TIOMAN AS AN INTERNATIONAL TOURISM ISLAND : IN PERSPECTIVE

OF PLANNING DEVELOPMENT, MANAGEMENT AND GUIDELINES

Azizi Muda, Che Musa Che Omar, Zakiah Ponrahono, Kamarudin

Shamsuddin, Darylynn Chung, and Annie Tony Kuni Gambaris
Department of Environmental Management,
Faculty of Environmental Studies,
University of Putra Malaysia
Email: azizi@env.upm.edu.my; chemusa@env.upm.edu.my; azalikahaikaz@hotmail.com;
kama@env.upm.edu.my; dyiu_li@hotmail.com; totally_sumandax@yahoo.com

Abstract
Tourism planning and development is a process of managing the tourist destination area. Tioman as an
international tourism island is a nature-based marine resource with various natural assets that need
good management. It is gazetted as National Marine Park and has it own special development plan
prepared by the local authority and various agencies, including international non-governmental
organizations. The development plan consists of planning proposal, guidelines and policies formulated
to meet the status of Tioman Island as National Marine Park. However, various planning issues were
highlighted due to contradictory approach in the implementation. Lack of integration among
authorities, organizations and operators contributed to hindering the development progress. Local
participants in ensuring the success of implementation are widely and highly needed. Thus, the study
was conducted through primary and secondary sources to understand the issues and problems, and to
evaluate the effectiveness of Tioman Development Approach.

KEYWORDS: Management, Planning, Development, Guidelines, Marine Park.

Introduction

Nature-based marine tourism has recently becoming the subject of tourist attentions. While
marine environment has long been, and continue to be, venues for exploration, subsistence,
transport and communication, merchant trade and conflict, reaction and tourist attentions have
relatively recently turned to the pursuit of marine experiences. (Luck, Higham, 2007)
Therefore, a comprehensive development and management plan is needed to ensure
that tourism activities will limit environmental consequences on carrying capacity as well as
the socio-economic issues. With recent development on the demand appreciation to
experience marine wildlife, tourism planning and management should take place as means to
monitor tourism activities not be overstretched.
Planning is a systematic process that can be used to make connection with
individuals, groups, organizations and governments, as well as at different geographical
settings and spatial scale both regional and national (Peter, 2003). However, it is important to
note that tourism planning involves wide spectrum of organisation both public and private in
ensuring the plan comply to various policies in order to make the plans operational (Peter,
2003), and this should also include recreation and leisure as part of tourism activities (Veal,
1994; Spink, 1994; Hall and Page, 1999; Peter, 2003)
About 20 years ago, the main aims of tourism planning was to ensure that
opportunities are made available for tourist to gain enjoyable and satisfying experiences and
at the same time to provide a means for improving the way of life for residents and of
destination areas (Matthieson and Wall, 1982, Peter, 2003).
Peter (2003) reiterated suggestions made by Williams (1998) that tourism planning
has a number of key objectives to meet, which includes the creation of a mechanism for the
provision of tourist facilities at geographical scale; coordination of tourist products; ensuring
sustainability of tourism resources; ensuring tourism benefits to the sites

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 This paper will focus on the study to understand the issues pertaining to tourism
planning and management on Tioman with the objectives to comprehend the weaknesses and
potential of current and future planning of Tioman.

Area of Study

Tioman is an island under the jurisdiction of Pahang State Government, located on the east
coast of Peninsular Malaysia as one of the most popular tourist island. In the 1970s Time
Magazine selected Tioman as one of the world’s most beautiful islands with crystal water and
rich in coral reef that have attracted tourists, researchers and the nature lovers. Over the past
25 years, the intensity of physical development on Tioman by many agencies has caused
environmental degradation.

Plan 1.0: Location Map of Study Area

Study Area

Tioman Island renown as Tourism Island depicts varieties of natural assets for eco-
tourism activities including a vast marine and virgin rain forest habitat for flora and fauna. In
order to preserve the natural assets future development of Tioman have to be carefully plan
and manage to meet the objective of sustainability. Environment planning and management
for the future of Tioman Island need to encompass wide spectrum of expert’s opinion to
ensure an effective development approach for the benefits of local community and sustaining
tourist arrivals without jeopardising the natural environment.

