MAPEH 9

MUSIC

CONTENT
1.1: Musical and theatrical elements of an Opera;
1.2: Art songs and excerpts of opera; and

Components of an Opera:
a. Libretto - the text of an opera. It contains the story or the plot of the opera. Librettist, the person who writes the libretto,
and the composer work closely together to create the whole story of the opera.
b. Score - the book that the composer and librettist put together. The score has all the musical notes, words and ideas
to help the performers tell the story.
c. Recitative - Declamatory singing, used in the prose parts and dialogue of opera. Recitative may be accompanied
(accompagnato) or unaccompanied (secco).
d. Aria – an air or solo singing part sung by a principal character. This song is what the public will remember best when
leaving the opera house. Properly and well sung, a beautiful aria can bring an audience to its feet and decide the fate
of an entire opera.

THE TYPES OF VOICES OF SINGERS

For the Male Voice:
1. Tenor - highest male voice
2. Baritone - Middle male voice, lies between Bass and Tenor voices. It is the common male voice.
3. Bass - lowest male voice

For the Female Voice:

1. Soprano - highest female voice
Coloratura - highest soprano voice
Lyric - bright and full sound
Dramatic - darker full sound
Mezzo-Soprano - most common female voice; strong middle voice, tone is darker or deeper than the soprano

2. Contralto- lowest female voice and most unique among female.

Opera Composers and their Works

1. Giuseppe Verdi - Verdi was born in Parma, Italy on October 9, 1813. He studied in Busseto and later went to Milan
where his first opera “Oberto” was performed in La Scala, the most important opera house at the time. Almost all of his
works are serious love story with unhappy ending. Expressive vocal melody is the soul of a Verdi opera. He completed
25 operas throughout his career. His final opera ends with “All the world‟s a joke.”Some of his famous operas are still
being produced and performed worldwide. His much-acclaimed works are; La Traviata, Rigoletto, Falstaff, Otello and
Aida were he wrote for the opening of the Suez Canal. He died in Milan, Italy on January 27, 1901.

2. Giacomo Puccini - Giacomo Puccini was born in a poor family on December 22, 1858 in Lucca, Italy. He studied at the
Milan Conservatory. He belonged to a group of composers who stressed realism; therefore, he drew material from
everyday life, rejecting heroic themes from mythology and history. Puccini’s famous operas were: “La Boheme”, “Tosca”,
“Madame Butterfly”, and “Turandot”.

3. Richard Wagner - Wilhelm Richard Wagner was born in Leipzig, Germany on May 22, 1813. He attended Leipzig
University. He was very much inspired by Ludwig van Beethoven. Wagner introduced new ideas in harmony and in form,
including extremes of chromaticism. He was an advocate of a new form of opera which he called “music drama” where
musical and dramatic elements were fused together. He developed a compositional style in which the orchestra has of
equal importance in dramatic roles as the singers themselves. His famous works are; “Tristan and Isolde”, “Die Walkyrie”,
“Die Meistersinger”, “Tannhäuser”, and “Parsifal”. His work would later influence modern film scores, including those of
the Harry Potter and Lord of the Rings film series. Wagner died of a heart attack on February 13,1883 at age of 69.

4. Georges Bizet - Georges Bizet, original name Alexandre-César-Léopold Bizet, but was baptized Georges Bizet and was
always known by the latter name. He was born October 25, 1838 in Paris, France. His realistic approach influenced the
verismo school of opera at the end of the 19th century. His most famous opera is “Carmen”. However, when “Carmen”
 first opened in Paris, the reviews were terrible. The shows were criticized in horrible ways that resulted in poor audience
attendance. During the first round of “Carmen” performances, Bizet died (June 3, 1875). He was only 36. Four months
later, “Carmen” opened in Vienna, Austria, and was a smash hit.

ART

CONTENT
1.1: Theatrical forms from different art periods;
1.2: Elements and principles of arts manifested in Western Classical plays and opera;
1.3: Western classical plays and operas; and
1.4: Visual elements and components of Western classical theater play and opera a.
costumes, props, etc.

