Limx→1 ⁡ =1
f(x) (ℓnx)

x3 cot⁡ x
Illustration 8: Evaluate : limx→0   1−cos⁡ x
x3 cos⁡ x x3 cos⁡ x(1+cos⁡ x) x3
Solution : limx→0   sin⁡ x(1−cos⁡ x) = limx→0   = limx→0   sin3⁡ x ⋅ cos⁡ x(1 + cos⁡ x) = 2
sin⁡ x⋅sin2 ⁡ x
(2+x)sin⁡(2+x)−2sin⁡ 2
Illustration 9: Evaluate : limx→0   x
x x
2(sin⁡(2+x)−sin⁡ 2)+xsin⁡(2+x) 2.2cos⁡(2+ )sin⁡
Solution : limx→0   = limx→0  ( 2 2
+ sin⁡(2 + x))
x x

x x
2cos⁡ (2 + 2) sin⁡ 2
= limx→0   x + limx→0  sin⁡(2 + x) = 2cos⁡ 2 + sin⁡ 2
2
a
sin⁡
Illustration 10: Evaluate : limn→∞   n
b
tan⁡
n+1
a
1 a a sin⁡
Solution : ⁡ As n → ∞, n → 0 and n also tends to zero sin⁡ n should be written as a
n
so that it looks like
n

sin⁡ θ
limθ→0  
θ

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(Mathematic) LIMIT
a
sin⁡ b a(n+1)
The given limit = limn→∞  ( a
n
)( n+1 )⋅
n⋅b
n b
tan⁡
n+1

a b
sin⁡ n n + 1 ) ⋅ a (1 + 1) = 1 × 1 × a × 1 = a
= limn→∞  ( a ) (
b b n b b
n tan⁡ n + 1

Do yourself – 5
(i) Evaluate :
sin⁡ αx sin2 ⁡ x−sin2 ⁡ y (a+h)2 sin⁡(a+h)−a2 sin⁡ a
(a) limx→0   tan⁡ βx (b) limx→y   c) limh→0  
x2 −y2 h

8. LIMIT OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS :

ax −1 ex −1
(a) Limx→0 ⁡ = ℓ n a (a > 0) In particular Limx→0 ⁡ = 1.
x x
af(x) −1
In general if Limx→a ⁡ f(x) = 0, then Limx→a ⁡ = ℓna, a > 0
f(x)

etan⁡ x −ex
Illustration 11: Evaluate : limx→0   tan⁡ x−x
etan x −ex ex ×e(tan⁡ x−x) −ex
Solution : lim   = lim  
x→0 tan x−x x→0 tan⁡ x−x

ex (etan⁡ x−x − 1) ex (ey − 1) ey − 1

= lim   = lim   where y = tan⁡ x − x and lim   =1
x→0 tan⁡ x − x x→0y→0 y y→0 y
= e0 × 1
[as ⁡ x → 0, tan⁡ x − x → 0 ]
=1×1 =1
Do yourself -6 :
ex −ea
(i) Evaluate : limx→a   x−a
2x −1
(ii) Evaluate : limx→0   (1+x)1/2 −1

1 n
(b) (i) ⁡Limx→0 ⁡(1 + x)1/x = e = Limx→∞ ⁡ (1 + x) (Note: The base and exponent depends on

the same (variable.) In general, if Limx→a ⁡ f(x) = 0, then Limx→a ⁡(1 + f(x))1/f(x) = e
ℓn(1+x)
(ii) Limx→0 ⁡ =1
x

(iii) If Limx→a ⁡ f(x) = 1 and Limx→a ⁡ ϕ(x) = ∞, then; Limx→a ⁡[f(x)]ϕ(x) = ek where k =
Limx→a ⁡ ϕ(x)[f(x) − 1]
Illustration 12: Evaluate Limx→1 ⁡(log 3 ⁡ 3x)logx ⁡ 3
Solution : Limx→1 ⁡(log 3 ⁡ 3x)logx ⁡ 3 = Limx→1 ⁡(log 3 ⁡ 3 + log 3 ⁡ x)logx ⁡ 3
1
= lim (1 + log 3 ⁡ x)1/log3⁡ x = e⁡ ∵ log b ⁡ a = log
x→1 a⁡ b

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(Mathematic) LIMIT
xℓn(1+2tan⁡ x)
Illustration 13: Evaluate : Limx→0 ⁡ 1−cos⁡ x
xln⁡(1+2tan⁡ x) xln⁡(1+2tan⁡ x) 2tan⁡ x
Solution : Limx→0 ⁡ = Limx→0 ⁡ 1−cos⁡ x 2 ⋅ 2tan⁡ x = 4
1−cos⁡ x ⋅x
x2

4x2 +2
2x2 −1
Illustration 14 : Evaluate : limx→∞  (2x2+3)

Solution : ⁡ Since it is in the form of 1∞

4x2 +2
2x 2 − 1 lim   2x 2 − 1 − 2x 2 − 3
lim  ( ) =e x→∞ ( ) (4x 2 + 2) = e−8
x→∞ 2x 2 + 3 2x 2 + 3
Do yourself -7 :
1 pn+q
(i) Evaluate : limx→∞  x{ℓn(x + a) − ℓnx} (ii) Evaluate : limn→∞  (1 + n)
1
x+6 x+4
(iii) Evaluate : limx→0  (1 + tan2 ⁡ √x)2x (iv) Evaluate : limx→∞  (x+1)

