Shwedagon Pagoda

The Shwedagon Pagoda (Burmese:

ရွှေတိဂုံဘုရား; MLCTS: hrwe ti. gum bhu.
ra:, IPA: [ʃwèdəɡòʊɰ̃ pʰəjá]); Mon: ကျာ်ဒ
ဂုၚ်; officially named Shwedagon Zedi Daw
(Burmese: ရွှေတိဂုံစေတီတော် ,
[ʃwèdəɡòʊɰ̃ zèdìdɔ̀], lit. 'Golden Dagon
Pagoda') and also known as the Great
Dagon Pagoda and the Golden Pagoda is
a gilded stupa located in Yangon,
Myanmar.
 Shwedagon Pagoda

ရွှေတိဂုံစေတီတော်

Religion

Affiliation Buddhism

Sect Theravada Buddhism

Region Yangon Region

Festival Shwedagon Pagoda

Festival (Tabaung)

Governing body The Board of

Trustees of
Shwedagon Pagoda
Status active

Location

Municipality Yangon

Country Myanmar

Shown within
Myanmar

Geographic 16°47′54″N
coordinates 96°08′59″E (https://g
eohack.toolforge.or
 g/geohack.php?page
name=Shwedagon_P
agoda&params=16.7
98354_N_96.149705
_E_region:MM_type:l
andmark)

Architecture

Completed 1362–63 (or earlier)

1462
1775

Specifications

Height (max) 99 m (325 ft)[1]

Spire height 112 m (367 ft)[1]

Website

www.shwedagonpagoda.com.mm (http://w
ww.shwedagonpagoda.com.mm)
The Shwedagon is the most sacred
Buddhist pagoda in Myanmar, as it is
believed to contain relics of the four
previous Buddhas of the present kalpa.
These relics include the staff of
Kakusandha, the water filter of
Koṇāgamana, a piece of the robe of
Kassapa, and eight strands of hair from
the head of Gautama.[2]

Built on the 51-metre (167 ft) high

Singuttara Hill, the 112 m (367 ft) tall
pagoda stands 170 m (560 ft) above sea
level,[note 1] and dominates the Yangon
skyline. Yangon's zoning regulations,
which cap the maximum height of
buildings to 127 metres (417 feet) above
sea level (75% of the pagoda's sea level
height), ensure the Shwedagon's
prominence in the city's skyline.[3]

History

View of the Great Dagon Pagoda in 1825, from a print after Lieutenant Joseph Moore of Her Majesty's 89th Regiment,
published in a portfolio of 18 views in 1825–1826 lithography

Scene upon the terrace of the Great Dagon Pagoda, 1824–1826

Shwedagon Pagoda in the 1890s

Legend holds that the Shwedagon

Pagoda was constructed more than
2,500 years ago — while the Buddha was
still alive — which would make it the
oldest Buddhist stupa in the world.[4]
According to the Buddhavaṃsa, two
merchants from Ukkalājanapada named
Tapussa and Bhallika were passing
through Bodh Gaya when they
encountered the Buddha. The Buddha,
who was at that time enjoying the bliss
of his newly attained buddhahood as he
sat under a rājāyatana tree, accepted
their offering of rice cake and honey and
taught them some of the dharma in
return. In so doing, they became the first
lay disciples to take refuge in the
teachings of the Buddha.[5][6][7] The
Buddha also gave eight strands of his
hair to the merchants and gave them
instructions on how to construct a stupa
in which to enshrine these hair relics.[6]
The merchants presented the eight
strands of hair to King Okkalapa of
Dagon, who enshrined the strands along
with some relics of the three preceding
Buddhas (Kakusandha, Koṇāgamana,
and Kassapa) in a stupa on the
Singuttara Hill in present-day Myanmar.[8]

The first mention of the pagoda in the

royal chronicles dates only to 1362/63
CE (724 ME) when King Binnya U of
Martaban–Hanthawaddy raised the
pagoda to 18 m (59 ft). Contemporary
inscriptional evidence, the Shwedagon
Pagoda Inscriptions from the reign of
King Dhammazedi of Hanthawaddy (r.
1471–1492), shows a list of repairs of
the pagoda going back to 1436. In
particular, Queen Shin Saw Pu (r. 1454–
1471) raised its height to 40 m (130 ft),
and gilded the new structure. By the
beginning of the 16th century,
Shwedagon Pagoda had become the
most famous Buddhist pilgrimage site in
Burma.[9]

A series of earthquakes during the

following centuries caused damage. The
worst damage was caused by a 1768
earthquake that brought down the top of
the stupa, but King Hsinbyushin in 1775
raised it to its current height of 99 m
(325 ft) (without counting the height of
the hti (crown umbrella)). A new hti was
donated by King Mindon in 1871, nearly
two decades after the annexation of
Lower Burma by the British. A moderate
earthquake in October 1970 left the shaft
of the hti out of alignment; extensive
repairs were needed to rectify the
problem.