Rituals and ceremonies were upshots of the myths and stories told, and theater evolved from them. Theater takes
place in a location called theatron, a “place of seeing”. A lot of people are involved in theater production but, it is the
playwright who makes the plot of the story and establishes the story’s theatrical form.

Theatrical form refers to the type or genre of the play performed by the actors on stage. Generally, there are four
basic theatrical forms: Tragedy, Comedy, Melodrama and Drama. It started with Tragedy that led to Comedy and together
these two theatrical genres became the foundation upon where the modern theater genres are formed.

Different Art Periods

A. Ancient Theater (700 B.C.E – 410 B.C.E.)

Ancient Greek Theater (began around 700 B.C). Roman Theater (in the 3rd century B.C.)
Theatrical Form or genre: 1. Theatrical Form or genre:
Tragedy 2. Comedy 3. Satyr 1. Tragedy 2. Comedy
Tragedy - deals with tragic events, unhappy endings, defeat of the main character, it is the most admired
type of play in Greece. There were only 3 players allowed onstage, a “chorus” (group of up to 15
actors who sang and dance but did not speak) helps in scene transitions.

Thespis - the earliest recorded actor in a tragedy play, introduced the use of masks. Often called the “Father
of Tragedy”. “Thespian” is a common English term for a performer.

Comedy: a form of theater that mirrors the society in a humorous way reflecting wickedness and immorality.
It makes people see the impact of their behavior and change for the better.

Satyr – (Greek theater) combination of tragedy and comedy. A spoof of tragedy known for its vulgar and
indecent amusement. Usually performed after a set of three tragedies. (also called tragicomedy, a
term coined by Titus Maccius Plautus, a Roman playwright).

B. Medieval Theater (500 C.E. -1400)

Transition and Early Medieval Theater (Byzantine Empire): Theatrical Forms:
1. Mime, Pantomime scenes, or recitations from tragedies and comedies
2. Liturgical dramas or Religious plays - dramatized versions of particular biblical events ex.
Mystere de Adam or Mystery of Adam
 High & Late Medieval Period:
1. “Feast of Fools” festival (where lesser clergy get to ridicule the superiors and routine church life)

3. Mystery Plays – earliest formally developed plays in Medieval Europe, actors were all male amateur
locals and uses the vernacular in their plays

5. Morality Plays - examples are: “The Castle of Perseverance” and “Everyman”

6. Secular performances - (not religious) ex: “Play of the Greenwood” by Allan de la Halle

7. Farces - comedy with highly exaggerated and extravagant situations

8. Masques - festive courtly entertainment in the 16th & 17th BC was developed in Italy

C. Renaissance Theater (1400 – 1600)

1. Emergence of the Commedia dell ‘arte – from Italy. Theater troupe that performed lively improvisational playlets
across Europe for centuries. Actor centered, requires little scenery and props. Plays come from the “Lazzi” or
stock comedic routines that provide the framework of the story from which the actors improvise.

2. History plays (English or European history), Tragedy (ex. Revenge plays), Comedy (with subgenre City
comedy), from the older genres were the Pastoral plays, Morality plays, Tragicomedy, and Masque,

3. The Companies of Players became the foundation of professional players performing on the Elizabethan stage.

4. William Shakespeare is the most famous playwright during this period.

D. Baroque Theater (1600 – 1750)

Tragedy was the overall preferred genre, but the aristocrats preferred the lighter tragicomedy. Pierre
Corneille, a tragedian produced works that were un- tragic having happy endings, like his “Le Cid”. For English
theater, this was a time for “restoration comedies” (comedies written during the restoration period). “Sentimental
comedy”, a genre that counters the immoral tone of restoration comedies – its aim was to be more realistic on
the nature of human beings having tendencies to go astray and return to the right path after overcoming trials.
A type of comedy that ends in tears rather than laughter as the main character triumphs over trials.

Technological development made way for broadways and commercial plays as ropes and pulleys were
utilized to support special effects and scene changes within seconds. Another important product of this period
was the Opera.