(c) If Limx→a ⁡ f(x) = A > 0 and Limx→a ⁡ ϕ(x) = B, then Limx→a ⁡[f(x)]ϕ(x) = eBln⁡ A = AB
x5
7x2 +1 1−x3
Illustration 15: Evaluate : limx→∞  (5x2 −1)

7x 2 + 1 x5 x2 ⋅ x3 x2
Here⁡ f(x) = , ϕ(x) = = =
5x 2 − 1 1 − x3 1 − x3 1
−1
x3
7
Solution : ∴ lim  f(x) = 5 and lim  ϕ(x) → ∞
x→∞ x→∞
7
⇒ lim  (f(x))ϕ(x) = ( ) = 0
x→∞ 5

Do yourself -8 :
−x2
1+5x2
(i) Evaluate : limx→∞  (1+3x2)

9. LIMIT USING SERIES EXPANSION :

Expansion of function like binomial expansion, exponential and logarithmic expansion,
expansion of sin x , cos x, tanx should be remembered by heart which are given below :
xℓna x2 ℓn2 a x3 ℓn3 a x x2 x3
(a) ax = 1 + + + + ⋯ … . . a > 0 (b) ex = 1 + 1! + 2! + 3! + ⋯ …
1! 2! 3!
x2 x3 x4 x3 x5 x7
(c) ⁡⁡ lm(1 + x) = x − + − + ⋯.. for −1 < x ≤ 1⁡⁡⁡(d) ⁡sin⁡ x = x − 3! + 5! − 7! + ⋯ …
2 3 4
x2 x4 x6 x3 2x5
(e) cos⁡ x = 1 − 2! + 4! − 6! + ⋯. (f) tan⁡ x = x + + +⋯
3 15
x3 x5 x7
(g) tan−1 ⁡ x = x − + − +⋯
3 5 7
12 12 ⋅32 12 ⋅32 ⋅52
(h) sin−1 ⁡ x = x + 3! x 3 + x5 + x7 + ⋯
5! 7!

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(Mathematic) LIMIT
x2 5x4 61x6
(i) sec −1 ⁡ x = 1 + + + + ⋯..
2! 4! 6!
n(n−1) 2
(j) ⁡(1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x + ⋯……….n ∈ Q
2!
ex −e−x −2x
Illustration 16: limx→0   x−sin⁡ x
x2 x3 x3 x3
ex −e−x −2x 1+x+ + +⋯…−1−x+ − +⋯…−2x
Solution : limx→0   ⇒ limx→0   2! 3!
x3 x5
2! 3!
x−sin⁡ x x−(x− + …… )
3! 5!

x3 x5 1 1
2 ⋅ 6 + 2 ⋅ + ⋯. x 3 (3 + 60 x 2 + ⋯ ) 1/3
⇒ ⁡lim   5! ⇒ lim   = =2
x→0 x 3 x 5 x→0 3 1 1 2 1/6
x (6 + 120 x + ⋯ . )
6 + 5! … …
Do yourself - 9:
x−sin⁡ x x−tan−1 ⁡ x
(i) Evaluate : Limx→0 ⁡ sin⁡(x3) (ii) Evaluate : Limx→0 ⁡ x3

Miscellaneous Illustrations:
π
Illustration 17 : Evaluate limx→0  sin⁡ x .

Solution: Again the function f(x) = sin⁡(π/x) is undefined at 0 . Evaluating the function for some
1
Small values of x, we get f(1) = sin⁡ π = 0, f (2) = sin⁡ 2π = 0,

f(0.1) = sin⁡ 10π = 0, f(0.01) = sin⁡ 100π = 0.

π
On the basis of this information we might be tempted to guess that limx→0  sin⁡ x = 0 but this

time our guess is wrong. Note that although f(1/n) = sin⁡ nπ = 0 for any integer n, it is also
true that f(x) = 1 for infinitely many values of x that approach 0 . [In fact, sin (π/x) = 1 when
π π
= 2 + 2nπ and solving for x, we get x = 2/(4n + 1)]. The graph of f is given in following
x

figure

The dashed line indicate that the values of sin⁡(π/x) oscillate between 1 and -1 infinitely often as x
approaches 0 . Since the values of f(x) do not approach a fixed number as x approaches 0 ,
π
⇒ limx→0  sin⁡ x does not exist.

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ANSWERS FOR DO YOURSELF
1
1. (i) (a) T (b) F (c) F (d) T (e) T (f) T (g) T (h) T (i) F (j) T 2. (i) − 3
√q 2 1 1
3: (i) (ii) 3√3 (iii) 𝟒: (i) 1 (ii) − 2
√p √24

α sin⁡ 2y
5: (i) (a) β (b) (c) 2asin⁡ a + a2 cos⁡ a
2y
1
6. (i) ea (ii) 2ln⁡ 2 7. (i) a (ii) ep (iii) e2 (iv) e5
1 1
8. (i) 0 9. (i) 6 (ii) 3

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(Mathematic) LIMIT
LIMIT
EXERCISE – 1
[SINGLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE]
1 3
1. limx→1  (1−x − 1−x3) is equal to

(A) -1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) D.N.E

√1+x−√1−x
2. limx→0   is equal to
2x
1 1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4
√1+√2+x−√3
3. limx→2   is equal to
x−2
1 1 1
(A) (B) √3 (C) 4√3 (D) 8√3
√3
n
√x−1
4. limx→1   m (m and n integers) is equal to
√x−1
m n
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) (D) m
n

2x−√x2 +3a2
5. If limx→a   = √2 (where a ∈ R+ ), then a is equal to -
√x+a−√2a
1 1 1 1
(A) 3 (B) 2√2 (C) 3√2 (D) 9
ℓn(sin⁡ 3x)
6. limx→0   ln⁡(sin⁡ x) is equal to

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) Non existent

3
√1+x2 − 4√1−2x
7. limx→0   is equal to
x+x2
1 1
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) D.N.E
3
√7+x3 −√3+x2
8. limx→1   is equal to
x−1
1 1 1 1
(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) − 4 (D) − 6
(n+1)4 −(n−1)4
9. ⁡limn→∞   (n+1)4+(n−1)4 is equal to

(A) -1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) D.N.E.