The Shwedagon Pagoda Festival, which

is the largest pagoda festival in the
country, begins during the new moon of
the month of Tabaung in the traditional
Burmese calendar and continues until
the full moon.[10] The pagoda is on the
Yangon City Heritage List.

Design

Diagram showing the various architectural features that comprise the design of the Shwedagon Pagoda
The stupa's plinth is made of bricks
covered with gold plates. Above the base
are terraces that only monks and other
males can access. Next is the bell-
shaped part of the stupa. Above that is
the turban, then the inverted almsbowl,
inverted and upright lotus petals, the
banana bud and then the umbrella
crown. The crown is tipped with 5,448
diamonds and 2,317 rubies. Immediately
before the diamond bud is a flag-shaped
vane. The very top—the diamond bud—is
tipped with a 76 carat (15 g) diamond.

The gold seen on the stupa is made of

genuine gold plates, covering the brick
structure and attached by traditional
rivets. People all over the country, as well
as successive monarchs, starting from
Queen Shin Saw Pu, have donated gold
to the pagoda to maintain it.

Southern entrance in 1890s

A pair of leogryphs guarding the entrance to the walkway leading up Singuttara Hill to Shwedagon Pagoda
There are four entrances, each leading up
a flight of steps to the platform on
Singuttara Hill. A pair of giant leogryphs
guards each entrance. The eastern and
southern approaches have vendors
selling books, good luck charms, images
of the Buddha, candles, gold leaf, incense
sticks, prayer flags, streamers, miniature
umbrellas and flowers.

It is customary to circumnavigate
Buddhist stupas in a clockwise direction.
In accordance with this principle, one
may begin at the eastern directional
shrine, which houses a statue of
Kakusandha, the first Buddha of the
present kalpa. Next, at the southern
directional shrine, is a statue of the
second Buddha, Koṇāgamana. Next, at
the western directional shrine, is that of
the third Buddha, Kassapa. Finally, at the
northern directional shrine, is that of the
fourth Buddha, Gautama.[11]

Rituals

US President Barack Obama performing a Blessing Ritual by pouring water over the Buddha statue at the Friday
planetary post; Obama was born on a Friday.

Though most Burmese are Theravada

Buddhists, many also follow practices
which originated in Hindu astrology. The
Burmese astrology recognizes the seven
planets of astrology — the Sun, Moon,
Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and
Saturn, and in addition, two other planets,
Rahu and Ketu. All the names of the
planets are borrowed from Hindu
astrology, but the Burmese Rahu and
Ketu are different from the Hindu Rahu
and Ketu. The Burmese consider them to
be distinct and separate planets,
whereas Hindu astrology considers them
to be either the Dragon's Head and Tails,
or Ascending and Descending Nodes. To
the Burmese, Ketu is the king of all
planets. As in many other languages, the
Burmese name the seven days of their
week after the seven planets, but
Burmese astrology recognizes an eight-
day week, with Wednesday being divided
into two days: until 6:00 p.m. it is
Wednesday, but from 6:00 p.m. until
midnight it is Rahu's day.[12]

