SPE 80538
Angsi Waterflood Management and Surveillance - An Integrated Team Approach
Mohamad Othman, SPE, Zaimi Salleh and John Redmond, PETRONAS Carigali Sdn. Bhd.; Nils M. Jakobsson, SPE,
ExxonMobil Exploration Production Malaysia Inc.; A. Rahman Yunus, Champion-Servo BV; and A. Kamarolaili Abu,
Premier Enterprise Corp. Sdn. Bhd.
Copyright 2003, Society of Petroleum Engineers Inc.
This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and
Exhibition held in Jakarta, Indonesia, 15–17 April 2003.
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Abstract
The Angsi field is a new oil and gas development in its early
production phase. The field is operated by PETRONAS
Carigali Sendirian Berhad (PCSB), Peninsular Malaysia
Operations (PMO). Waterflooding is being used to improve oil
recovery. The waterflood is expected to yield close to a three
fold increase of the oil recovery compared to a scenario
without injection. The production from waterflood reservoirs
contributes 90% of the overall Angsi oil production. It is
imperative that the waterflood is managed in a prudent way to
ensure its full potential is realized. An instrumental element of
prudent management is a well-planned and well-executed
surveillance program. The Angsi waterflood project, as many
other waterflood projects, is significant in scope and multi-
disciplinary in nature. It was determined that the adoption of
an integrated team approach would be the optimal way to
facilitate prudent management and surveillance of the Angsi
waterflood project, and consequently that it would be an
essential key to a successful waterflood.
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the integrated team
approach adopted for the Angsi waterflood project. The paper
describes how the team was built and how it has functioned
during its first year. Included in the paper is a discussion on
the Angsi integrated waterflood management and surveillance
program. The program was developed by the team and now
serves as a guideline for all Angsi waterflood related activities.
Adopting an integrated team has provided the necessary
forum for open and inter-disciplinary exchange of ideas and
experiences on waterflood related matters. As a result, it has
aided the fostering of cooperative actions and the capturing of
synergism, all to the benefit of the Angsi waterflood project.
Thus far, the integrated team approach has resulted in a
timely commissioning of the water injection plant, and a high
plant uptime and water injection availability.
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Introduction
The Angsi field is located in the South China Sea, 170 km off
the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia (Fig.1). The field was
discovered in 1974 and is currently being developed by
PETRONAS Carigali Sdn. Bhd. (PCSB) and ExxonMobil
Exploration Production Malaysia Inc. (EMEPMI) as joint
venture partners. The field is operated by PCSB as a
Production Sharing Contractor (PSC) to Petroliam Nasional
Bhd. (PETRONAS), the Malaysian National Oil Company.
The field is a major contributor to the gas and oil production
of PCSB, Peninsular Malaysia Operations (PMO).
The Angsi field is an asymmetrical anticline elongated in
the Northwest to Southeast direction and is part of the Angsi-
Besar-Duyong regional structure trend. Based on the areal
distribution of hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs, the field has
been divided into five areas namely Main, West, North, South
and Southwest (Fig.2). Stratigraphically, hydrocarbons are
found to be distributed in the Groups I, J and K sandstones of
Lower Oligocene to Middle Miocene age. Volumetrically, the
major gas bearing reservoirs are the I-1, I-85, I-100, K-20/22,
K-25/30 while the I-35 and I-68 sandstones form the major oil
bearing reservoirs.
Reservoir simulation studies indicate that water injection
into the I-35 and I-68 sandstones will efficiently sweep the
reservoirs, and that it will yield high production rates and high
ultimate oil recovery.
Field Development
Overview. The current field development plan covers the
development of the Main and West areas. The South and
North areas of the field are planned for future development.
The Angsi complex consists of a central processing platform
(ANPG-A) and a bridge-connected drilling/riser platform
(ANDR-A). The complex is the host and processing platform
for the Angsi West platform (ANDP-B), and future satellite
platforms, Angsi South (ANDP-C) and Angsi North (ANDP-
E). Fig.3 shows platforms layout.
Development drilling commenced in November 2000 and
as of November 2002, a total of thirty wells had been drilled,
fifteen at Angsi-A and fifteen at Angsi-B. Of the total sixty
strings, twenty-eight strings were completed as gas producers,
twenty-six strings as oil producers and six strings as water
injectors. Currently all water injectors are located at Angsi-B.
First commercial oil and gas production from Angsi was in
2 SPE 80538
December 2001 and January 2002 respectively. Current oil
and gas production averages about 40Mstb/d and
300MMscf/d. Water injection commenced in April 2002 and
current injection rates are about 42Mbw/d.
Water Injection Facilities. The Angsi water injection plant
has a capacity of 80Mbw/d and is located on the ANPG-A
platform. It consists of seawater treating and pumping
facilities, providing filtered and deoxygenated seawater for
injection. The water injection plant is designed primarily for
automatic operational control. Fig. 4 shows the schematic of