(x+1)10 +(x+2)10 +⋯.+(x+100)10
10. limx→∞   is equal to
x10 +1010

(A) 1 (B) 100 (C) 200 (D) 10

11. limx→−∞  (√x 2 − 2x − 1 − √x 2 − 7x + 3) is equal to :
5 5
(A) − 2 (B) 2 (C) 0 (D) D.N.E.
1
12. If limn→∞  (√2n2 + n − λ√2n2 − n) = (where λ is a real number), then -
√2

(A) λ = 1 (B) λ = −1 (C) λ = ±1 (D) λ ∈ (−∞, 1)

APNI KAKSHA 11
(Mathematic) LIMIT
n!
13. Let Un = (n+2) ! where n ∈ N. If Sn = ∑nn=1  Un then limn→∞  Sn equals

(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) ½ (D) Non existent

14. For n ∈ N, let an = ∑nk=1  2k and bn = ∑nk=1  (2k − 1). Then limn→∞  (√an − √bn ) is equal to -
1
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 0 (D) 2
1 a
15. Let Pn = ∏nk=2  (1 − ⁡ ). If limn→∞  Pn can be expressed as lowest rational in the form b, then value
k+1 C2

of (a + b) is:
(A) 4 (B) 8 (C) 10 (D) 12
cos⁡ 2−cos⁡ 2x
16. limx→−1   is equal to
x2 −|x|

(A) 0 (B) cos⁡ 2 (C) 2sin⁡ 2 (D) sin⁡ 1

−5sin⁡ x 6sin⁡ x
17. limx→0  (⌊ ⌋+⌊ ⌋) (where [.] denotes greatest integer function) is equal to -
x x

(A) 0 (B) -12 (C) 1 (D) 2

sin⁡ x 2sin⁡ 2x 10sin⁡ 10x
18. Let f(x) = ⌊ ⌋+⌊ ⌋ + ⋯…+ ⌊ ⌋ (where [y] is the largest integer ≤ y). The value of
x x x

limx→0  f(x) equals :

(A) 55 (B) 164 (C) 165 (D) 375
sin⁡{x}
19. Let f(x) = x2 +ax+b. If f(5+ )and f(3+ )exists finitely and are not zero, then the value of (a + b) is (where

{.}representsfractionalpartfunction) −
(A) 7 (B) 10 (C) 11 (D) 20
|cos⁡(sin⁡(3x))|−1
20. limx→0   equals
x2
−9 −3 3 9
(A) (B) (C) 2 (D) 2
2 2
1−cos⁡ θ
21. Let a = min{x 2 + 2x + 3, x ∈ R} and b = limθ→0   . then value of ∑nr=0  ar ⋅ bn−r is :
θ2
2n+1 −1 2n+1 +1 4n+1 −1
(A) (B) (C) (D) none of these
3.2n 3.2n 3.2n

22. Let BC is diameter of a circle centred at O. Point A is a variable point, moving on the circumference of
BM
circle. if BC = 1 unit, then limA→B   ( Area of sector OAB)2 is equal to -

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 16

x
x2 −2x+1
23. limx→∞  (x2 −4x+2) is equal to
1
(A) 1 (B) e (C) e2 (D) e2

24. limx→0  (1 + sin⁡ x)cos⁡ x is equal to

1
(A) 0 (B) e (C) 1 (D) e

APNI KAKSHA 12
(Mathematic) LIMIT
25. limx→0  (cos⁡ x + asin⁡ bx)1/x is equal to :
(A) ea (B) eab (C) eb (D) ea/b
1/x
π
26. limx→0  (tan⁡ ( 4 + x)) is equal to
1
(A) e−2 (B) e (C) e (D) e2

27. limn→∞  (4n + 5n )1/n is equal to

(A) 5 (B) 4 (C) 0( D) D.N.E.
nx
11/x +21/x +31/x +⋯.+n1/x
28. limx→∞  ( ) is equal to
n
1
(A) n ! (B) 1 (C) n! (D) 0
πx
λ λtan⁡(2λ ) 1
29. If limx→λ  (2 − x) = e, , then λ is equal to -
π 2
(A) – π (B) π (C) 2 (D) − π

30. If limx→0  (1 + ax + bx 2 )2/x = e3 , then

3 3
(A) a = 2 and b ∈ R (B) a = 2 and b ∈ R+

(C) a = 0 and b = 1 (D) a = 1 and b = 0

1/x
f(x)+x2
31. If f(x) is a polynomial of least degree, such that limx→0  (1 + ) = e2 , then f(2) is -
x2

(A) 2 (B) 8 ss(C) 10 (D) 12

1
tan⁡ x
32. Let f(x) = , then the value of limx→0  ([f(x)] + x 2 ){f(x)} is equal to (where [], . {.}denotes greatest
x

integer function and fractional part function respectively)-

(A) e−3 (B) e3 (C) e2 (D) non-existent
en
33. limn→∞   2 equals -
1 n
(1+ )
n

1
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) e (D) √e
2f(ttan⁡ x) −2f(sin⁡ x)
34. If f(x) is odd linear polynomial with f(1) = 1, then limx→0   is :
x2 f(sin⁡ x)
1
(A) 1 (B) ℓn2 (C) 2 ℓn2 (D) cos⁡ 2
x(1+acos⁡ x)−bsin⁡ x
35. limx→0   = 1 then
x3

