Marine Safety & Fisheries Protection

Problems of Plastic
Pollution in Nigeria
organized by

in collaborations with
 Plastic
Pollution
An evaluation of current practices,
challenges, threats & opportunities

by
Peter Aniediabasi John
(FIMD, CWEM.MCIWEM, MRSC, MRMS)

Date: April 3 & 4, 2019

Venue: Lagos, Nigeria

in collaborations with
 Summary
Plastic plays a very important role in our lives from usage as bottles to
toothbrush, mug, bucket, tubes, pipes, containers, polybag, chairs, kitchen-
wares and many more.
The use of plastic has been on the rise over the years and has become quite
inevitable. Plastic is a known non-biodegradable and toxic material and has the
ability to cause hazards to animals, plants, human and the environment.
Scientist and the global community at large are quite worried about the
continuous daily rise in the volume of plastic waste, with very minimal effort
and impact to checkmate the menace.
A major contributory factor is the advent of the Disposable Product Technology
or the Single-use Technology, which is implicated as the cause of the
excessive explosion of plastics waste in our environment. This technology
seem to be a convenient option for product end-user, because of the relative
cost, time, quality, availability, safety and others, which are few driving forces.
Fortunately, the recycling markets are in serious need of plastics waste,
irrespective of the known nuisance level.
The opportunities in plastic recycling business are WIDE, and the returns on
investment; GREAT and ATTRACTIVE.

in collaborations with
 INTRODUCTION
At some point, defining WASTE could be more of an
individual opinion, idea, interest, exposure,
interaction and experience. This is because what is
referred to as “WASTE” to one person may NOT be
seen as “WASTE” to another, so in a gathering of 100
people, you can agree with me that we can get 100
different definitions of WASTE if we asked.

Critically speaking, the definition may not be of

importance for now, because more WASTE is being
generated as we WASTE more time to deliberate on
the best-fit definition for WASTE; I think its ACTION
time, because human habitable spaces are gradually
being taken over by WASTE.

The best approach and remedy is to manage the

WASTE in the best available method, so that “we do
not become solid WASTE earlier than planned”.

in collaborations with
 Reflections!
The journey of waste from the point of generation to a
final and appropriate dumpsite is determined by the
Government. This simply involves the allocation of special
areas for a final, safe and ideal dumping of solid waste.
Currently, due to the chain of actions involved in the
process, there seem to be gaps created by the generators
or the managers at various steps.
It is either the generators do not follow the instructions or
the managers do not apply the appropriate approach
during management.
It is important to also note that the negligence from the
government can also bring about a wider gap, if policies
are NOT formed, official dumpsite is NOT approved, and
even where there are policies, they are NOT implemented,
enforced or taken seriously.
We need to address LEGISLATION & COMMUNICATION.

in collaborations with
 Reflections!
All the methods of managing waste in this part of the globe
is still in its rudimentary stage, with very minimal
improvement recorded due to negligence in the part of the
government and the waste generators (human).
Typical waste streams found around us today are either
mixed or partially segregated for re-use by human waste
scavengers.

Amongst all the components of a typical waste stream,

plastics are observed to dominate mostly in aged
dumpsites. Plastics are recalcitrant, and so, they remain
inert and chemically non-destructive thereby accumulating
over time to form complete PLASTIC POOLS.

Dominance of plastics waste is attained after a natural

elimination process on the fraction of degradable waste
materials.
At this point, plastics starts their journey to the ocean.

in collaborations with
 Plastic Journey Map
Homes/
hand

Unofficial
Waste Bin disposal sites

Waste Storm water

collection point Drains & channels

Rivers
Approved final
waste disposal
site Ship /
Vessels /
Boats
Collection &
Sorting centre Oceans

in collaborations with
 Journey of Plastic Waste
Plastics and related waste materials are major
components of any waste stream. They have peculiar
chemical and physical characteristics, which makes
them remain as the last component in waste dumps.

They are recalcitrant to degradation processes, but can

be deformed or disfigured by physical environmental
torture like heat, radiation or harsh chemicals.

In a general term, plastics have been observed to have

few steps in their journey from generation point to the
oceans. This situation is common in almost every
country, but at different impacts levels. Nigeria is not
left out of this.

…let us see some pictures for better understanding.

in collaborations with
 An example of what is
currently practiced, where we
have mixed waste, in concrete
receptacles that can fail after
exposure to shear stress from
accumulated waste, leachates
and human pressure.