It is important for Burmese Buddhists to

know on which day of the week they were
born, as this determines their planetary
post. There are eight planetary posts, as
Wednesday is split in two (a.m. and
p.m.). They are marked by animals that
represent the day — garuda for Sunday,
tiger for Monday, lion for Tuesday, tusked
elephant for Wednesday morning,
tuskless elephant for Wednesday
afternoon, mouse for Thursday, guinea
pig for Friday and nāga for Saturday.
Each planetary post has a Buddha image
and devotees offer flowers and prayer
flags and pour water on the image with a
prayer and a wish called a Blessing
Ritual. At the base of the post behind the
image is a guardian angel, and
underneath the image is the animal
representing that particular day. The
plinth of the stupa is octagonal and also
surrounded by eight small shrines (one
for each planetary post). It is customary
to circumnavigate Buddhist stupas in a
clockwise direction. Many devotees
perform a blessing ritual by pouring
water at their planetary post.
The pilgrim, on his way up the steps of
the pagoda, buys flowers, candles,
coloured flags and streamers. These are
to be placed at the stupa in a symbolic
act of giving, an important aspect of
Buddhist teaching. There are donation
boxes located in various places around
the pagoda to receive voluntary offerings
which may be given to the pagoda for
general purposes. In December 2017,
foreigners were charged a Ks.10,000/-
(approx. US$7) entrance fee.

Shwedagon in literature
Rudyard Kipling described his 1889 visit
to Shwedagon Pagoda ten years later in
From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches,
Letters of Travel[13]

Then, a golden mystery

upheaved itself on the horizon,
a beautiful winking wonder
that blazed in the sun, of a
shape that was neither Muslim
dome nor Hindu temple-spire.
It stood upon a green knoll,
and below it were lines of
warehouses, sheds, and mills.
Under what new god, thought
I, are we irrepressible English
sitting now?
'There's the old Shway Dagon'
(pronounced Dagone), said my
companion. 'Confound it!' But
it was not a thing to be sworn
at. It explained in the first
place why we took Rangoon,
and in the second why we
pushed on to see what more of
rich or rare the land held. Up
till that sight my uninstructed
eyes could not see that the land
differed much in appearance
from the Sunderbuns, but the
golden dome said: 'This is
Burma, and it will be quite
unlike any land you know
about.' 'It's a famous old shrine
o' sorts,' said my companion,
'and now the Tounghoo-
Mandalay line is open, pilgrims
are flocking down by the
thousand to see it. It lost its big
gold top—'thing that they call
a 'htee—in an earthquake:
that's why it's all hidden by
bamboo-work for a third of its
height. You should see it when
it's all uncovered. They're
regilding it now.'
War and invasion

British soldiers remove their shoes while visiting Shwedagon Pagoda during World War II

Gold headdress belonging to Queen Shin Sawbu. It was excavated by labourers when building barracks on the site of
an old pagoda east of the Shwedagon Pagoda in 1855 and is now in the Victoria and Albert Museum

In 1608 the Portuguese adventurer Filipe

de Brito e Nicote, known as Nga Zinka to
the Burmese, plundered the Shwedagon
Pagoda. His men took the 300-ton Great
Bell of Dhammazedi, donated in 1485 by
the Mon King Dhammazedi. De Brito's
intention was to melt the bell down to
make cannons, but it fell into the Bago
River when he was carrying it across. To
this date, it has not been recovered.

Two centuries later, the British landed on

May 11, 1824, during the First Anglo-
Burmese War. They immediately seized
and occupied the Shwedagon Pagoda
and used it as a fortress until they left
two years later. There was pillaging and
vandalism, and one officer's excuse for
digging a tunnel into the depths of the
stupa was to find out if it could be used
as a gunpowder magazine. The Maha
Gandha (lit. great sweet sound) Bell, a
23-ton bronze bell cast in 1779 and
donated by King Singu and popularly
known as the Singu Min Bell, was carried
off with the intention to ship it to Kolkata.
It met the same fate as the Dhammazedi
Bell and fell into the river. When the
British failed in their attempts to recover
it, the people offered to help provided it
could be restored to the stupa. The
British, thinking it would be in vain,
agreed, upon which divers went in to tie
hundreds of bamboo poles underneath
the bell and floated it to the surface.
There has been much confusion over this
bell and the 42-ton Tharrawaddy Min Bell
donated in 1841 by Tharrawaddy Min
along with 20 kg of gold plating; this
massive ornate bell hangs in its pavilion
in the northeast corner of the stupa. A
different but less plausible version of the
account of the Singu Min Bell was given
by Lt. J.E. Alexander in 1827.[14] This bell
can be seen hung in another pavilion in
the northwest of the pagoda platform.