Angsi injection plant. The injection plant is integrated with the
process cooling system such that the raw seawater passes
through plate heat exchangers to dissipate heat from the
enclosed process cooling water system. The increased
temperature of the raw seawater due to the heat exchange
resulted in an unexpected water quality problem. The problem
is being investigated further, and the necessary adjustments to
the water treatment procedures are being identified.
After satisfactory water quality is achieved, the pressurized
and treated seawater is pumped to the wellhead platforms via a
subsea pipeline. Water quality monitoring is mostly manual.
Samples are collected for analysis at selected points within the
injection plant system at ANPG-A, and at the wellhead
platforms. In addition, in-line analyzers provide automatic
quality checks for turbidity, oxygen content and evidence of
corrosion. The water quality monitoring is outsourced to a
chemical vendor as part of an injection plant operation
package. This to ensure the availability of required expertise.
Reservoir Management
An overall Reservoir Management Plan (RMP) has been
developed for the Angsi oil and gas reservoirs. The Angsi
RMP specifies the management goals, operating strategies and
surveillance programs that have been identified for each and
every reservoir.
The optimal depletion strategy for major oil reservoirs is
pressure maintenance by water injection and was determined
based on reservoir simulation studies. There are two key
management goals directly related with these simulation study
findings. The two management goals are:
• Improve oil recovery by waterflooding
• Maximize waterflood sweep efficiency
In order to achieve the above goals, the following key
operating strategies were formulated:
• Identify well locations for uniform waterflood front
advancement
• Inject sufficient amounts of water to replace voidage
• Balance production rates and injection rates in all parts
of the field
• Operate the waterflood at an optimum reservoir
pressure to maximize oil displacement
• Maintain an injection volume bank of 30 days for
operational flexibility
• Inject water at injection pressure below the fracturing
pressure
As the understanding of the reservoir improves with more
wells being drilled, and as reservoirs typically are more
heterogeneous than initially envisaged, early verification of
both the reservoir models and the depletion plans is important
to allow for corrective actions in a timely manner.
The oil bubble point pressure is close to the initial
reservoir pressure at Angsi. The waterfloods are operated at a
reservoir pressure close to the initial pressure. The intention is
to avoid excessive free gas production by keeping the gas
saturation below the critical gas saturation. A safety margin, to
account for reservoir uncertainty and uneven pressure
distribution between injectors and producers, is factored in
when determining at what pressures the Angsi waterfloods
should be operated.
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With an injection volume bank as indicated in the
operating strategies above, it is acceptable to continue to
produce the field for thirty days without water injection. After
thirty days, it would be necessary to either resume water
injection, or cut back on production, as the gas saturation
would start to approach the critical gas saturation.
Talash1 described the importance of a well-planned and
well-executed surveillance program for a successful
waterflood project. The Angsi surveillance program defines
the data collection requirements both in terms of type of data
and frequency/scheduling of data acquisition.
An Integrated Team Approach
Many authors have advocated merits and advantages of an
integrated team approach where a group of individuals with
different backgrounds, and representing different disciplines,
works together to achieve common goals2-6.
The Angsi waterflood project, as many other waterflood
projects, is significant in scope and multi-disciplinary in
nature. All components in a water injection system are inter-
related and dependent upon each other. They are all part of a
unified system and must be considered in a balanced way, and
as a whole, to be able to maximize the economic oil recovery7.
The entire system will not be efficient if any one component
does not perform at its optimum.
Earlier experience and lessons learned from developments
in the Malay basin suggest that the adoption of an integrated
team approach could benefit waterflood projects.
Based on the above, it was determined that an integrated
team approach would be an essential key to a successful
waterflood at Angsi. Consequently, the integrated Angsi
Water Injection Management and Surveillance (WIMS) team
was formally established in April 2002.
With the WIMS team establishment, Angsi has the
prerequisites for prudent management and surveillance of the
entire water injection system, and is therefore in a favorable
position to fully benefit from the waterflood project.
The Angsi WIMS Team
Term of Reference. Once the team had been established, a
Term of Reference (TOR) was formulated. The Angsi WIMS
TOR provides the foundation for the team to move forward.
The TOR document includes background information, team
objectives, focus areas, scope, deliverables, team members and
areas of responsibility.
Upon completion, the TOR was presented and approved by
management. This formality was essential for the purpose of
building team spirit and encouraging the individual team
SPE 80538