E. Neoclassical Theater (1800 – 1900)

Theater was dominated by Neoclassicism (art forms inspired by the classics). Emphasis was on the
exact adherence to the classical unities that has largely contributed to proper decorum (audience etiquette)
when watching a play. This period was characterized by lavish and complex scenery, costumes, large
gestures and melodrama. Politically satirical comedies outshined the sexual farces of the Restoration.

In Germany, historic accuracy in costumes and settings was the trend. Theater architecture was
greatly improved and German Romanticism theatrical form was introduced.

The emergence of “Theater Movements” i.e. Realism (depicts life as it is naturally) and non-realism -
Symbolism (expressing the intangible or unseen internal feelings by means of visible or sensuous
representations) and forerunner of Expressionism. (Express emotion and meaning rather than reality).
Naturalism (naturalistic) which was influenced by Darwin’s theory of Evolution founded on the belief that
one’s character is determined by its heredity and environment.
 F. Romantic Theater (1800 – 2000)

Melodrama and Operas were the most popular theatrical forms.

There was an abundance of Experimental theater (also known as avant-garde theater), a rejection
of the conventional theater styles, the experimental theater changes the theme, language even the
relationship of the actors to the audience. Through the breaking of the “fourth wall” where the actors address
dialogues (questions) to the audience.

Hollywood came out and endangered American theater. But theater was not affected instead it
continued to be known and noticed worldwide

a. “Six Aristotelian Elements of a Play”

Plot - the “organization of incidents” in a play.
(mythos) - Plot refers to the action; the basic storyline of the play
Character - the moral or ethical character of the agents, revealed when the
(ethos) agent makes moral choices
- people (sometimes animals or ideas) portrayed by the actors in the
play.
- It is the characters who move the action, or plot, of the play
forward.
Thought - the story background being delivered in a spoken reasoning
(dianoia) - the meaning of the play (theme)
Language/ - This refers to the quality of speech in a tragedy - the
Diction expression of the meaning of words.
(lexis) - The dialogue helps move the action of the play along.
Melody - can also mean “music – dance”
(melos) - While music is often featured in drama, in this case Aristotle was
referring to the rhythm of the actors' voices as they speak (as in the case of
the “chorus”)
Spectacle - This refers to the visual elements of a play: sets, costumes, special
(Opsis) effects, etc.
- Spectacle is everything that the audience sees as they watch the
play.
b. Elements of Drama in the Modern Theater
Elements of Drama in the Modern Theater
Literary Elements Technical Elements
This contains the six Aristotelian elements 1. Scenery (Set) - theatrical
- Plot equipment like curtains,
- Theme (thought) platforms, backdrops
- Character 2. Costumes – clothing and
- Language/Dialogue accessories worn by actors to
- Rhythm/Music portray the character & period
- Spectacle 3. Properties (Props) – any articles
With the addition of the following: except costumes and scenery
used as part of a dramatic
production. Any movable object
7. Genre /Theatrical form
that appears on stage during a
8. Audience – group of people who watch
performance.
the play
9. Convention – Techniques and methods 4. Lights – every placement,
used by the playwright and director to intensity and color of lights have
create the desired stylistic effect. to be set as needed to help
communicate environment,
mood or feeling
5. Sound – the effects the audience
hears during performance to
communicate character context
or environment
6. Make-up – includes costumes,
wigs, and body paint used to
transform and actor into a
character.
Performance Elements
1. Acting – Use of face, body and
voice to portray Character.
2. Character Motivation – The
reason/s for a character’s
behaviour.
3. Character Analysis – the
process of examining how the
elements of drama – literary,
technical and performance are
used.
4. Empathy – The capacity to
relate to the feelings of others.
5. Speaking – the mode of
expression or delivery of lines
6. Breath Control – Proper use of
the lungs and diaphragm muscle
for maximum capacity and
efficiency of breath for
Speaking.
7. Gestures – any movement of
the actor’s head, shoulder, arm,
hand, leg or foot to convey
meaning
8. Facial expression – Physical or
vocal aspects used by an actor
to convey mood, feeling or
personality
 PHYSICAL EDUCATION