The Second Anglo-Burmese War saw the

British re-occupation of the Shwedagon
in April 1852, only this time the stupa
was to remain under their military control
for 77 years, until 1929, although the
people were given access to the Paya.
Buddha statue looted from the pagoda in 1852. Now in the Auckland War Memorial Museum

During the British occupation and

fortification of the Pagoda, Lord Maung
Htaw Lay, the most prominent Mon-
Burmese in British Burma, successfully
prevented the British Army from looting
of the treasures; he eventually restored
the Pagoda to its former glory and status
with the financial help from the British
rulers. This extract is from the book “A
Twentieth Century Burmese Matriarch”
written by his great-great-great grand
daughter Khin Thida.

After retirement he moved

back to Rangoon area still in
Burmese hands but very soon
destined for the next
annexation. He was again
caught up in war but this time
he had a great fortune of
supporting religious ventures
and gaining tremendous merit.
His good karma and leadership
abilities led him to the task of
saving the great Shwedagon
Pagoda from imminent
destruction and sacking of its
treasures by British troops in
the second Anglo-Burmese
War.

The great Buddhist shrine had

been fortified by the British
troops in the 1824 war and
was again used as a fort in
1852. When he heard of the
fortification and sacking of the
shrine, he sent a letter of
appeal directly to the British
India Office in London stopping
the desecration. He then
obtained compensation from
the British Commissioner of
Burma Mr. Phayre and began
the renovations of the Pagoda
in 1855 with public support
and donations.

He became the founding

trustee of the Shwedagon
Pagoda Trust and he was
awarded the title of KSM by the
British Raj for his public
service. He died at the age of
95, bequeathing his prestige
and high repute to his large
family and descendants.
Political area

Protesters at Shwedagon Pagoda in Yangon

In 1920, students from Burma's only

university met at a pavilion on the
southwest corner of the Shwedagon
pagoda and planned a protest strike
against the new University Act which
they believed would only benefit the elite
and perpetuate colonial rule. This place
is now commemorated by a memorial.
The result of the ensuing University
Boycott was the establishment of
"national schools" financed and run by
the Burmese people; this day has been
commemorated as the Burmese National
Day since. During the second university
students strike in history of 1936, the
terraces of the Shwedagon were again
where the student strikers camped out.

In 1938, oilfield workers on strike hiked

all the way from the oilfields of Chauk
and Yenangyaung in central Burma to
Rangoon to establish a strike camp at
the Shwedagon Pagoda. This strike,
supported by the public as well as
students and came to be known as the
'1300 Revolution' after the Burmese
calendar year, was broken up by the
police who, in their boots whereas
Burmese would remove their shoes in
pagoda precincts, raided the strike
camps on the pagoda.

The "shoe question" on the pagoda has

always been a sensitive issue to the
Burmese people since colonial times.
The Burmese people had always
removed shoes at all Buddhist pagodas.
Hiram Cox, the British envoy to the
Burmese Court, in 1796, observed the
tradition by not visiting the pagoda rather
than take off his shoes. However, after
the annexation of lower Burma, European
visitors as well as troops posted at the
pagoda openly flouted the tradition. U
Dhammaloka publicly confronted a
police officer over wearing shoes at the
pagoda in 1902. It was not until 1919
that the British authorities finally issued a
regulation prohibiting footwear in the
precincts of the pagoda. However, they
put in an exception that employees of the
government on official business were
allowed footwear. The regulation and its
exception clause moved to stir up the
people and played a role in the
beginnings of the nationalist movement.
Today, no footwear or socks are allowed
on the pagoda.
In January 1946, General Aung San
addressed a mass meeting at the stupa,
demanding "independence now" from the
British with a thinly veiled threat of a
general strike and uprising. Forty-two
years later, on August 26, 1988, his
daughter, Aung San Suu Kyi addressed
another mass meeting of 500,000 people
at the stupa, demanding democracy from
the military regime and calling the 8888
Uprising the second struggle for
independence.

September 2007 protests

In September 2007, during nationwide

demonstrations against the military
regime and its recently enacted price
increases, protesting monks were denied
access to the pagoda for several days
before the government finally relented
and permitted them in.