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 The geo-physical of Tioman Island which located in a marine line of international
shipping route in the South China Sea will deter the preservation of marine habitat plan due to
the potential in the economic returns. A miscarriage of any development plan will cause a big
impact on the island natural assets as well as an interruption to the symbiosis of the ecology.
A socio-economic survey conducted in 2008 on Tioman Island indicated the need for
local participation in the development planning process to ensure the effectiveness of the
development plan prepared by the relevant agencies. This was because the island has been
gazetted as one of the Marine Park Island of Malaysia and therefore, a comprehensive and
progressive management plan is needed for Tioman Island Development Plan by taking into
account all aspects of livelihood of the residents, management agencies, and existing natural
assets. As such a strategic approach in planning is needed by integrating the management
groups in order to achieve Tioman Island as an International Tourism Island (as Duty Free
Island in 2002) and the International Marine Park Route. The contradiction on development
approach between economic plan and tourism plan is to be resolved amicably for
sustainability of the island.

Geographic and Demographic Background

Tioman Island has an areas of 13,529.42 hectares consists of rainforest reserved, residential
areas, rivers and streams, infrastructures and utilities, including tourism facilities and
amenities, such as hotels and chalets. The rainforest cover about 90 percent of natural
habitats, home for many species, including 33 species of mammalian, 67 species of bird, 21
species of lizard and variety of flora. The Tioman Marine Park has about 111 species of living
coral reefs that attracts tourists and researchers.
The Tioman Land Use Plan (2003) was used as a based map for field survey carried
out in 2008 and indicated not much major changes has taken place over the period 2003-2008
except the development of Marina project and few committed development (Rompin Local
Plan 2003).

Plan 2.0: Tioman Land Use, 2003

Source: Rompin Local Plan Draft, 2003

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 Table 2.0: Distribution of Land Use
ACREAGE
LAND USE %
(HECTARES)
Residential 3.12 0.02
Village 63.84 0.47
Commercial 6.03 0.04
Resort and Chalet 104.15 0.77
Agriculture 74.67 0.55
Forest 12 800. 94 94.62
Open Space and Recreational 31.24 0.23
Public Amenities and Institutions 11.90 0.09
Infrastructure and Utilities 4.51 0.03
Accessibilities and Road Reserve 13.91 0.10
Shoreline 140.20 1.04
Water Catchment Area 19.52 0.14
Vacant Land 255.39 1.89
TOTAL 13,529.42 100.00
Source: Rompin Local Plan Draft, 2003

The study shows that the distribution of main economic activities in Tioman are
commercial and services (72.6%) that includes tourism and hospitality services (hotels and
chalets) and 14.6% are in education, administration and public health. Tourism is the
dominant economic sector followed by farming and fisheries (6.3%).
The Local Plan of Rompin indicated that the local population of Tioman will grow to
5,017 people in 2015, an increased from 2,134 in 1991 and 3,039 in 2000, whilst tourists
population in 2002 have reached 212,872 arrivals, with 56% domestic and 44% international.
And it is expected to have 600,977 tourist arrivals to Tioman Island by 2015, occupying a
developable land area of 228.80 hectares (JPBD, 2006).

Table 2.1: Land Availability for Development, Tioman Island, 2006

Acreage Projection for Comparison
Year (Hectares) Acreage Acreage
Acreage
SECTOR Availability Availability with
2003
2005 2010 2015 (Hectares) Acreage Demand
(Hectare)
Residential 66.96 13.64 15.95 19.45 63.15 43.70
Commercial 6.03 - 7.35 9.23 23.80 14.57
Chalet/Hotel/To
104.15 - 8.16 19.90 70.88 50.98
urist Apartment
Public
Amenities and 11.90 0.08 11.41 12.41 22.61 10.20
Institutions
Open Space and
31.24 3.53 4.73 5.93 20.50 14.57
Recreation
Infrastructure
4.51 9.0 13.21 16.21 27.86 11.65
and Utilities
TOTAL 224.79 26.25 60.81 83.13 228.80 145.67
Source: Laporan Tahap Tampungan dan Garisan Panduan Pembangunan Pulau Tioman,
JPBD.2006