CONTENT:
A. Recreational Activities
a.1: Active Activities
a.2: Passive Activities

B. Indoor and Outdoor Recreational Activities

A. INDOOR RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES

Indoor recreational activities are activities that can be done or performed in the halls, rooms or in the classroom and
do even inside your house. Such indoor activities require less space, so it can be managed behind the door. Participating
in different physical activity activities can be effective strategies to treat symptoms related to any virus and other
respiratory illnesses. Every day is a new opportunity to engage in physical activity that can bring short and long-term
benefits to everyone. Being consistent and motivated may be enhanced by peer support, family support, or social media
platforms offering exercise programs

A.1. Importance of Indoor Activities During Pandemic

1. Strength-training has been shown to reduce symptoms of anxiety
2. Elevations in self-esteem, improved concentration, reductions in depressive symptoms, and improvements in sleep.
3. For older adults and among individuals managing chronic medical conditions.

• Badminton
The roots of the sports could be traced back to ancient Greece, China and India. It was in the mid18th century
when poona became popular in India through the British military who were stationed at Pune. In 1870’s the game was
brought to England and was introduced by the Duke of Beaufort in a form of recreational game. Around the 19th century
the game was played with nets and called battledore (bat) and shuttlecock then later name badminton as the official
name. In 1972 badminton was introduced as a demonstration game in the Olympics held at Munich. And by 1992 at
Barcelona, Spain badminton become became an official part of the Olympic game.

Badminton could be played by single (male/female) or double (male/female/mix). The aim is to score by hitting
the shuttlecock across the net and landing inside the opponent's half of the court without the opponent being able to
return back to your court. A match consists of 3 sets of 21 points and a match is won by winning 2 sets out of 3. In case
of 20 all, the side which gains a 2-point lead first, wins the game. Basic skills like strokes (backhand, forehand underhand
and overhead), stance, grip, footwork, service and shots (clear, drop, and smash) are inessential in winning the game.

• Bowling
Known as one of the oldest games of the world, bowling also called as tenpins could be traced way back 7000
years ago in Egypt. Where Egyptians rolled stones at various objects knocking over. However, it gained its popularity in
Germany during the Middle Ages not as a sport but a religious ritual. In 1325, laws were passed in Berlin and Cologne
that limited bets on lawn bowling. Indoor alleys were built in New York City in 1840. In 1890, the game flourished in
Eastern and Midwestern cities in Germany. In the Philippines, “Paeng” or Rafael Nepomuceno, a Pilipino world class
Bowling champion was known worldwide due to his track record: World Cup, 1976, 1980, 1992 and 1996.

Bowling is played indoors on wooden or synthetic lanes with maximum dimensions of 60 ft. long and 42 in width.
The game aims to knock down ten pens on the first strike if not on the second using a heavy ball rolled down along the
narrow lane. There are 10 scoring frames. Each frame is one turn, but you get two throws in each frame. The number of
pins knocked down with both throws is added to your total score. Equipment used are pins, bowling ball, lane and shoes.

Bowling Terms:
1. Strike- when the first ball knocked down all ten pins.
2. Spare – a player knocked down all pens second time after knocking all pins on the first ball.
3. Brooklyn - this is when a player obtains a strike by hitting the pins in the opposite pocket from which he/she has thrown
the ball.

• Dance
Dance is defined as the sequence of bodily movement moving rhythmically usually to music. Often time it is an
avenue in releasing energy, expressing an idea of intense emotion or simply having fun in the movement itself. Ancient
history tells us that dance is a form of religious ceremony which people believe it’s their way to communicate gods and
understand the world around them. Such dance like Hindu’s “Bharata Nhatyam” which still perform until this day.
 The earliest evidence on the origin of dance pinpoint in 9000-year-old India’s or 5300-year-old Egypt’s cave
paintings. The Renaissance period brought a huge evolution in dancing. The introduction of ballet and social dancing
changed the belief of people from ceremonial to entertainment to seduction. In the Philippines, dances were designed to
honor gods and thanksgiving/asking for rain and harvest.