(A) a = −5/2 (B) a = −3/2, b = −1/2

(C) a = −3/2, b = −5/2 (D) a = −5/2, b = −3/2
sin⁡(a+3h)−3sin⁡(a+2h)+3sin⁡(a+h)−sin⁡ a
36. limh→0   is equal to
h3

(A) cos⁡ a (B) −cos⁡ a (C) sin⁡ a (D) sin⁡ acos⁡ a

APNI KAKSHA 13
(Mathematic) LIMIT
37. limx→π  tan2 ⁡ x(√2sin2 ⁡ x + 3sin⁡ x + 4 − √sin2 ⁡ x + 6sin⁡ x + 2) is equal to
2
3 1 1 5
(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 12 (D) 12
x+1 x
38. limx→∞  x (arctan⁡ x+2 − arctan⁡ x+2) is equal to
1 1
(A) 2 (B) − 2 (C) 1 (D) D.N.E.
tan⁡(a+2h)−2tan⁡(a+h)+tan⁡ a
39. limh→0   is equal to
h2
(A) tan⁡ a (B) tan2 ⁡ a (C) sec⁡ a (D) 2(sec 2 ⁡ a)(tan⁡ a)
1 1/x
40. limx→0  (2x−1 + 2) equals
1
(A) √2 (B) 2 ℓn2 (C) ln⁡ 2 (D) 2
1
41. If limx→0  (cos⁡ x + a sin⁡(b x)) = e512 , then the value of ab2 is equal to
3 6 x

(A) -512 (B) 512 (C) 8 (D) 8√8

3
sin⁡( √x)ln⁡(1+3x)
42. The value of limx→0   2 3 is equal to
(tan−1 ⁡ √x) (e5( √x) −1)

1 3 2 4
(A) 5 (B) 5 (C) 5 (D) 5
43. The figure shows an isosceles triangle ABC with ∠B = ∠C. The bisector of angle B intersects the side
AC at the point P. Suppose that BC remains fixed but the altitude AM approaches 0 , so that A → M
(mid-point of BC ). Limiting value of BP, is
a a 2a 3a
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) (D)
3 4
where a is fixed side BC.
secx ⁡ θ−tanx ⁡ θ−1
44. The value of limx→2   is equal to-
x−2
(A) sec 2 ⁡ θ. ℓnsec⁡ θ + tan ⁡ θ ⋅ ℓntan⁡ θ
2
(B) sec 2 ⁡ θ ⋅ ℓntan⁡ θ + tan2 ⁡ θ ⋅ ℓnsec⁡ θ (C)
sec 2 ⁡ θ ⋅ ℓntan⁡ θ − tan2 ⁡ θ ⋅ ℓnsec⁡ θ (D) sec 2 ⁡ θ ⋅ ℓnsec⁡ θ − tan2 ⁡ θ ⋅ ℓntan⁡ θ
1 − x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
45. Consider the function f(x) = {x + 2,1 < x < 2 . Let limx→1  f(f(x)) = ℓ and limx→2  f(f(x)) = m then
4 − x, 2 ≤ x ≤ 4
which one of the following hold good?
(A) ℓ exists but m does not. (B) m exists but ℓ does not.
(C) Both ℓ and m exist (D) Neither ℓ nor m exist.
1
46. If f(x) = ex , then limx→0  (f(f(x))) (f(x)) is equal to (where {.}denotesfractionalpartofx ).
(A) f(1) (B) f(0) (C) 0 (D) does not exist
π
cos⁡( cos2 ⁡ x)
47. Let f(x) be a quadratic function such that f(0) = f(1) = 0 and f(2) = 1, then limx→0   2
is
f2 (x)

equal to-
π
(A) 2 (B) π (C) 2π (D) 4π

APNI KAKSHA 14
(Mathematic) LIMIT
EXERCISE – 2
x2 −x⋅ln⁡ x+ln⁡ x−1
1. limx→1   x−1
[∑100 k
K=1  x ⌋−100
2. limx→1   x−1
1−tan⁡ x
3. limx→π   1−√2sin⁡ x
4

8 x2 x2 x2 x2
4. limx→0   x8 ⌊1 − cos⁡ − cos⁡ + cos⁡ cos⁡ 4 ⌋
2 4 2
√2−cos⁡ θ−sin⁡ θ
5. limθ→π  
4 (4θ−π)2
π π π π π
sin⁡( +4h)−4sin⁡( +3h)+6sin⁡( +2h)−4sin⁡( +h)+sin⁡
6. lim   3 3 3 3 3
h→0 h4