On September 24, 2007, 20,000 bhikkhus

and thilashins (the largest protest in 20
years) marched at the Shwedagon
Pagoda, Yangon. On Monday, 30,000
people led by 15,000 monks marched
from Shwedagon Pagoda and past the
offices of Aung San Suu Kyi's opposition
National League for Democracy (NLD)
party. Comedian Zarganar and star Kyaw
Thu brought food and water to the
monks. On Saturday, monks marched to
greet Aung San Suu Kyi, who is under
house arrest. On Sunday, about 150 nuns
joined the marchers.[15][16] On September
25, 2007, 2,000 monks and supporters
defied threats from Myanmar's junta.
They marched to Yangon streets at
Shwedagon Pagoda amid army trucks
and the warning of Brigadier-General
Myint Maung not to violate Buddhist
"rules and regulations."[17]

On September 26, 2007, clashes between

security forces and thousands of
protesters led by Buddhist monks in
Myanmar have left at least five
protesters dead by Myanmar security
forces, according to opposition reports,
in an anticipated crackdown. Earlier in
the day security authorities used tear
gas, warning shots and force to break up
a peaceful demonstration by scores of
monks gathered around the Shwedagon
Pagoda.

The web site reports that protesting

"monks were beaten and bundled into
waiting army trucks," adding about 50
monks were arrested and taken to
undisclosed locations. In addition, the
opposition said "soldiers with assault
rifles have sealed off sacred Buddhist
monasteries ... as well as other
flashpoints of anti-government protests."
It reports that the violent crackdown
came as about 100 monks defied a ban
by venturing into a cordoned-off area
around the Shwedagon Pagoda,
Myanmar's holiest Buddhist shrine.

It says that authorities ordered the crowd

to disperse, but witnesses said the
monks sat down and began praying,
defying the military government's ban on
public assembly. Security forces at the
pagoda "struck out at demonstrators"
and attacked "several hundred other
monks and supporters," the opposition
web site detailed. Monks were ushered
away by authorities and loaded into
waiting trucks while several hundred
onlookers watched, witnesses said.
Some managed to escape and headed
towards the Sule Pagoda, a Buddhist
monument and landmark located in
Yangon's city centre.

Replicas
Uppatasanti Pagoda—located in
Naypyidaw, the capital of Myanmar—is a
replica of Shwedagon Pagoda.
Completed in 2009, it is similar in many
aspects to Shwedagon Pagoda, but its
height is 30 cm (12 in) less than that of
Shwedagon.[18]

Another replica of Shwedagon Pagoda,

46.8 m (154 ft) in height, was
constructed at Lumbini Natural Park in
Berastagi, North Sumatra, Indonesia.
Completed in 2010, the construction
materials for this pagoda, were imported
from Myanmar.[19]

Global Vipassana Pagoda, 29 m (95 ft)

high and opened in 2009, located in
Mumbai, India[20]

Tachileik Shwedagon Pagoda near the

Golden Triangle in Myanmar. [21]
Uppatasanti Pagoda in Naypyidaw,
Myanmar

Replica in Tachileik
Gallery

Rituals

Prayer
Monks

Shrines
 Shrines

Shwedagon shrines at sunset

 Outside the gates

Devotees paying homage to the Triple Gem

 Jade Buddha

The Tharrawaddy Min Bell

 A crowded day at Shwedagon

Shwedagon, a forest of pagodas

A mythical well, covered by a glass mosaic

Mote (cardinal point building)

The Singu Min Bell

Panoramic view
 Shwedagon Pagoda at night

Shwedagon Pagoda at night from the east

side
Southern Entrance

Repairing
 Interior

Second height pagoda

 Inner map

A sunny day at Shwedagon

Eastern gate path of Shwedagon Pagoda

Shwedagon Pagoda - Yangon, Myanmar

Market nears Shwedagon Pagoda

In Shwedagon pagoda complex

Western gate to Shwedagon pagoda

Gold reliquary in the shape of a stupa

found at the base of the Shwedagon
Pagoda in 1855 and now in the V&A
Museum. It dates to the 15th/16th
centuries.
See also
Myanmar
portal
Religion
portal
Architecture
portal

Awgatha
Gadaw
Shinbyu
Burmese pagoda
Pagoda festival
Buddhism in Burma
History of Buddhism
List of tallest structures built before
the 20th century
Notes
1. The pagoda's pinnacle height (to the tip of
its hti) is 112 m (367 ft) tall per (UNESCO
2018), and is built on the Singuttara Hill,
which is 51 m (167 ft) tall per "History of
the Shwedagon" (http://www.shwedagonp
agoda.com/architecture.php) . Retrieved
2020-04-18., and 58 m (190 ft) tall above
sea level per "The Shwedagon Pagoda,
Yangon" (https://myanmarvels.com/shwe
dagon-pagoda-yangon/.) . 14 January
2015. Retrieved 2020-04-25.