members to assume ownership within their areas of
responsibility. The formality was equally essential for the
purpose of involving management and establishing the
necessary management support, especially with regards to
resource allocation for the team.
Objectives. The team defined two primary objectives:
1. Optimize economics of the Angsi waterflood by
formulating and implementing an integrated strategy
for the management and surveillance of the Angsi
waterflood project
2. Enhance understanding, knowledge and technical
skills amongst individual team members in managing
and operating waterflood project
A key longer-term objective is to establish Angsi as a
technical reference point, or benchmark, for waterflood
projects in the Malay basin and surrounding areas. As such,
the Angsi experience would act to improve the knowledge and
skills of waterflood management and surveillance within the
organization, and potentially benefit other waterflood projects.
Focus Areas. For effective waterflood management and
surveillance, the team has divided the Angsi water injection
system into five main focus areas namely reservoirs, wells,
water injection plant, water quality and plant operations.
Although presented here separately, there is a substantial
overlap between these focus areas.
Reservoirs. Prudent waterflood management requires
accurate and detailed knowledge of reservoir characteristics
and fluid flow behavior. Typically, this knowledge must in
addition be captured in the reservoir simulation model. Early
and continuous verification of both the reservoir model and
depletion plan is important to allow for adjustments or
corrections to the same in a timely manner.
Wells. Key items for surveillance are target zones injection
contribution profiles, cement/completion integrity, and the
mechanical condition of the well and the equipment used in
the well both downhole and at surface. Ideally, water should
be injected uniformly into a target zone. Formation
heterogeneities and damaged completions often prevent the
ideal from occurring. Corrective measures might be necessary
to prevent inefficient flooding.
Water Injection Plant. The availability and performance
of the water injection plant directly impacts the amount of
water that can be injected. The water injection plant consists
of pumps, filtering systems, chemical treatment systems and
metering. Applying techniques derived from hands-on
experience in the field can solve many mechanical related
problems that occur within the scope of operating a
waterflood8.
Water Quality. Water quality control is vital not only to
preserve well injectivity but also to protect the physical
integrity of the injection system against corrosion and
generation of insoluble corrosion products9. Poor injection
water quality is probably one of the most damaging factors
that can occur in waterflood operations.
Plant Operations. The day-to-day field operations and the
skill level of the field personnel significantly influence the
3
overall success of the waterflood project. Waterflood related
operating procedures and practices are key ingredients to a
successful waterflood. This focus area also covers sparing
philosophies, chemical inventory, operational data gathering
and diagnosis of potential or existing problems.
Team Structure, Roles and Responsibilities. The WIMS
team is comprised of twelve individuals representing the
following disciplines: Reservoir Engineering, Surveillance
Engineering, Operations, Turbomachinery, Process, Field
Personnel and Chemical Supplier.
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Within the PCSB, PMO organization the team reports to
the Angsi Chemical Management Committee (CMT) that is
made up of management representatives from both PCSB and
the Chemical Vendor. Waterflood performance updates are
presented to the CMT on a monthly basis. Fig.5 shows the
team structure.
Team members were identified based on their current
responsibilities and technical expertise. External assistance
was sourced from the current chemical supplier who is also
contracted to operate the water injection plant.
Dividing the waterflood system into focus areas enabled
the team to designate roles and responsibilities to each team
member in a more efficient way. The designated role of the
individual team members is based on their respective technical
expertise and focus areas. Each team member is assigned and
held accountable for the performance in their respective focus
areas. All decisions and recommendations, however, are
reviewed and agreed upon by the team as a whole.
Mechanism. The WIMS team interacts and acts in various
ways:
WIMS Coordination Meeting. Formal monthly team
meetings where the performance of each focus area is
reviewed. It is also a forum where waterflood related activities
and action items are identified and prioritized.
WIMS Action Plan. All waterflood related activities and
action items identified by the team are formulated and worked
into agreed action plans.
WIMS Performance Report. A performance report is
produced monthly. In addition to updating relevant parties on
the waterflood progress and performance, it serves to reinforce
the awareness of the project within the company.
Waterflood Management & Surveillance Program
One of the most important tasks of the team, commensurating
with the main objective, was to develop an integrated
waterflood management and surveillance program. The
program serves as a guideline for all Angsi waterflood related
activities and provides a pro-active approach to the waterflood