x+2 3 x+3
7. limx→∞  x 2 (√ −√ )
x x

1
(3x4 +2x2 )sin⁡ +|x|3 +5
8. limx→−∞   x
|x|3 +|x|2 +|x|+1
π π
9. If ℓ = limn→∞  ∑nr=2  ((r + 1)sin⁡ r+1 − rsin⁡ r ) then find {ℓ}. 3
(where {} denotes the fractional part function)
x2 +1
10. Find a and b if : (i) limx→∞  ⌊ x+1 − ax − b⌋ = 0 (ii) limx→−∞  [√x 2 − x + 1 − ax − b] = 0
11. limx→0  [ℓn(1 + sin2 ⁡ x) ⋅ cot⁡(ℓln2 ⁡(1 + x))]
27x −9x −3x +1
12. limx→0  
√2−√1+cos⁡ x
a 2x x
13. (a) limx→0  tan−1 ⁡ x2, where a ∈ R; (b) Plot the graph of the function f(x) = limt→0  ( π tan−1 ⁡ t2)
14. Let {an }, {bn }, {cn } be sequences such that
(i) an + bn + cn = 2n + 1; (ii) an bn + bn cn + cn an = 2n − 1;
(iii) an bn cn = −1; (iv) an < bn < cn
Then find the value of Limn→∞ ⁡(nan ).
15. Let f(x) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d and g(x) = x 2 + x − 2.
f(x) f(x) c2 +d2
If limx→1   g(x) = 1 and limx→−2   g(x) = 4, then find the value of a2 +b2.
8x2 +3
2x2 +3
16. limx→∞  [2x2+5]
x+c x
17. limx→∞  (x−c) = 4 then find c
πx
πx tan⁡ 2
18. limx→1  (tan⁡ 4 )
1
x−1+cos⁡ x x
19. limx→0  ( )
x

20. If n ∈ N and an = 22 + 42 + 62 + ⋯ … + (2n)2 and bn = 12 + 32 + 52 + ⋯ … + (2n − 1)2 . Find the

an −√bn
value limn→∞   √
√n

APNI KAKSHA 15
(Mathematic) LIMIT
EXERCISE – 3
f(3x) f(2x)
1. Let f: R → R be a positive increasing function with limx→∞   f(x) = 1. Then limx→∞   f(x) =
2 3
(1) 1 (2) 3 (3) 2 (4) 3 [AIEEE-2010]
√1−cos⁡{2(x−2)}
2. limx→2  ( ) [AIEEE-2011]
x−2
1
(1) equals −√2 (2) equals
√2

(3) does not exist (4) equals √2

(f(x))2 −9
3. Let f: R → [0, ∞) be such that limx→5  f(x) exists and limx→5   = 0 Then Limx→5 ⁡ f(x) equal -
√|x−5|

(1) 3 (2) 0 (3) 1 (4) 2 [AIEEE-2011]

sin⁡(πcos2 ⁡ x)
4. limx→0   is equal to : [JEE Mains Offline-2014]
x2
π
(1) (2) 1 (3) −π (4) π
2
tan⁡(x−2){x2 +(k−2)x−2k}
5. If limx→2   = 5 then k is equal to [JEE Mains Online-2014]
x2 −4x+4

(1) 3 (2) 1 (3) 0 (4) 2

1
6. Let p = limx→0+  (1 + tan2 ⁡ √x)2x then log⁡ p is equal to - [JEE(Main)-2016]
1 1
(1) 4 (2) 2 (3) 1 (4) 2
1
7. Let p = limx→0+  (1 + tan ⁡ √x) then log⁡ p is equal to -
2 2x
[JEE(Main)-2016]
1 1
(1) 4 (2) 2 (3) 1 (4) 2

8. For each t ∈ 𝐑, let [t] be the greatest integer less than or equal to t.
1 2 15
Then limx→0+  x (⌊x⌋ + ⌊x⌋ + ⋯ . . ⌊ x ⌋) [JEE(Main)-2018]

(1) does not exist (in 𝐑). (2) is equal to 0 .

(3) is equal to 15 . (4) is equal to 120 .

√1+√1+y4 −√2
9. limy→0   [JEE(Main) Online -2019]
y4
1
(1) exists and equals (2) does not exist
4√2
1 1
(3) exists and equals 2√2 (4) exists and equals 2√2(√2+1)
x([x]+|x|)sin⁡[x]
10. For each x ∈ R, let [x] be the greatest integer less than or equal to x. Then limx→0−   |x|

(1) −sin⁡ 1 (2) sin⁡ 1 (3) 1 (4) 0

[JEE(Main) Online -2019]

APNI KAKSHA 16
(Mathematic) LIMIT
11. For each t ∈ R, let [t] be the greatest integer less than or equal to t. Then,
π
(1−|x|+sin⁡ |1−x|)sin⁡( [1−x])
limx→1+   2
[JEE(Main) Online -2019]
|1−x|[1−x]

(1) equals 0 (2) does not exist (3) equals -1 (4) equals 1
12. Let [x] denote the greatest integer less than or equal to x. Then : [JEE(Main) Online -2019]
tan⁡(πsin2 ⁡ x) + (|x| − sin⁡(x[x]))2
limx→0  
x2
(1) does not exist (2) equals π (3) equals 0 (4) equals π + 1
xcot⁡(4x)
13. limx→0   sin2⁡ xcot2⁡(2x) is equal to: [JEE(Main) Online -2019]

(1) 1 (2) 4 (3) 0 (4) 2

cot3 ⁡ x−tan⁡ x
14. limx→π/4   cos⁡(x+π/4) is : [JEE(Main) Online -2019]

(1) 4√2 (2) 8 (3) 4 (1) 8√2

√π−√2sin−1 ⁡ x
15. limx→1−   is equal to: [JEE(Main) Online -2019]
√1−x

π 2 1
(1) √π (2) √ 2 (3) √π (4)
√2π

APNI KAKSHA 17
(Mathematic) LIMIT
EXERCISE – 4 (JA)
SECTION-1
1
1. If limx→0  [1 + xln⁡(1 + b2 )]x = 2bin2 ⁡ θ, b > 0 and θ ∈ (−π, π], then the value of θ is-
[JEE 2012,3M, -1M ]
π π π π
(A) ± 4 (B) ± 3 (C) ± 6 (D) ± 2
x2 +x+1
2. If limx→∞  ( − ax − b) = 4, then -
x+1