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 Methods Of Study

Series of social survey has been conducted in August 2008. The survey was carried out for
three consecutive days by numerators from the Faculty of Environmental Studies, University
Putra Malaysia (UPM) to cover 6 villages and structural questionnaires on 410 respondents.
The selected villages for the surveys are illustrated on the map below:

Plan 3.0: Location of Surveyed Villages, August 2008

Kampung Salang
No. Of Respondents: 33

Kampung Air Batang

No. Of Respondents: 39

Kampung Tekek
No. Of Respondents: 162

Kampung Juara
No. Of Respondents: 72

Kampung Paya
No. Of Respondents: 38

Kampung Genting
No. Of Respondents: 66

Total Respondents: 410

Source: Field Survey, Department of Environmental Management,

Faculty of Environmental Studies, UPM, August 2008

The respondents were asked on the provision of basic facilities, infrastructure and
utilities, awareness towards environmental preservation and concern, as well as economic
return that benefits the local residents from the tourism activities. Data were also gathered
from the secondary sources, including the structure plan, local plan, development plan
reports, maps, photos from several agencies involved in the development of Tioman Island.
The flowchart below illustrates the process of documentation of information for this study. It
shows the linkages from federal level to the local responsibility in the plan making process;
despite the land is a Pahang State matter as provided under the National Land Code (Act 56).
.

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Figure 3.0: TIOMAN DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENTS FROM SEVERAL AGENCIES

NATIONAL PHYSICAL PLAN

FEDERAL LEVEL
• Malaysia Government
NATIONAL PLAN
• RMK6, RMK7, RMK8, RMK9
• Town and Country Planning
Department

STATE STRUCTURE PLAN

• RANCANGAN STRUKTUR NEGERI STATE LEVEL
(RSN) PAHANG 2002-2020 • Pahang State Government
• Town and Country Planning
Department

LOCAL PLAN
• Laporan Tahap Tampungan Dan
Garisan Panduan Pembangunan
• Rompin Local Plan Draft 2002
SPECIAL ACTION PLAN
DISTRICT LEVEL
• Rompin District Office
• Pahang State Government
• Town and Country Planning
Department

• Jabatan Perhilitan; “ Pelan

Ekopelancongan Rizab Hidupan Liar
Pulau Tioman”
• Marine Park
• United Nations Development
Program (UNDP); “Conserving FEDERAL, STATE, DISTRICT LEVEL,
Marine Biodiversity Through GOVERNMENT AGENCIES AND NON
Enhanced Marine Park management GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
and Inclusive Sustainable Island
Development”
• Tourism Ministry; “Pelan
Ekopelancongan Kebangsaan
Malaysia”
• Ministry of Agriculture

Note: Other development plan documents of Tioman can be made available from private
projects.

It was found that the lack of integration between agencies occurred in the
development of Tioman Island as tourism island. This was due to non compliance to
planning rules and regulation, and guidelines as clearly stated in “Laporan Tahap
Tampungan & Garisan Panduan Pembangunan” by Pahang State Planning
Committee on planning and development.
Tioman Island was clearly stated as “corals, beaches, highlands, forests,
mangroves and lovely panorama” and “10 most beautiful islands in the world”

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(Development Plan for Touristic Islands of Peninsular Malaysia, 2004). However,
with the declaration as duty-free island, mass tourism has become the dominant ethos
despite repeatedly claims by the authority to preserve “sensitive areas” with
“minimal” environment impact.

Findings

The Respondents

A number of 6 villages have been selected for the study. A total 410 questionnaires were
distributed. The male respondents formed 58.0% and female respondents 42.%. The
distribution of respondents (N=410) by ethnic group shows that more that 97% Malays, 2%
Chinese and about 1% others.