This is a step in the journey of

plastics and other waste to the
ocean, via the drains to the
rivers.

in collaborations with
 This is an example of what is
also currently being practiced,
where mixed waste are carelessly
loaded on open-back trucks, with
the possibilities of spilling the
waste while on transit, before
arrival at a final dumpsite.

This is a also a step in the journey

of plastics and other waste to the
ocean, via the road to the drains
and to the rivers.

in collaborations with
 This is an example of what is
also practiced currently.
Mixed waste is transported
using an inappropriate truck.

This will eventually empty the

entire waste, while on transit.

This is a step in the journey of

plastics and other waste to the
ocean, via the road, to the
drains and to the rivers.

in collaborations with
 This is an example of what is
currently being practiced,
where we also have mixed
waste dumped in the streets
and on roads.

This is one reason for a quick

wear and tear on our roads,
because of the reactions of
leachates (toxic soup) with the
concrete components, thereby
compromising the integrity of
the concrete.

This is a step in the journey of

plastics and other waste to the
ocean, via the drains to the
rivers.

in collaborations with
 This an example of what is
currently being practiced, where
mixed waste is dumped on busy
roads, round-about and junctions with
poor management methods.

Activities like this poses serious

negative impact to public health.

This is another step in the journey of

plastics and other waste to the ocean,
via the drains to the rivers.

in collaborations with
 This is an example of what is
currently being practiced.
Mixed waste is dumped on the
median of a busy road in an
urban settlement.

in collaborations with
 This is an example of what is
currently being practiced.
Mixed waste, with e-waste
dominating, with huge
percentage of plastics.

This is a waste dumpsite

located within a developed
settlement and along a major
storm water canal.

in collaborations with
 This is also a current scenario,
where a dumpsite is located by
road-sides and mixed waste also
dumped by the roadsides.

This is still a reason for the quick

wear and tear of our roads from
leachates (toxic soup) reactions.

This is a major step in the journey

of plastics and other waste to the
ocean, via the canals, drains or
water channels to the rivers after
rain fall.

in collaborations with
 This is currently being
practiced, where open air
burning of mixed waste is
practiced, in a dumpsite.

A case of clear environmental

pollution.

in collaborations with
 An example of what is currently practiced, where
mixed waste are dumped in storm water channels,
canals, drains or gutters.

In this case, a fraction of the waste is degraded, while

plastics remains and get accumulated over time to form
“Plastic pools”.

This eventually brings about obstruction of wastewater

and storm water flows, blockages and finally flood.

This is a also a step in the journey of plastics and other

waste to the ocean, via the drains to the rivers.

in collaborations with
 This is an example of what is
currently being practiced. Mixed
waste, in concrete drains designed
and constructed to receiving storm
water from other smaller and
adjoining drains.

This is also a major cause of flood

and a start point for the journey of
plastics to the rivers through to the
ocean.

in collaborations with
 This is a current scenario
where open air burning of
mixed waste is practiced, at a
dumpsite located along a major
river side.

This is a good source of aquatic

pollutants and a step in the
journey of plastics and other
waste to the ocean.

in collaborations with
 This is an example of what is
currently being practiced, where
mixed waste get deposited or
transported to the shores or directly
disposed into rivers.

Most of these waste collected here,

started their journey from the
roadsides, then to the drains, and via
flowing drains, they are transported
to the river and finally to the oceans.

…this is a clear example of complete

“Plastic pool”.

in collaborations with
 This is an example of what
happens to the waste in a
flowing river, flowing towards
the ocean.

This is a good source of aquatic

pollutants and a step in the
journey of plastics and other
waste to the ocean.

in collaborations with
 This is a relief; and an example
of what is rarely practiced,
where waste is segregated into
different coloured bins.