(A) a = 1, b = 4 (B) a = 1, b = −4 (C) a = 2, b = −3 (D) a = 2, b = 3

3 6
3. Let α(a) and β(a) be the roots of the equation ( √1 + a − 1)x 2 + (√1 + a − 1)x + ( √1 + a − 1) = 0
where a > −1. then lima→0+  α(a) and lima→0+  β(a) are [JEE 2012, 3m, -1M]
5 1 7 9
(A) − 2 and 1 (B) − 2 and -1 (C) − 2 and 2 (D) − 2 and 3

SECTION-2
x2
a−√a2 −x2 −
4. Let L = limx→0   4
, a > 0. If L is finite, then - [JEE 2009, 4]
x4
1 1
(A) a = 2 (B) a = 1 (C) L = 64 (D) L = 32
1−x
−ax+sin⁡(x−1)+a 1
5. The largest value of the non-negative integer a for which limx→1  { x+sin⁡(x−1)−1 }1−√x = 4 is

[JEE (Advanced)-2014, 3]
x2 sin⁡(βx)
6. Let α, β ∈ ℝ be such that limx→0   αx−sin⁡ x = 1. Then 6(α + β) equals [JEE (Advanced)-2016, 3(0)]
1−x(1+|1−x|) 1
7. Let f(x) = cos⁡ (1−x) for x ≠ 1, Then
|1−x|

(A) limx→1+  f(x) does not exist (B) limx→1−  f(x) does not exist
(C) limx→1+  f(x) = 0 (D) limx→1−  f(x) = 0

APNI KAKSHA 18
(Mathematic) LIMIT
EXERCISE - 5
√3x2 +a2 −√x2 +3a2
1. If ℓ = limx→a   then -
(x−a)

(A) ℓ = 1∀a ∈ R (B) ℓ = 1∀a > 0

(C) ℓ = −1∀a < 0 (D) ℓ = D.N.E if a = 0
2. Which of the following limits vanish ?
sin⁡ x arctan⁡ x
(A) limx→∞   (B) limx→∞  
x x
x+sin⁡ x arcsin⁡ x
(C) limx→∞   x+cos⁡ x (D) limx→1   πx
tan⁡
2

3. Which of the following statement are true for the function f defined for −1 ≤ x ≤ 3 in the figure
shown.
(A) limx→−1+  f(x) = 1 (B) limx→2  f(x) does not exist
(C) limx→1−  f(x) = 2 (D) limx→0+  f(x) = limx→0−  f(x)
4. Let f(x) = x + √x 2 + 2x and g(x) = √x 2 + 2x − x, then
(A) limx→∞  g(x) = 1 (B) limx→∞  f(x) = 1
(C) limx→−∞  f(x) = −1 (D) limx→−∞  g(x) = −1
sin−1 ⁡(sin⁡ x) [|x|]
5. If A = limx→0   cos−1 ⁡(cos⁡ x) and B = limx→0   , then (where [.] denotes greatest integer function)
x

(A) A = 1 (B) A does not exist

(C) B = 0 (D) B = 1
6. Which of the following limit tends to unity?
1−cos⁡ x+2sin⁡ x−sin3 ⁡ x−x2 +3x4 x
(A) limx→0   (B) limx→∞   [x]
tan3 ⁡ x−6sin2 ⁡ x+x−5x3

1 √x
(C) limx→∞   (D) limx→∞  ( )
(√x+√x+√x−√x) √x+√x+√x

7. Which of the following limits does not exist?

1 (x2 −9−√x2 −6x+9)
(A) limx→1+  ([x])x−1 (B) limx→3   |x−1|−2

ln⁡(1−2x2 )
1−cos⁡(sin2 ⁡ x) sin2 ⁡ x
(C) limx→0+  (x)(nx (D) limx→0+  ( )
x2

(where [.] represents greatest integer function)

ex−1 −x
8. The value (s) of ' n ' for which limx→1   (x−1)n exists is / are -

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

APNI KAKSHA 19
(Mathematic) LIMIT
(tan⁡ x)2n +x2
π π limn→∞  ( ) ; ⁡x ≠ 0
9. Let f: (− 2 , 2 ) → R, f(x) = { sin2 ⁡ x+(tan⁡ x)2n , n ∈ N. Which of the following
1⁡, x = 0
π− π+ π− π+
(A) f (− ) = f( 4 ) (B) f (− ) = f (− )
4 4 4
π− π+
(C) f ( 4 ) = f ( 4 ) (D) f(0+ ) = f(0) = f(0− )
tan2 ⁡{x}
for x > 0
x2 −[x]2
10. Let f(x) = | 1 for x = 0| where [x] is the step up function and {x} is the fractional part
√{x}cot⁡{x} for x < 0
function of x, then -

(A) limx→0+  f(x) = 1 (B) limx→0−  f(x) = 1

(C) cot −1 ⁡(limx→0−  f(x))2 = 1 (D) None
11. limx→c  f(x) does not exist when (where [x] is the step up function, {x} is fractional part function of x
and sgn⁡(x) denotes signum function), then-
(A) f(x) = [[x]] − [2x − 1]; c = 3 (B) f(x) = [x] − x, c = 1
tan⁡(sgn⁡ x)
(C) f(x) = {x}2 − {−x}2 , c = 0 (D) f(x) = ,c = 0
sgn⁡ x