Figure 4.0: Respondents by Ethnic Group

2 (0.4%)
Others

9 (2.2%) Chinese

399 (97.35) Malay

Source: Field Survey, Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Environmental

Studies, UPM, August 2008. Note: N = Number of Respondent. N = 410

Figure 4.1: Respondents Age Group

N = 22 (5.4%)
< 20
N = 65 (15.9%)
> 51

41- 50 N = 74 (18%)

31- 40 N = 99 (24.1%)

21- 30 N = 150 (36.6%)

Source: Field Survey, Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Environmental

Studies, UPM, August 2008 Note: N = Number of Respondent. N = 410

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Table 4.0: Profile of Respondents

OCCUPATION N % EDUCATION N %
LEVEL
Supporting Staff 65 25.9 Primary School 106 25.9
Professional 21 5.1 Secondary School 237 57.8
Self-employed 175 42.7 College/Polytechnic 25 6.1
Unemployed 87 21.2 University 15 3.7
Others 62 15.1 Others 27 6.6

TOTAL 410 100 TOTAL 410 100

Source: Field Survey, Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of
Environmental Studies, UPM, August 2008Note: N = Number of Respondent

A number of 7 categories on development approach and management were asked to the 410
respondents and the results as shown in the following table.

Table 4.1: Descriptive result of survey

Aspect/Factor of Results of Survey
Development
That Benefit and
Strongly Strongly
Enhance the Agreed Disagreed Total
Agreed Disagreed
Tioman Richness
as Marine Park
N % N % N % N % N %
Accessibility 162 39.5 212 51.7 32 7.8 4 1 410 100
Infrastructure 169 41.2 204 49.8 35 8.5 2 0.5 410 100
Safety and
181 44.2 209 50.9 19 4.7 1 0.2 410 100
Social Activity
Ecology and
126 30.8 237 57.8 43 10.5 4 0.9 410 100
Management
Integrated
Management 126 30.7 237 57.8 45 10.9 2 0.6 410 100
Plan
Physical Plan
202 26.6 187 45.4 20 25.4 1 2.6 410 100
Project
Source: Field Survey, Department of Environmental Management, Faculty of Environmental
Studies, UPM, August 2008 Note: N = Number of Respondent

FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF TIOMAN ISLAND

Issue and Problems

The Tioman Development Plan (TDP) will be a long-term comprehensive plan that guides the
development of the island. The recommendations and requirements stipulated in the plan for
the development must be complied in order to ensure sustainability and integrated approach
by the relevant agencies be adhered to. The coordination of managing the island should be
entrusted to Tioman Marine Park Management Board which will manage the marine park that
incorporate protected zones of sensitive habitats from destructive activities (Looi,1993). The
TDP should also demarcate committed development areas on Tioman and delineate future

8
land use classification. It should also take into consideration proposed zoning for preservation
of wildlife by the Wildlife Department (PERHILITAN) which was neglected in the plan.

Plan 4.0: Perhilitan Ecotourism Activities Zoning Plan

The intrusion of any physical development in the rainforest zone should be

prohibited, except with minimal placement of infrastructure and utilities for visitors with
guided tour. The management for the marine park conservation must be strategically plan as
National Marine Park and a National Islands Development Board (NIDB) will be the vehicle
on policy issues and guidelines for island and coastal development. Nevertheless, Tioman
Island seen dying due to many unsympathetic development projects has caused detrimental
effect to the natural setting. For example, the splendid Marina project has exploited the
natural setting with huge radical physical approach. The project spans 127,000 sq. metres and
is expected to provide yacht docking areas, an administration building, wave breakers and a
cargo jetty, measuring 30m. wide and stretches 175m. into the sea. (The Star, Sept 6, 2004).
The construction could create a devastated impact on corals and wipe down the natural