management and surveillance. The program is to be reviewed
and updated on a regular basis as requirements may change
over time. The team has subdivided the program into the
following four components:
• Goals and Strategies
• Data Requirements and Acquisition
• Performance Measurement and Analysis
• Documentation
4 SPE 80538
Each component is recognized as a critical part of the
management and surveillance program. Some repetition
between the components is normal. Each component is
discussed below.
Goals and Strategies. The goals and strategies component of
the program is based on the goals and strategies identified for
the earlier discussed Angsi RMP but is wider in scope as it
also refers to the water injection facilities and their operations.
Data Requirements and Acquisition. The data requirement
and acquisition component of the program is based on the
surveillance program identified for the Angsi RMP. It is,
similar to the above, wider in scope as it incorporates
surveillance related with the water injection facilities and their
operations. The team has developed a database for storage of
relevant field data to ensure no data is lost. The data
requirements and acquisition routinely used in the industry is
not a subject in this paper. Several papers provide information
about the data needed to manage waterfloods. Two of these
papers are referenced10-11.
Performance Measurement and Analysis. The ability to
measure performance is critical in determining the progress
and success of the project. Key Performance Indicators
(KPI’s) allow us to measure our capabilities in critical areas of
performance and are used as a basis in monthly performance
reviews. Described below are several KPIs used by the team.
Water Injection Module Availability. Standardized way of
measuring the operating efficiency of a facility. This basic
measure helps to identify changes in module operating
performance. It measures the amount of time the facility is
actually operating compared to the amount of time it was
expected to operate. The target for monthly water injection
module availability is 98%.
Water Injection Availability. Measures the amount of time
water actually is being injected. Comparing module
availability and water injection availability provides an
indication of the time spent waiting for the water to reach
quality specification. The target for monthly water injection
availability is 95%.
Shutdown Hours. Provides an indication of the reliability
of the water injection modules and/or associated peripherals.
The data captures the frequency, length and causes of
shutdowns and when compared with the module availability it
provides an indication of the severity of each individual
shutdown.
Capacity Utilization Factor. A measure of the water
volume injected into the reservoirs compared to the volume
processed by the plant. It also computes the amount of treated
water dumped overboard. The factor indicates the efficiency
of the total system.
Water Quality Indicator (Millipore). Millipore slope data
is the primary water quality indicator at Angsi. A millipore
slope level of 0.3 or lower is defined as good water quality, a
millipore slope level of 0.3 to 0.6 is defined as a tolerable
water quality on a temporary basis, while a millipore slope
level of greater than 0.6 is defined as not acceptable. Total
Particle Count (TPC) data is also being considered in the
assessment of the injection water quality. A 600 particle of 2
micron size in 1ml or lower TPC level is recommended.
Higher TPC levels are acceptable if the millipore slope level is
very low.
Voidage Replacement Ratio (VRR). Measures the amount
of water being injected into the reservoirs relative to the
production voidage. It is a very important waterflood
performance indicator and it is essential for prudent reservoir
management.
Analysis of KPI behavior on a regular basis is important to
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ascertain if actual performance is in line with expectations. If
actual performance deviates from the expected, it is important
to identify the reason for the deviation as soon as possible so
that remedial actions can be implemented in a timely manner.
Such remedial actions could be well workovers, well
recompletions, revised operating strategies or revised
operating procedures.
Documentation. The final component of the program is
documentation. Proper documentation helps in capturing
experiences, lessons learned and identified best practices for
convenient dissemination throughout the organization.
Performance to date
Water Injection System Commissioning. Commissioning of
the water injection plant was performed on time.
Commissioning of the entire water injection system, however,
was delayed due the fact that it took longer than planned to
clean the system up. Specifically, it took a long time to clean
up the sub-sea water injection pipeline to the ANDP-B
wellhead platform. The subject pipeline was not properly
preserved when installed and therefor significantly
contaminated at the time the system was started up. In the end
it took an extensive water treatment and multiple concerted
pigging programs to achieve the desired water quality and
commence injection in April 2002. Fig.6 shows daily water
injection performance.
Water Injection Plant Operation.
During the first year implementing proper systems and
procedures for trouble free and smooth plant operations have
been a priority. Thus far, basic management and surveillance
systems such as onsite laboratory management, chemical