References
1. Ministry of Religious Affairs and Culture,
Myanmar (2018-12-06). "Shwedagon
Pagoda on Singuttara Hill" (https://whc.un
 esco.org/en/tentativelists/6367/) .
UNESCO.

2. Tan, Heidi (July 29, 2016). "Curating the

Shwedagon Pagoda Museum in
Myanmar" (https://www.buddhistdoor.ne
t/features/curating-the-shwedagon-pagod
a-museum-in-myanmar) . Buddhistdoor
Global. Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20190424061917/https://www.budd
histdoor.net/features/curating-the-shwed
agon-pagoda-museum-in-myanmar) from
the original on April 24, 2019. Retrieved
April 24, 2019.
3. "Striking a balance: New housing and
office projects are changing the
landscape of cities" (https://oxfordbusine
ssgroup.com/overview/striking-balance-n
ew-housing-and-office-projects-are-changi
ng-landscape-cities) . Oxford Business
Group. 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2023.

4. Hmannan Yazawin. Royal Historical

Commission of Burma. 1832.

5. Goldberg, Kory; Decary, Michele (2013).

Along the Path: The Meditator's
Companion to Pilgrimage in the Buddha's
India and Nepal (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=9c_HDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12
5) (2nd ed.). Onalaska, Washington:
Pariyatti Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-
1938754586.
6. Strong, John S. (2004). Relics of the
Buddha (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=_KLAxmR8PZAC&pg=PA74) .
Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton
University Press. pp. 73–74. ISBN 978-
0691117645.

7. Sayadaw, Mingun (2008). "The Buddha's

stay at the Seven Places". The Great
Chronicle of Buddhas (https://www.bps.l
k/olib/mi/mi014.pdf) (PDF). Vol. 2
(Singapore ed.). p. 347.
8. "Shwedagon Pagoda | History of the gold
plated diamond studded Yangon Pagoda"
(https://www.renown-travel.com/burma/y
angon/shwedagonpagoda.html) .
Renown Travel. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20170630084953/https://w
ww.renown-travel.com/burma/yangon/sh
wedagonpagoda.html) from the original
on June 30, 2017. Retrieved April 24,
2019.

9. BURMA, D. G . E. HALL, M.A., D.LIT.,

F.R.HIST.S.Professor Emeritus of the
University of London and formerly
Professor of History in the University of
Rangoon, Burma.Third edition 1960. Page
35-36
10. "Banned festival resumed at Shwedagon
Pagoda" (https://web.archive.org/web/20
120225034401/http://www.mizzima.co
m/news/inside-burma/6630-banned-festi
val-resumed-at-shwedagon-pagoda.htm
l) . Mizzima News. 22 February 2012.
Archived from the original (http://www.mi
zzima.com/news/inside-burma/6630-ban
ned-festival-resumed-at-shwedagon-pago
da.html) on 25 February 2012. Retrieved
23 February 2012.

11. Billinge, T (2014). "Shwedagon Paya" (htt

p://thetempletrail.com/shwedagon/) .
The Temple Trail. Retrieved 2014-12-29.

12. Skidmore, Monique. Burma At The Turn Of

The Twenty-first Century. University of
Hawaii Press, 2005, p. 162.
13. Kipling, JR (1914). "II: The River of the
Lost Footsteps and the Golden Mystery
upon its Banks. Shows how a Man may
go to the Shway Dagon Pagoda and see it
not and to the Pegu Club and hear too
much. A Dissertation on Mixed Drinks" (ht
tps://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/k/kipling/ru
dyard/seatosea/chapter2.html) . From
sea to sea and other sketches: letters of
travel. Vol. I. New York: Doubleday.

14. Bird, GW (1897). Wanderings in Burma (ht

tp://dlxs.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text
-idx?c=sea;cc=sea;view=toc;subview=shor
t;idno=sea282) (1st ed.). London: F.J.
Bright and Son.
15. "Afp.google.com, 30,000 rally as Myanmar
monks' protest gathers steam" (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20071114092708/htt
p://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5ivO0A
tyBkmFxEVb3xG3xpzLlpGIQ) . Archived
from the original (http://afp.google.com/a
rticle/ALeqM5ivO0AtyBkmFxEVb3xG3xpz
LlpGIQ) on 2007-11-14. Retrieved
2007-09-24.