This is the beginning of effective

waste management practice.

in collaborations with
 Analysis
An average or estimated statistics suggests that a typical waste stream is composed of
various materials at different fractionstities as illustrated below. Surprisingly, this
illustration only covers house-hold waste and an institutional waste. These data was
generated from a preliminary study conducted for a prospective investor. Please note
that these are average values.
*Data from preliminary waste inventory studies, 2015 – unpublished.

cardboard glass e-waste

others, 0 wood/board, 4% 4% wood/board compostible
1%
0.53 textile 4% 4%
textile, 5.09 e-waste, 0.04 metal/tin 0%
1%
cardboard, 5.46 glass, 2.81
metal/tin, 2.38
plastic
14%
plastic, 12.2

paper, 9.27 compostable,

62.22 paper
68%

Domestic source Institutional source

in collaborations with
 Analysis
Generally, an average estimated statistics
suggests that a typical dumpsite is composed
of various materials in different quantities.
Above all, PLASTIC is observed to dominate.
This is more applicable in aged dumpsite.
*Data from preliminary waste inventory studies, 2015 – unpublished.

paper, 4.53
e-waste, 7.05 wood/board compostible
, 8.43 , 8.09
textile, 3.61

cardboard, glass, 4.71

2.01
metal/tin, 6.45

plastic, 55.12

Open Street Source

in collaborations with
 Analysis
This is a chart to explain the gradual formation
of plastic pool, where almost all the waste
component are plastics of various classes. This
is also an avenue to track the gradual
disappearance of other waste component
through degradation, while plastic remains.
*Data from preliminary waste inventory studies, 2015 – unpublished.

paper
compostible

wood/boards

e-waste

plastics
textile

glass
cardboard

metal/tin

Open Street Source

in collaborations with
 Analysis
This is a further stage of plastic dominance,
while other either disintegrate into smaller
particles or degrade into monomeric forms.
Plastics still remain as dominating component.
*Data from preliminary waste inventory studies, 2015 – unpublished.

compostible paper
wood/boards
e-waste
textile
glass
cardboard
metal/tin

plastics

Aged Dumpsite

in collaborations with
 Analysis
This is a semi complete stage towards the
achievement of complete plastic pool. Other
components are almost gone or have become
part of the environment through dissolution, or
breakdown, while plastic remain almost
untouched. Percentage plastic becomes higher
over time.
*Data from preliminary waste inventory studies, 2015 – unpublished.
textile metal/tin e-waste
compostible
cardboard wood/boards paper
glass

plastics

Aged Dumpsite

in collaborations with
 Waste Management &
Effectiveness
Policy &
0% Enforcement
Circular
Functional
Institutions

Government
Participation

Waste Approved
Generation Final Waste
Collection Disposal
Dumpsite Investment
Bin Points
100% in Waste
Management
Linear
Management 0% – 100% Determinant
Options To Landfill Factors

in collaborations with
 …it is important to talk about waste
in general, but it is also important to
identify and talk about the
component that threatens the
environment.
…lets talk and think about

PLASTICS
in collaborations with
 Plastics
The term ‘’plastic’’ is derived from the Greek word ''plastikos'',
meaning fit for moulding.

Plastics are materials consisting of any of a wide range

of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic compounds that are
malleable and so can be moulded into solid objects. Plastics
are typically organic polymers of high molecular mass and
often contain other substances. They are usually synthetic,
most commonly derived from petrochemicals, however, an
array of variants are made from renewable materials such as
polylactic acid from corn or cellulosics from cotton linters.
*Source: 1. Life cycle of a plastic product. www.americanchemistry.com

According to the International Union of Pure Applied

Chemistry (IUPAC),
Plastic is a generic term used in the case of
polymeric material that may contain other substances to
improve performance or reduce costs.
*Source:
1. https://iupac.org &
2. Vert, Michel; Doi, Yoshiharu; Hellwich, Karl-Heinz; Hess, Michael; Hodge, Philip; Kubisa, Przemyslaw;
Rinaudo, Marguerite; Schué, François (2012). "Terminology for biorelated polymers and applications (IUPAC
Recommendations 2012)" (PDF). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 84 (2): 377–410. doi:10.1351/PAC-REC-10-12-
04.

in collaborations with
 Categories of Plastics
1. Thermoset
2. Thermoplastics.

The primary physical difference

is that Thermoplastics can
melt into liquid, while
Thermosets plastics can only
deform, but cannot melt.

in collaborations with
 Plastic Classification
Plastic is an essential component of many
items, including water bottles, combs, and
beverage containers. Knowing the difference,
as well as the SPI Codes is a guide to help
waste managers classify plastic waste for
effective and efficient management (recycling).