inventory management and plant surveillance have been
implemented. In addition, a site-specific operational guide has
been developed. Fig. 7 shows the monitoring sheet used for
plant operations, which is filled out on a daily basis.
Early in the plant operation it was found that higher water
temperature has an adverse affect to the performance of fine
filters and vacuum tower. The higher water temperature is due
to the heat exchange with the process cooling system. The
team has initiated a study to determine the impact of
temperature on these facilities and to develop a mitigating
plan.
Water Quality
Good water quality has successfully been maintained
throughout the water injection operation with only few
SPE 80538
exceptions. It was found that water quality after the plant had
been shut down. Fig.8 shows water quality performance from
June to November 2002.
Preliminary findings indicate injection water temperature
could be an important factor for the quality of the treated
injection water. The increased temperature of the raw seawater
due to the heat exchange with the process cooling system has
resulted in an apparent water quality problem, which is now
being investigated further. A guideline has been developed to
assit field operators to eliminate a potential temperature
related problem by fine tuning plant operations.
Module and Water Injection Performance. With the
exception of several teething problems right after
commissioning, there has been no major problem experienced
to date. Fig.9 shows the water injection downtime matrix.
From June to November the module injection availability was
99-100%, and at the same period the water injection
availability averaging about 95% (Fig.10).
Well and Reservoir Performance. It is still too early to
determine the performance of the Angsi waterflood from a
reservoir management point of view. More field data is
required before an accurate estimate of the performance can be
made. Due to ongoing drilling activities, the availability for
data acquisition is somewhat limited. Based on the data that
has been obtained, it may still be said that field results to date
are encouraging.
Well Injectivity. With the exception of one well, B-12
actual injection rates are as predicted or better. Not including
the mentioned under performing B-12 well, well injectivity
appears to be somewhat better than predicted on average.
Remedial actions for the B-12 well are currently being
planned. Available injection rate and pressure data suggest the
fracturing pressure probably is higher than predicted, thereby
allowing for higher injection pressure. More field data is
required to accurately determine the reservoir fracturing
pressure.
Reservoir Pressure. Modular Dynamic Testing (MDT)
pressure points taken in six of the wells drilled after
production commenced indicate reservoir pressure depletion is
within the acceptable range. Reservoir model pressure
predictions typically match the MDT data satisfactorily, which
gives credence to the current reservoir model and depletion
plan.
Voidage Replacement. The delayed water injection start-
up together with the poor injectivity experienced in one well
are two significant setbacks that have caused the water
injection to be lagging somewhat behind. The better than
predicted injectivity has partly offset this deficiency. The
prudent decision to temporarily produce two planned injection
wells that encountered a deeper than predicted oil-water
contact further delayed the water injection build-up. As a
result, it has been necessary to control the oil production build
up. Corrective measures to continue build up water injection
rates thereby allowing for higher production rates, have been
identified and are being implemented. The monthly VRR for
the I-35 reservoir exhibits an improved upward trend and is
now above 1 (Fig.11). It is planned to operate the field at VRR
of slightly above 1 until the desired average reservoir pressure
5
has been attained. Subsequently, and for the rest of the field
life, it is planned to operate the field at a VRR of close to 1.
Near Term Plan
As for any waterflood project, the program requires
continuous fine-tunings and modifications to meet the needs of
changing operations and requirements. Appreciating our
current position where our performance and confidence levels
are pretty well established, we can now afford to look ahead to
further improvements.
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Water Injection Module Improvement. With regards to the
shutdown logic of the water injection module as designed, we
see an opportunity, after intensive analysis, to improve the
module uptime by removing all direct extraneous shutdowns.
A Field Improvement Plan (FIP) has been proposed, studied
and approved for implementation.
With most of the water injection module fine tuning
having been completed, chemical optimization will also be a
key activity to reduce operating cost associated with chemical
utilization.
Well and Reservoir Surveillance. More data will be acquired
to understand the reservoir performance as well as reservoir
continuity. The understanding of the reservoir fracturing
pressure is also vital to improve the well injectivity. To
analyze the reservoir performance accurately and in more
details, we will attempt to divide the waterflood into areas or
patterns. The remedial works to improve B-12 injectivity will
be carried out.
Technical Studies. To supplement current standard
monitoring matrices, the team will continue with a number of