16. Radionz.co.nz, Monks continue to pile

pressure on military (http://www.radionz.c
o.nz/news/latest/200709241944/monks_
continue_to_pile_pressure_on_military)

17. Matthew Weaver (25 September 2007).

"Troops sent in as Burmese protesters
defy junta" (https://www.theguardian.co
m/burma/story/0,,2176691,00.html) . the
Guardian.
18. Roughneen, S (2013-11-13). "Naypyidaw's
Synthetic Shwedagon Shimmers, but in
Solitude" (http://www.irrawaddy.org/featu
re/naypyidaws-synthetic-shwedagon-shim
mers-solitude.html) . The Irrawaddy.
Chiang Mai, Thailand: Irrawaddy
Publishing Group. Retrieved 2014-12-29.

19. Taman Alam Lumbini International

Buddhist Center (2010-11-01). "The
Inauguration Ceremony of Shwedagon
Pagoda Replica" (https://web.archive.org/
web/20111202071155/http://www.taman
alamlumbini.org/www/?p=98) .
Shwedagon's Pagoda Replica Project.
Berastagi, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia.
Archived from the original (http://www.ta
manalamlumbini.org/www/?p=98) on
2011-12-02. Retrieved 2014-12-29.
20. "Global Vipassana Pagoda inaugurated in
Mumbai" (http://www.dnaindia.com/repor
t.asp?newsid=1228804) . DNA. 8
February 2009. Retrieved 9 June 2013.

21. "Myanmar Temples & Golden Triangle" (ht

tps://www.lonelyplanet.com/thailand/chia
ng-rai-province/activities/myanmar-templ
es-golden-triangle-private-tour-from-chian
g-rai/a/pa-act/v-5942CEIT01/357666) .
lonelyplanet.

Further reading
Martin, Steve (2002). Lonely Planet
Myanmar (Burma) (https://archive.org/
details/lonelyplanetmyan00stev) .
Lonely Planet Publications. ISBN 1-
74059-190-9.
 Elliot, Mark (2003). South-East Asia:
The Graphic Guide. Trailblazer
Publications. ISBN 1-873756-67-4.
Win Pe (1972). Shwedagon. Printing
and Publishing Corporation, Rangoon.
"Dictionary of Buddhism" by Damien
Keown (Oxford University Press, 2003)
ISBN 0-19-860560-9

External links
Wikimedia Commons has media
related to Shwedagon pagoda.

Official website (http://shwedagonpag

oda.com.mm)
Official Website of the Shwedagon
Pagoda for the Shwedagon Pagoda
Board of Trustees (http://www.shweda
gonpagoda.com.mm)
The Legend of Shwedagon by Khin
Myo Chit (http://www.seasite.niu.edu/
Burmese/legends/Legends/Shwedago
n/shwedagon1.htm)
My Child-life in Burmah by Olive Jennie
Bixby 1880 recollections of a
missionary's daughter : inc. detailed
description of King Mindon's new hti
being erected, pp 111 (http://dlxs.librar
y.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-id
x?c=sea;cc=sea;sid=7bed782c84f9384
d489525bd8473efe6;rgn=full%20text;i
dno=sea341;view=image;seq=110)
Rudyard Kipling's description of
Shwedagon Pagoda in 1889 (http://ww
w.gutenberg.org/files/32977/32977-h/
32977-h.htm#Page_203)
Elizabeth Moore conference the
shwedagon in british burma myanmar
(http://www.canal-u.tv/producteurs/ce
rimes/dossier_programmes/conferenc
es_de_l_efeo_ecole_francaise_d_extre
me_orient/refashioning_space_the_sh
wedagon_in_british_burma_myanmar)
Lt. J.E. Alexander's account, 1827, p.
153 (http://dlxs.library.cornell.edu/cgi/
t/text/text-idx?c=sea;cc=sea;view=toc;
subview=short;idno=sea282)
 Myanmar: Time to say hello YouTube (h
ttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zk_
2e5CQDrQ&mode=user&search=)
"Scene upon the Terrace of the Great
Dagon Pagoda" (http://www.wdl.org/e
n/item/9213) from 1826

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