The seven classes of plastic include:

1. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PETE or PET)
2. High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
3. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
4. Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
5. Polypropylene (PP)
6. Polystyrene or Styrofoam (PS)
7. Miscellaneous plastics (includes: polycarbonate,
polylactide, acrylic, acrylonitrile butadiene, styrene,
fiberglass, and nylon).

NB: Society of the Plastic Industry - SPI.

in collaborations with
 Plastic Classification
Codes

(Polycarbonates)
= Confirmed to contain BPAs PC

in collaborations with
 Plastics in the Environment
Plastic waste is a very common component in every waste
stream. Due to the recalcitrant nature of plastic, it has the
tendency to remain almost non-degradable in the environment.

The negative impact of plastic waste is observed to affect

every part of our environment, including human, plants and
animals.

HINT!
Physically: It forms a part of the solid waste material
occupying spaces that would have been use for other
productive purposes. In addition, they also occupy spaces
meant for water flow, thereby causing blockages, which results
to overflow and eventually flood. The situation is worst with
plastic in silts mix.

Chemically: It leaches when subjected to environmental conditions,

including moisture, thereby releasing toxic components into the
environment (aquatic & soil), which eventually find their way into
animals, plants and human system.

in collaborations with
 Waste Items & Biodegradation
Timeline in a Terrestrial Environment
Waste Item Biodegradation Timeline
Vegetables 5 days –1 month
Paper 2–5 months
Cotton T-shirt 6 months
Orange peels 6 months
Tree leaves 1 year
Wool socks 1–5 years
Plastic-coated paper milk cartons 5 years
Leather shoes 25–40 years
Nylon fabric 30–40 years
Tin cans 50–100 years
Aluminium cans 80–100 years
Glass bottles 1 million years
Styrofoam cup 500 years to forever
Source: Centre for Microbial Oceanography: Research & Education (C-MORE);
Mote Marine Laboratory, 1993
Plastic bags 500 years to forever

in collaborations with
Marine Debris Biodegradation Timeline – Approximate
Marine Debris Biodegradation Timeline
Paper towel 2–4 weeks
Newspaper 6 weeks
Apple core 2 months
Cardboard box 2 months
Wax coated milk carton 3 months
Cotton gloves 1–5 months
Wool gloves 1 year
Plywood 1–3 years
Painted wooden sticks 13 years
Plastic bags 10–20 years
Tin cans 50 years
Disposable diapers 50–100 years
Plastic bottle 100 years
Aluminium cans 200 years
Glass bottles and jars Undetermined
Photo-degradable beverage holder 6 months
Monofilament fishing lines 600 years
Plastic beverage holder 400 years
Source: Centre for Microbial Oceanography: Research & Education (C-MORE); Mote Marine Laboratory, 1993

in collaborations with
 MARPOL (Marine Pollution)

The International Convention adopted in 1973 and modified in 1978 for the
Prevention of Pollution from Ships. It is an international convention for addressing
ship sourced pollution, which includes regulations aimed at preventing both accidental
pollution and pollution from routine vessel operations. Annexes I and II, governing oil
and chemicals are compulsory but annexes III, IV, V and VI on packaged materials,
sewage, garbage and air pollution are optional.

MARPOL includes Six (6) Technical Annexes:

Annex I: Regulations for the prevention of pollution by oil.
Annex II: Regulations for the control of pollution by noxious liquid substances in bulk.
Annex III: Regulations for the prevention of pollution by harmful substances carried
by sea in packaged form.
Annex IV: Regulations for the prevention of pollution by sewage from ships.
*Annex V: Regulations for the prevention of pollution by garbage from ships.
Annex VI: Regulations for the prevention of air pollution from ships.

in collaborations with
 MARPOL Annex V – Applications (Garbage including Plastics)

Out of the 13 classification of garbage waste in MARPOL Annex V, classes 12 and

13 are related to Plastic waste.
Offshore platforms (>
Type of Garbage Ships outside Ships 12 nautical
special areas within special miles from land) & all
areas ships within 500 of
such platforms
All other garbage
including plastics, Discharge Discharge Discharge prohibited
synthetic ropes, fishing prohibited prohibited
gear, plastic garbage
bags, incinerator ashes,
clinkers, cooking oil,
floating dunnage, lining
and packing materials,
paper, rags, glass, metal,
bottles, crockery, and
similar refuse
When garbage is mixed with or contaminated by other
Mixed garbage substances prohibited from discharge or having different
discharge requirements, the more stringent requirements
apply.
*Note: The above conditions applies, except for conditions where the disposal of garbage from a ship is necessary for the
purpose of securing the safety of a ship and those on board or saving life at sea. 7.1.1

in collaborations with
 Threat!
Plastic Poisons
Most Plastics leach Hormone-Like Chemicals, called
Bispehnols, with the most popular type, known as
Bisphenol A (BPA). Though they are considered toxic,
they are considered very important due to the role
they play in plastic formation, mostly in hardening,
clarity and high resistance to heat.