12. Which of the following limits does not exist?

x
(A) limx→∞  cosec −1 ⁡ (x+7) (B) limx→1  sec −1 ⁡(sin−1 ⁡ x)
1 cot⁡ x
π
(C) limx→0+  x x (D) limx→0  (tan⁡ ( 8 + x))

13. Which of the following statement(s) is (are) INCORRECT ?

(A) If limx→c  f(x) and limx→c  g(x) both does not exist then limx→c  f(x)g(x) also does not exist.
(B) If limx→c  f(x) and limx→c  g(x) both does not exist then limx→c  f(g(x)) also does not exist.
(C) If limx→c  f(x) exists and limx→c  g(x) does not exist then limx→c  g(f(x)) does not exist.
(D) If limx→c  f(x) and limx→c  g(x) both exist then limx→c  f(g(x)) and limx→c  g(f(x)) also exist.
14. Consider following statements and identify correct options:
2x 8 2x 8
(i) limx→4  (x−4 − x−4) = limx→4   x−4 − limx→4   x−4
x2 +6x−7 lim  (x2 +6x−7)
(ii) limx→1   x2+5x−6 = limx→1  (x2+5x−6)
x→1

x−3 limx→1  (x−3)

(iii) limx→1   x2 +2x−4 = lim 2
x→1  (x +2x−4)

f(x)
(iv) If limx→5  f(x) = 2 and limx→5  g(x) = 0, then limx→5   g(x) does not exist.
f(x)
(v) If limx→5  f(x) = 0 and limx→5  g(x) = 2, then limx→5   g(x) does not exist.

(A) Only one is true. (B) Only two are true.

(C) Only three are false. (D) Only two are false.
APNI KAKSHA 20
(Mathematic) LIMIT
1
15. Which of the following limits equal to 2
1 1 1 3x2 (2x−1)(3x2 +x+2)
(A) limn→∞  (1.3 + 3.5 + ⋯ . + (2n−1)(2n+1)) (B) limx→∞  ⌊2x+1 − ⌋
4x2
1 (n+2)!+(n+1)!
(C) limn→∞   n2 (1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ … . +n) (D) limn→∞   (n+2)!−(n+1)!

(A) limx→0  g(f(x)) =

(B)limx→0  f(g(x)) = 0
(C) limx→1  f(g(x)) = 0
(D) limx→1  g(f(x)) = 5
x2 , if x is rational
17. If f(x) = { , then
0, if x is irrational
(A) limx→0  f(x) = 0 (B) limx→0  f(x) does not exist
(C) limx→2  f(x) = 4 (D) limx→2  f(x) does not exist
sin2 ⁡ α−sin2 ⁡ β π
18. Let f(β) = limα→β   , then f ( 4 ) is greater than -
α2 −β2

1−cos3 ⁡ x cot⁡ x−cos⁡ x

(A) limx→0   (B) limx→π/2  
xsin⁡ 2x (π−2x)3

√a+2x−√3x
(C) limx→∞  (cos⁡ √x + 1 − cos⁡ √x) (D) limx→a   where a > 0
√3a+x−2√x
sin⁡ x+aex +be−x +cln⁡(1+x)
19. If has a finite limit L as x → 0, then
x3
1 1 1
(A) a = − 2 (B) b = 2 (C) c = 0 (D) L = − 3
ax −a−x
20. Let ℓ = limx→∞   ax +a−x (a > 0), then

(A) ℓ = 1∀a > 0 (B) ℓ = −1∀a ∈ (0,1)

(C) ℓ = 0, if a = 1 (D) ℓ = 1∀ a > 1
[MATCH THE COLUMN TYPE]
21. For the function g(t) whose graph is given, match the entries of column-I to column-II
Column-I ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ Column-II
(A) limt→0+  g(t) + limt→2−  g(t) ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ (P) limt→2+  g(t)
(B) limt→0−  g(t) + g(2) ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ (Q) does not exist
(C) limt→0  g(t) ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ (R) 0
(D) limt→2  g(t) ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ (S) limt→4  g(t)

APNI KAKSHA 21
(Mathematic) LIMIT
22. Column-I Column – II
π π
(A) limn→∞  nsin⁡ (4n) cos⁡ (4n) is equal to (P) 0
sin⁡ x∘ 1
(B) limx→0   is equal to (Q) 2
x
1 1 π
(C) limx→0  (sin⁡ x − tan⁡ x) is equal to (R) 4
1+cos⁡ 2x π
(D) limx→π/2   (π−2x)2 is equal to (S) 180

23. Column-I Column II

1
ax
(A) limx→∞   ax +1 (a > 0) can be equal to (P) limx→∞  x (ex − 1)
sin(ex−2 −1) ax +bx +cx −3
(B) limx→2   is equal to (Q) limx→0   (a, b, c > 0 and abc = 1)
log(x−1) x

(ln x−1)e e4x −e3x

(C) limx→c   is equal to (R) limx→0  
x−e x
x(5x −1) 1
(D) limx→0   (1−cos x)4ℓn5 is equal to (S) 2

(T) 0

APNI KAKSHA 22
(Mathematic) LIMIT
EXERCISE – 6

2√n2 +n−1
√n2 +n−1
1. limn→∞  ( )
n
1 1 1 1 nx
ax1 +ax2 +ax3 +⋯…..+axn
2. limx→∞  ( ) , where a1 , a2 , … … . . an > 0
n