specialized studies to provide a more in-depth and
comprehensive analysis of the water injection program.
Various processes profiling based on specific fluid parameters
will be conducted in order to locate any inadequacies of the
water injection plant. The effect of temperature on water
quality and facilities performance will continue to be studied.
Attempts will be made to develop more empirical
correlations between water quality with various analysis
methods and operating parameters. A study on a Total
Filterable Solids (TFS) analysis will also be conducted to
develop a complimentary method to the Millipore Slope test as
a water quality indicator
Audit and Benchmarking. In order to raise the standard of
performance and identify areas of improvement we plan to
conduct an audit and benchmarking exercise on Angsi
waterflood operation. Benchmarking provides means of
establishing best practice targets, challenging complacency,
identifying scope for improvement, measuring performance
and demonstrating our achievements.
Training. Intensive training on water injection operations of
field personnel is identified as a high priority. The periodic
briefing and discussion with the field personnel on the
reservoir management plan and performance especially for
waterflood reservoirs will be emphasized. Lessons learned and
data compiled will also be used as a reference to develop an
6 SPE 80538
Angsi waterflood best practices and guidebook.
Database Enhancement. Data management will be given
further focus to manage massive amount of data collected
from various monitoring activities, analysis and studies. The
current database will be enhanced to allow for better
evaluation, interpretation and utilization of these data.
Conclusion
With the WIMS team establishment, Angsi has the
prerequisites for prudent management and surveillance of the
entire water injection system, and is therefore in a favorable
position to fully benefit from the waterflood project.
The integrated team has provided a vehicle for the sharing
of ideas and/or operational experiences, both positive and
negative since no individual team member has a
comprehensive technical knowledge of the entire waterflood
system. As communication is considered vital for a project of
this nature, getting people to talk to each other is also the best
way to transfer knowledge and experience. Additionally, each
member of the integrated team brings unique talents and
perspectives to the analysis of the waterflood performance.
The formation of the integrated team has aided in fostering
cooperative actions as all disciplines are involved, and each
understands the requirements, needs, and rationale of other
functional groups. The waterflood program covers a large
spectrum of activities and thus far, a close cooperation
between all parties involved in the Angsi waterflood program
has created synergies that contribute to achieving success.
A well-planned and well-executed waterflood management
and surveillance program is an essential key to a successful
waterflood project. The team has subdivided the program into
four interrelated components and each component needs to be
recognized as a critical part of the whole.
Although it is still too early to determine and conclude on
the overall performance of the Angsi waterflood, the current
field data and performance are encouraging. The integrated
Angsi waterflood management and surveillance program will
provide a framework to promote continuous improvement and
further success.
Acknowledgements
We thank the management of PETRONAS and PCSB for their
support and permission to publish this paper.
Nomenclature
Mstb/d = Thousand stock-tank barrel/day
Mbw/d = Thousand barrel of water/day
MMscf/d = Million standard cubic feet/day
Bbl/d = barrel/day
VRR = Voidage Replacement Ratio
TPC = Total Particle Count
TFS = Total Filterable Solids.
References
1. A.W. Talash: ”An Overview of Waterflood Surveillance and
Monitoring,” JPT (Dec. 1988) 1539-1543.
2. Abdus Satter, James E. Varnon and Muu T. Hoang:
“Integrated Reservoir Management,” JPT (Dec. 1994) 1057-
1064
3. G.C. Thakur: “Reservoir Management: A Synergistic
Approach,” paper SPE 20138 presented at the 1990 Permian
Basin Oil and Gas Recovery Conference, Midland, Texas,
March 8-9.
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4. G.C.Thakur: “Implementation of a Reservoir Management
Program,” paper SPE 20748 presented at the SPE 65th
Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans,
September 23-26, 1990.
5. Robert S. Thompson et. al.: “Incremental benefits of a Team
Approach to Reservoir Management.” Paper SPE 36771
presented at the SPE 71st Annual Technical Conference and
Exhibition (ATCE)
6. S.G. Shirzadi and A.S. Lawai: “Multidisciplinary Approach
for Targetting New Wells,” JPT (Oct. 1993) 988-992.
7. G.C.Thakur: ”Waterflood Surveillance Techniques – A
Reservoir Management Approach,” JPT (Oct. 1991) 1180-
1188.
8. Fred Gibson.”Practical tips can solve many waterflood
problems,” World Oil (Nov. 1988) 49-52.
9. Charles C. Patton: “Water Quality Control and its
Importance in Waterflooding Operations,” JPT (Sep. 1988)
1123-1126.
10. Amran Nong Chik et al.: “Guntong Field: Development and
Management of a Multiple Reservoir Offshore Waterflood,”
JPT (Dec 1996) 1139-1143.
11. H. J. Bayona:“Review of Well Injectivity Performance in
Saudi Arabia’s Ghawar Field Seawater Injection Program,”
paper SPE 25531 presented at the SPE Middle East Oil
Technical Conference & Exhibition, Bahrain, April 3-6,
1993.
SPE 80538 7