This chemical mimics the sex hormone called

Estrogen. But a new study reveals that even if they
don't contain BPA, most plastic products release
estrogenic chemicals.
https://www.npr.org/2011/03/02/.../study-most-plastics-leach-hormone-like-chemicals

Other than BPA or other Bisphenols (C,F,G & S),

Phthalates as well as colouring agents like
inks, dyes or special paints in plastics also
contains toxic heavy metals.

in collaborations with
 Threat!
Problems of Plastics Pollution
Associated risks and problems with plastic pollution are numerous,
but the most common problems and risks are chemical leachates
resulting from the exposure of plastics to environmental conditions.
The following, when ingested causes serious hazards and risks to
human, as well as animals and plants, both in the aquatic and
terrestrial ecosystem.
Bisphenols poisoning (common – Bisphenol-A)
Phthalates poisoning
Heavy metals poisoning
Micro-particles ingestion / poisoning
Alteration of metabolism and homeostasis in animals
Obstruction of navigation (impacts on blades etc.)
Killing of marine species (suffocation, tangling) etc.

in collaborations with
 Threat!
Plastics Pollution
Impact on Human:
Ingested plastics have also been researched to be
detected in human blood and tissues. This is also
implicated as an additional cause of;
1. Cancer
2. Birth defect & child development disorder
3. Impaired immunity
4. Endocrine disruption
5. Endometriosis
6. Neurological disorder & damages
7. Asthma
8. Multiple organ damage
9. Others.

in collaborations with
 Way Forward
Given the whole time in the world, the rate of plastic waste generation
may over-take the action plans to eliminate its impacts. The level of
negligence and poor government participation in waste management is
an encouraging factor, in the fight against plastic pollution. The need
for this fight is to help us regain our lost space occupied by plastic,
and to regain the natural quality of our environment, most especially
the oceans.

As a start-up plan, any or all of these programs may be considered:

1. Sponsorship of researches and trainings.
2. Organization of stakeholders re-orientation programs.
3. Investment encouragement programs.
4. Encouragement of partnership programs with MDAs.
5. Establishment of small-groups in schools & Institutions.
6. Involvement of MS&MEs at both up and downstream operations.
7. Organization of Conferences, seminars, symposia & workshops.
8. Support funding from International Agencies.
9. Knowledge transfer program.
10. Involvement of media and branding groups.
11. Friendly policies.

in collaborations with
 Reflections!
There are numerous opportunities in waste
management business. This is applicable to liquid,
solid or gaseous waste. The waste-to-wealth
principle in waste management is a clear guide to
make us understand the numerous benefits in the
so-called WASTE.

The 3-principles of waste management (“3Rs”:

Recycle, Reduce, Re-use) are actually the basis of
the opportunities. It is important to also note that
researches have added more “Rs” to the principles
to reduce waste to the barest minimum.

We now have “7Rs” to mean: Refuse, Re-fill,

Return, Repair, Rot, Re-purpose, Re-use

It can also include; Reject, Rethink, Re-invest, Re-

sale, Replace, Re-buy, etc.

in collaborations with
 Reflections!
In this part of the globe, little attention is given to
the benefits that can be tapped from effective or
professional waste management practices.

The high population of unemployed persons,

which are mostly youths have not been sensitized
enough to know the various benefits in waste
handling and control business.

Through public trainings, enlightenment and

campaigns by the various global agencies,
orientation agencies and NGOs, everyone can
begin to appreciate that good revenue can be
generated through participation in a well-
organized waste management practice.

in collaborations with
 Reflections!
Waste management is a holistic term, which includes
collection, sorting, washing (optional), classification,
packing to be recycled for a new (changed) product
formation or recycled for use (re-use) without any
change.

Examples of waste types that can be recycled or

reused are papers, plastic (various grades), metals,
glass and wood.