1/x
(1+x)1/x
3. limx→0  [ ]
e
a(2x3 −x2 )+b(x3 +5x2 −1)−c(3x3 +x2 )
4. If limx→∞   = 1, then the value of (a + b + c) can be expressed in the
a(5x4 −x)−bx4 +c(4x4 +1)+2x2 +5x
p
lowest form as . Find the value of (p + q).
q

ℓn(1+x)1+x 1
5. limx→0  [ − x]
x2
2
4 n3 −1 (1+n−1 )
6. Let L = ∏∞
n=3  (1 − n2 ) ; M = ∏n=2  (n3 +1) and N = ∏n=1  
∞ ∞
, then find the value of
1+2n−1

L−1 + M −1 + N−1
π
7. A circular arc of radius 1 subtends an angle of x radians, < x < 2 as shown in the figure. The point C

is the intersection of the two tangent lines at A and B. Let T(x) be the area of the triangle ABC and let
S(x) be the area of the shaded region. Compute :

T(x)
(a) T(x) (b) S(x) and (c) the limit of S(x) as x → 0.
x
8. Let f(x) = limn→∞  ∑nn=1  3n−1 sin3 ⁡ 3n and g(x) = x − 4f(x). Evaluate limx→0  (1 + g(x))cot⁡ x .
θ
9. If f(n, θ) = ∏nr=1  (1 − tan2 ⁡ 2r ), then compute limn→∞  f(n, θ)
x x x
10. Evaluate limx→∞  (e − x (x+1) )
f(x) x(1+acos⁡ x)−bsin⁡ x
11. f(x) is the function such that limx→0   = 1. limx→0   = 1,
x (f(x))3

then find the value of a and b.

12. Through a point A on a circle, a chord AP is drawn and on the tangent at A a point T is taken such that
AT = AP. If TP produced meet the diameter through A at Q, prove that the limiting value of AQ when
P moves upto A is double the diameter of the circle.

APNI KAKSHA 23
(Mathematic) LIMIT
13. At the end points A, B of the fixed segment of length L, lines are drawn meeting in C and making
angles θ and 2θ respectively with the given segment. Let D be the foot of the altitude CD and let x
represents the length of AD. Find the value of x as θ tends to zero i.e. Limθ→0 ⁡ x.
1
2x2n sin⁡ +x
14. Let f(x) = limn→∞   x
, then find
1+x2n

(A) limx→∞  x(x) (B) limx→1  f(x)

(C) limx→0  f(x), (D) limx→−∞  f(x)
15. Using Sandwich theorem, evaluate
1 1 1 1
(a) limn→∞  (√n2 + √n2 + √n2 + ⋯ . . + √n2 )
+1 +2 +2n
1 2 n
s(b) limn→∞   1+n2 + 2+n2 + ⋯ . . + n+n2

APNI KAKSHA 24
(Mathematic) LIMIT
ANSWER KEY
LIMIT EXERCISE - 1
1. A 2. C 3. D 4. C 5. D 6. B 7. B
8. C 9. B 10. B 11. A 12. A 13. C 14. B
15. A 16. C 17. A 18. D 19. A 20. A 21. C
22. D 23. D 24. C 25. B 26. D 27. A 28. A
29. C 30. A 31. D 32. B 33. D 34. C 35. D
36. B 37. C 38. A 39. D 40. A 41. C 42. B
43. C 44. D 45. A 46. D 47. C
EXERCISE – 2
1 1 √3 1
1. 2 2. 5050 3. 2 4. 5. 6. 7.
32 16√2 2 2
1
8. -2 9. π − 3 10. (i) a = 1, b = −1 (ii) a = −1, b = 2 11. 1 12. 8√2(ℓn3)2

13. (a) π/2 if a > 0; 0 if a = 0 and −π/2 if a < 0; (b) f(x) = |x| 14. −1/2 15. 16
√3
16. e−8 17. c = ℓn2 18. e−1 19. e−1/2 20. 2

EXERCISE – 3 (JM)
1. 1 2. 3 3. 1 4. 4 5. 1 6. 4 7. 3 8. 4
9. 1 10. 1 11. 1 12. 1 13. 1 14. 2 15. 3
EXERCISE - 4 (JA) SECTION-1
1. D 2. B 3. B
SECTION-2
4. AC 5. 0 6. 7 7. AD
EXERCISE – 5
1. BCD 2. ABD 3. ACD 4. AC 5. BC 6. BD 7. BCD
8. AB 9. AD 10. AC 11. BC 12. AD 13. ABCD 14. BC
15. AC 16. ABC 17. AD 1 8. BCD 19. ABCD 20. BCD
21. (A) → (P,R); (B) → (P,R); (C) → (Q); (D) → (Q) 22. (A) → (R);(B) → (S);(C) → (P);(D) → (Q)
23. (A) → (P,Q,R,S,T);(B) → (P,R);(C) → (P,R); (D) → (S)
EXERCISE – 6
1
1. e−1 2. ⁡(a1 ⋅ a2 ⋅ a3 … … an ) 3. e− 2 4. 167 5. ½
1 x x sin⁡ x 1 1 3
6. 8 7. T(x) = 2 tan2 ⁡ 2 ⋅ sin⁡ x or tan⁡ 2 − , S(x) = 2 x − 2 sin⁡ x, limit = 2
2
θ 1
8. g(x) = sin⁡ x and ℓ = e 9. 10. − 2e 11. a = −5/2, b = −3/2
tan⁡ θ
2L
13. 14. (a) 2 , (b) D.N.E., (c) 0 , (d) 0 15. (a) 2 ; (b) 1/2
3
APNI KAKSHA 25