9
treasures that are of huge value to Tioman’s tourism industry (Dato' Dr Mikaail Kavanagh,
Executive Director, WWF-Malaysia).
The lack of coordination and integration among authorities and agencies results in
inefficient management which allows protected areas to be encroached by development,
ignoring the buffer zone between project area and the natural environment. This was clearly
shown that the Marine tourism has extended beyond beach activities, such as scuba-diving
and snorkelling, windsurfing, jet skiing, fishing, sea kayaking, visits to fishing villages,
marine parks and aquaria, sailing and motor yachting, maritime events and races, and the
cruise ship industries, among others (Luck, 2008).
The issue of trampling by seasonal tourists on a same site could cause overloading in
the carrying capacity on Tioman Island. Coral reef, especially reef flats, is often trampled by
countless swimmers and snorkelers on their way to find more interesting areas. Reef gleaners
break coral by walking over the reef at low tide, and swimmers damage coral with their fins.
In the deeper areas, coral reefs are more subjected to damage by skin and scuba divers and
amateur underwater photographers. Divers can easily damage coral by standing on it,
bumping into it, kicking it accidentally with their fins, allowing their depth and pressure
gauges to drag along the reef beneath them, or holding on to reef to steady themselves in
currents (Sukarno, 2000). The marine tourism activity is overwhelming over the years and the
consequence is unavoidable despite the awareness campaign by the government. The local
authority need to enhance the strategy on educating the operators and local residents on aspect
of preservation and conservation. Hence, the sustainability of natural ecosystem will be of
beneficial to the community of the island as shown in the tourism activity plan below.
The availability of land for future developments of Tioman Island is critically
analysed to meet certain development criteria and specification for land use zoning purposes.
According to Rompin Local Plan Draft 2003, land availability on Tioman Island can be zoned
into three; restriction zone for rainforest reserve, active area that available and suitable for any
development and committed development zone. The developable land in Tioman only
confined to village and the coastal areas, and any other development must comply to the
marine preservation strategies. As such, an integrated approach should take place to ensure
every agency on Tioman adhere to the significance of National Marine Park.
With a proper development and management plan on tourism activity could deter the
erosion natural resources on the island. This can be done through formulation of management
team and experts input that will steer a smooth and appropriate development approach for the
island.

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 Plan 4.1: Tioman’s Development Potential and Constraint Areas

Committed development
that located surrounds
the village area.

Active area and

available land area for
future development is
zoned with green.

Restricted area
(rainforest reserve) is
zoned with green dark.

Source: Rompin Local Plan Draft, Technical Report 2002

Non-Government Project: Study on UNDP Pilot Project for Tioman Marine Park

The UNDP Pilot project entitle “Conserving Marine Biodiversity through Enhanced Marine
Park Management and Inclusive Sustainable Island Development”, 2004-2007 was conducted
by non-government organisation that concern on the live reef conservation.

Overall Objective

This project is to strengthen the management of the Marine Parks on the East Coast of
Peninsular Malaysia through a series of programmes and activities aimed at enhancing local
community involvement and tourism industry participation in the management of the Marine

11
Parks, as to ensure the sustainability of the Marine Parks and the livelihood of the local
communities as well as the tourism industry that depend on the Marine Parks.
Among the pertinent objectives are to support marine ecosystem management, to
strengthen the capacity of the marine parks management system, and the conservation of
marine biodiversity. The outcome of the objectives of the UNDP project shows through the
success of its project implementation as shown in the table below:

Table 5.0: UNDP Pilot Project for Tioman Marine Park Objectives
OBJECTIVE FEATURE
Outcome 1 Adaptive Marine Park management by a mechanism of cross sectoral
information sharing and knowledge transfer into decision making bodies
Outcome 2 Mechanisms for effective multi-sectoral policy making, development
planning and an improved financial sustainability
Outcome 3 Involvement of local communities in marine parks management and enabling
them to benefits of biodiversity conservation by generating alternative
livelihoods
Outcome 4 Tourism operators integrated into Protected Area Management and reduction
of the direct and indirect impacts of tourism activities on biodiversity
Outcome 5 Marine Park Units follow international standards of protected area
management and achieve efficient enforcement and prevention of violations
Outcome 6 Raised awareness of the importance of biodiversity conservation and marine
park system in Malaysia among selected target groups
Outcome 7 Framework for strong advocacy from stakeholders for the conservation in the
marine parks of Malaysia and establishment of the national project
management structure
Outcome 8 Environmental and energy sustainability objectives integrated in
macroeconomic and sector policies
Outcome 9 Global environment concerns and commitments integrated in national
development planning and policy
Source: UNDP Pilot Project for Tioman Marine Park Report, 2007

An analysis shows that percentage of live coral cover at project sites maintained and
increased during life of project, for example in Tioman in 5 years it has increased 55% since
2004. And this approach need to be follow up constantly to ensure the coral conservation
uphold the main objective of Marine Park project.