Dulang
NORTH
Semangkok Tabu ANGSI
Guntong

Resak Palas E MAIN

Irong ANGSI
Tapis Tiong

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B A
KUALA Angsi Ophir
TERENGGANU

WEST ANGSI
Besar
C
Sotong
ANGSI SOUTH ANGSI
0 1:50,000 5
KM

Fig. 1: Location of the Angsi Field, Peninsular Malaysia Fig. 2: The Angsi Field Area Distribution

GAS
FROM CRUDE
GUNTONG-D TO
ANDP-E
AN DP-E TAPIS PUMP

6 " GAS LIFT PIPE 1 0 " W.I. PIPE

3 2 " 1 6 6 KM 1 0 " FWS PIPE

TO OSC

GAS
FROM
SELIGI-A

ANDP-B ANDR-A
AN DR-A 6 " GAS LIFT PIPE
AN DP-B

AN PG-A
ANPG-A 1 0 " W.I. PIPE
GAS
1 0 " FWS PIPE FROM
BESAR
(FUTURE)

GAS
TO
SOTONG
(FUTURE)

ANDP-C
AN DP-C

Fig. 3: The Angsi Field – Platform Layout

8 SPE 80538

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Fig. 4: Angsi Water Injection Plant Schematic

Chemical M anagement Team

(CM T)

Production Chemistry Chemical Vendor

W IMS

Surface Subsurface
Engineering Engineering

Process Reservoir Engineering

Turbomachinery Surveillance Engineering
Operations

Production
Field Personnel

Fig. 5: The Angsi WIMS Team Structure

50000
Daily WI Rate (bbl/d)

40000

30000

20000

10000

0
02 02 Jul-0
2 02 02
Mar- May- Sep - Nov-

Fig. 6: Angsi Daily Injection Performance

SPE 80538 9

AN GSIFIELD -DAILY W ATER IN JECTION W ATER Q UALITY M ON ITORIN G FORM

DATE : 06:00hrs (June 30 )to 06:00hrs (July 01,02 )
A. SYSTEM IN FORM ATION C. W ATER IN JECTION PLAN T STATUS
D/S FEED FINE VACUUM W .INJ. ANDR-A ANDP-B RUN HRS INJ HRS INJ VOL KLD O/BRD HRS CHOKE %
SYSTEM PARAM ETERS SW LP PUM P FILTER PUM P PUM P LAUNCHER HEADER P-4040-A NA
A/B B/C A/B/C B C/D P-4040-B NA
FLOW RATES (KL /HRS) 2918 421 409 13.3 220 220 220 P-4040-C 21:50
TEM P.deg.C 45.0 45 45 45.0 45 43 30 P-4040-D 21:50
PRESSURE (kPa) 348 1000 900 -680m m Hg 13095 13061 9158 ANDR-A NA
DEF/PRESS (kPa) 34/35 NA 32/37/33 NA NA NA NA ANDP-B 21:50 2916.04 21:50 10