Other class of waste such as organics can be used as

soil enhancers after subjecting them to partial or
complete breakdown process by naturally existing
organisms.

These class of waste can be used as organic manure

or as a substrate for biogas production.

in collaborations with
 Reflections!
Amidst all these advantages and benefits, it is
clear that several billions of Naira are left
untapped, while our concentration is focused on
oil, gas and related activities.

It is also clear that the proportion of expected

revenue to be made is directly determined by the
waste volume, which is also determined by the
population size.

Micro, small and medium scale enterprises can

be encouraged to participate in making
meaningful financial benefits from the business
of plastic waste management.

To achieve this, legislation and communication

must be addressed.

in collaborations with
 Reflections!
The plan for better opportunities involves the
enforcement of policies and the creation of
awareness at every level of our society. Waste
generation is a “MUST DO” activity, which can
only be terminated at the demise of the
generator.

If we allow the rate of generation to overthrow

the management rate, the population may lose
large expanse of land to waste, especially plastic
waste, even at these times when urbanization is
the talk of the day.

As much as possible, it is very necessary to

consider managing the waste, so that humans
and animals do not become solid waste in a
shorter and unexpected time.

in collaborations with
 Opportunities
The opportunities in waste management starts
from proper waste management practice.

If an effective management process is absent, it is

necessary to establish it and to consider a
collection, sorting and a buy-back facility, where
transported waste is collected and sorted for sales,
re-use or recycling.

There are known industries around us, that are in

need of raw materials (waste) for their production
activities. A list of such raw materials, include;
paper, plastics, metal, wood etc.

Amongst this list, plastic is a dominating

component and also a threat to the environment.
Even at this, the demand for plastics waste is still
at the topmost level, followed by paper and metal.

in collaborations with
 Waste Marketing
Sales of “WASTE” is currently a lucrative practice, with the
demand growing higher on daily basis. Plastic trade is a
money spinning business for those involved in the
business.

We have been able to take a cross-sectional evaluation of

the various aspects of concerns regarding plastics as
major recalcitrant in our waste stream.

…but the most interesting thing about plastics waste, is;

There is a very high demand for plastics, regardless the
level of nuisance. Plastic waste trade is a multi-million
dollar spinning deal in developing countries and in the
world at large.

The OPPORTUNITIES are huge and the practice is highly

lucrative.

We need to contribute our little but collective efforts to

encourage plastic re-use. This is one sure way of
controlling the increase of plastic waste.

in collaborations with
 Sales Analysis
(Recyclable PET bottles):
An empty PET bottle weighs an average of 28.5 grams (0.0285 kg).
(Note: Exchange rate of N361 per US Dollar)
Analysis (dumpsite to middleman):
1 PET weighs 28.5g (Av.)
35,274 empty recyclable PET av. wt 1,005,309g (approx. 1,000kg)
35,274 empty recyclable PET = 1 tonne
1kg empty recyclable Plastic = N65; $0.18
1 Tonne of empty recyclable Plastic = N65,000; $180
10 Tonnes = N650,000; ($1,800)
200 Tonnes = N13,000,000 ($36,000) - small scale recycling facility
500 Tonnes = N32,500,000 ($90,000) - medium scale recycling facility
Possibility: Approx. demand capacity = Av. 350 Tonnes Monthly, medium scale.
For: Medium scale machine design = 1 tonne/hr for 8hrs operations (double shift).
Expected target: N22,750,000; ($63,000) Monthly & N273,000,000; ($756,000) Annually from
4,200 Tonnes empty recyclable Plastic @ an Av. of 350 Tonnes Monthly.
Expenditure: Salaries, materials transportation, daily feeding, medications, clothing,
others: minimum of N6,000,000; $16,620 Annually.

in collaborations with
 Further
At this point, it is necessary and important to
further encourage more conferences, seminars,
awareness documentaries and news to educate
members of the public, as well as the Government
on the dangers of mis-managing plastic waste.
Researches, more awareness campaigns and
sensitizations at every level will add value to
effective plastic management, most especially in
Nigeria and Africa at large.
It is a collective responsibility, and so, it should not
be left in the hands of a single person, group or
institution.

WE CAN MAKE IT HAPPEN THROUGH EFFECTIVE

COLLABORATION. YES WE CAN!

in collaborations with
Thank you
for your
attention!