Tioman Marine Park Management

Prior to being relocated under the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment in 2004,
the Marine Parks Section was called Marine Parks Division under the Department of Fisheries
in the Ministry of Agriculture. There are other authorities and agencies involved in carrying
out development approach on Tioman, such as Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environment, Ministry of Tourism, Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation,
Ministry of Finance, Economic Planning Unit (EPU), Ministry of Agriculture and Agro Based
Industries - Marine Parks Section, State Economic Planning Units (Terengganu, Pahang,
Johor), Johor National Park Corporation, Maritime Institute of Malaysia, Tioman
Development Authority (TDA), WWF Malaysia, Malaysian Nature Society (MNS), Indah
Water Konsortium, United National Development Programme (UNDP), and Titan Sdn. Bhd.
These agencies have their role to play in ensuring that Tioman Marine Park is well managed.

The Marine Park Management Plan has incorporated the following zones;

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Table 5.1: Marine Park Management Zoning Plan
ZONE CLASSIFICATION
Core Zone Covers all the coral reef areas. Activities within this zone will be
controlled. Collecting and fishing will be prohibited.
Buffer Zone Established around the core zones to safeguard the core; artisanal fishing
will be allowed but not the use of trawlers and traps
Reserve Zone Nothing is allowed in this zone in order to maintain undamaged
wilderness area for retention of a gene pool.
Scientific Zone Where ecologically sound research is allowed in relatively pristine areas.
Preservation Where damaged reefs areas will be closed for rehabilitation or resource
Zone replenishment.
Recreational Where controlled recreational activities are allowed
Zone

Establishment of Marine Park Council (MPC)

The establishment of Marine Park Council (MPC) is very important to determine the
guidelines for the implementation at the national level with respect to protection,
conservation, utilization, control, management and progress of the marine park and the marine
reserve areas. The MPC will also coordinate the development of any area of a marine park or
marine reserved with the Federal Government and other corporate bodies. It will also provide
technical advice to the Pahang State Authority with respect to any developmental project on
its islands situated in a gazatted marine park or marine reserved areas. Thus, in order to
ensure that the development projects are eco-friendly and coordinated, the MPC will give
advice to the state authority concerning the impact on the marine environment. A good
management on Tioman Marine Park is vital in measuring the effectiveness of development
plans outlines from various agencies. An integrated development approach is very important
to ensure the success of the approach and its sustainability.

Conclusion

Tourism is the main concern in the overall approach of Development of Tioman Island. The
impact of tourism can be positive or beneficial to the community and also can caused negative
or detrimental impact on the island. Major issues pertaining to tourism activity lies on the
management of the development plan as a whole which could create direct or indirect impacts
on land use, environment and the socio-cultural transformation. In any circumstances, tourism
impacts are likely to change over time as the morphology of the destinations areas developed
over time (Butler, 1980, Peter, 2003).
As indicated by the study, the tourism development issues and problems encountered
in Tioman Island can be classified into two significant domains which require a set of
management and development planning approach. The constructive impact of the plan covers
the revival or boosting of traditional art and handicraft, incomes generating, and
environmental awareness among the tourists and operators. On the other hand the destructive
impact have to be given priorty in the plan making process not to be detrimental to the local
community, such as curbing of basic necessity price increment (food, land and house), restrict
pollution discharge, avoid disturbance to habitants and environmental damage, reduce the
socio-cultural influences from outside..
The study discovered that among the developmental issues transpired was due to lack
of integration between agencies involved. The land use conflict was the outcome of
development approach undertaken in physical planning resulted in the disruption of the
natural resources as a main contributory to tourism business in Tioman Island. Poor

13
coordination in the implementation of the development programme was a factor to be
reckoned and resolved as in the case of Marina Project and Marine Park Project.
The results of the field survey conducted on Tioman Island can be a benchmark to
reprimand agencies involved for better development approach. Therefore, further research
and discussion need to be conducted in order to improve the current situation of Tioman
Island for sustainability.

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