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AM Ps 33/32 150/150 NA 62 75/75 NA NA
B. TEST DATA : D. W ATER IN JECTION W ATER Q UALITY TRIGGER LIM ITS
VARIABLES 1. FREE CHLO RIN E (m g/L) 2. TU RBIDITY (N TU ) CHLORINE IRON OXYGEN PARTICLE TURBIDITY M /PORE
SAM PLE PT./TIM E 10:00 16:00 22:00 4:00 10:00 16:00 22:00 4:00 (ppm ) (ppm ) (ppb) COUNT/M l (NTU) SLOPE
D/S SW LP 0.49 0.44 0.45 0.38 0.10 0.21 0.12 0.14
D/S COURSE FILTER 0.30 0.49 0.28 0.52 0.10 0.13 0.10 0.12 SW LP 0.5 -0.8 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
D/S FINE FILTER 0.10 0.13 0.03 0.08 0.06 0.08 0.12 0.09 I/LET F.FILTER 0.2 -0.5 N/A N/A N/A < 0.3 ntu N/A
D/S DEAERATOR 0 0 0 0 0.09 0.11 0.08 0.11 O/LET F.FILTER 0.2 -0.5 N/A N/A < 400 < 0.3 ntu N/A
ANDR-A 0 0 0 0 NA 0.11 0.09 0.09 W .INJ.PUM P 0 < 0.2 < 20 N/A N/A 0.3
ANDP-B 0 0 0 0 NA NA NA NA ANDR-A & ANDP-B 0 < 0.2 < 20 N/A N/A 0.6
E. CHEM ICAL PROGRAM
VARIABLES 3. TO TA L D ISSOLVED IRON 4. DISSO LVED OX YG EN H2O F/R INJ.RATE DOSERATE RECOM M . INVENTORY (L)
CHEM ICAL
SAM PLE PT./TIM E 10:00 16:00 22:00 4:00 10:00 16:00 22:00 4:00 KL /HR L /D PPM DOSERATE DAY TANK STOCK TANK
D/S DEAERATOR 0.01 0.04 0.04 0.04 0 0 0 0 OXY.SCAV (IRU-145 ) 400 42 4.4 5.5 PPM 926 1881
ANDR-A N/A 0.07 0.05 0.06 0 0 0 0 P/TROLYTE (IZB-176 ) 410 30 3.0 2 -3 PPM 104 1881
ANDP-B N/A N/A N/A N/A 0 0 0 0 SCALE INH.(IT-135 ) 400 42 4.4 4.5 PPM 148 1881
SULFITE RESIDUAL = < 2.0 PPM DEFOAM ER (IV-137 ) 400 2.2 0.23 2 -3 PPM 3 624
VARIABLES 5. PARTICLE COU N TS /M L (> 2 M IC) 6. M ILLIPORE SLO PE BIOCIDE (IK-84 ) 400 640 0 400 PPM 601 1881
SAM PLE PT./TIM E 10:00 16:00 22:00 4:00 10:00 16:00 22:00 4:00 B/W ASH SURF.(ISC-17 ) 200 36 0 250 PPM 48 1000
D/S COURSE FILTER 2749 3264 3246 3402 BACTRON SK-4216 B/W ASH LINE & D/S W IPM PS BATCHING/W EEK
D/S FINE FILTER 230 336 302 261 F. PIGGIN G/BATCHIN G PROGRAM
FILTER EFFICIENCY (% ) 91.6 89.7 90.7 92.3 PROGRAM LAST DATE NEXT FLOW RATE PRESS CHEM ICAL GLUT.RES.@
ANDR-A N/A 312 289 452 NA 0.08 0.08 0.11 CONDUCTED DATE KL/H kPa VOLUM E ANDP-B
ANDP-B N/A N/A N/A N/A NA 0.10 0.12 NA W EEKLY BIOCIDE BATCHING Jun 24,02 July 01,02 400 10700 640
OTHERS : M ONTHLY PIGGING June 6,02 July 6,02 400 7000 640
1. W ater InjStatus:Injecting 21:50hrs + overboarding 10% choke @ ANDP-B. B/W ASH SURFACTANT Jun 24,02 July 01,02 200 900 36
2.W Ipum ps P-4040C/D s/dow n from 10:00-10:50,22:00-22:50 & 01:00-02:50hrs due to code:2.
N OTES: S/D CODE: 1-ESD, 2-PSD, 3-W IM , 4-W IW ELLS AVAILABILITY

TEST CONDUCTED BY : REPORT ISSUED BY : CTIREPORTING TECHNOLOGIST SIGNATURE :

HBN/ABS/W HW J HBN/ABS/W HW J

Fig. 7: Angsi Water Injection Daily Monitoring Sheet

Millipore
1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
1

Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Fig. 8: Angsi Water Quality Performance (Jun. – Nov. 2002)

10 SPE 80538

Dow ntime Description Total Downtime (Hours)

Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Total
PLANT DIAGNOSTIC 21 21
HYPHOCHLORINATOR 28 28
OXYGEN SCAVENGER 96 96
PIGGING 48 24 72 6 12 162
PLAN SHUTDOWN 56 56

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PLANT MAINTENANCE 59 59
PROCESS SHUTDOWN 3 2 6 11
WI PUMP 6 6
WATER QUALITY 18 168 11 4 201

Fig. 9: Water Injection Downtime Matrix (Mar. – Oct. 2002)

100

98

96

94

92

90

88

86

84
June July Aug Sept Oct Nov
WI Module Availability (%) 99 99 100 100 100 100
WI Availability(%) 95 96 91 92 100 98

Fig. 10: Module and Water Injection Performance (Jun. – Nov. 2002)

1.50

1.00
VRR

0.50

0.00
02 02 2 02 02
Mar- May- Jul-0 Sep - Nov-

Fig. 11: Angsi I-35 Reservoir Voidage Replacement Ratio (VRR)