Today, dance morphed into different varieties (hip hop, Ballet, Jazz, Ballroom dances, folk dances etc.) and can
be performed in different functions (competition, social, ceremonial).

B. OUTDOOR RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES

Obviously outdoor recreation and pandemics don’t go together. Knowing that transmission of the virus is its highest
when people are outside. You might wonder, if it is safe to go outside. The answer is YES as long as it is a non-crowded
place, and you observe proper social distancing.

• Hiking
Hiking is a long walk either for pleasure or exercise. Oftentimes it’s associated with mountaineering, trekking and
mountain climbing. It is believed that hiking starts from the Stone Age when mankind learned how to stand upright and
walk. Over the years hiking has become essential in hunting or finding food. Now, it is a means of relaxation and a great
approach to meditate and clear mind.
Essentials Tips Benefits
1. Shoes (Waterproof and lighter pair 1. Starts small and choose the 1. Clears mind and reduces stress
like sandal right trail 2. Makes us happier
2. Water proof jacket and pants 2. Familiarize yourself with the 3. Improves sleep quality
3. Sun screen and Sun glass trail 4. Improves memory
4. Hat or cap 3. Check the weather 5. Reduce anxiety and depression
5. 35 -40 liters backpack 4. Tell someone where you'll be 6. Makes us more generous
6. Water bottle 5. Pack the essentials 7. Reconnect and take time for yourself
7. Walking poles 6. Wear the right shoes or socks 8. Can be a spiritual and rejuvenating
8. Head lamp 7. Keep it light experience
9. Map 8. Pace you self 9. Learn to live in the moment
10. First aid supplies 9. Leave no trace 10. Helps bone density
10. Wear the right attire

• Biking
Invented by a German baron Karl von Drais, the “running machine” as called at 1818 or bicycle was made in
response to widespread starvation and the slaughtering of horses.

Biking or also called cycling is a superb cardio outdoor workout that could burn 400 calories per hour. Its uses
could range from transportation to sports. The first Road World Champion was held at Copenhagen, Denmark won by
Gunnar Skoed from Sweden.

Bicycle was invented by Pierre Michaux together with his son Ernest and Pierre Lallement.
Essentials Tips Benefits
Helmet Set Up Your Bike Correctly Increase cardiovascular fitness
Water Lightening The Load Increase muscles strength and
Spare tube Correct Kit Makes A Difference flexibility
Pump/ CO2 Clipless Pedals Improve joint mobility
Seat Bag Avoid The 'Bonk'! Decrease stress level
Light Hydrate Properly When Cycling Improves posture and coordination
Lock Go For Long Rides Strengthen bones
Nutrition Build Up Your Strength Decrease body fat
Prevention of disease

Pandemic like covid-19 creates a 360-degree impact in our daily activities. This situation has become psychological,
physiological, social and societal burdens but it also teaches us to value life more. Active participation in physical activities
become essential for well-being.
The following are the importance of active recreation during this trying time:
• It helps to boost your mood and reduce stress,
• It paves way to family bonding,
• It is a good treatment of depression and anxiety.
 HEALTH
CONTENT:

1. CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF SAFETY EDUCATION & WORKABLE SOLUTIONS TO EXISTING PROBLEMS:
a. Intentional and Unintentional Injuries
a.1. INTENTIONAL INJURIES

1. Self-Inflicted (Suicide and Parasuicide)

The definition of self-inflicted is something that you bring upon yourself or cause to have happen to you.
Suicide is the intentional taking of one’s own life. Many of those who attempt suicide do not receive mental and emotional
counselling because their families try to hide the problem because they are ashamed of it. Because of this, the problem is not
solved and the attempt to commit suicide happens again. Studies also indicate that other family members are also risk of
committing suicide. On the other hand, a suicide attempt in which a person does not intend to die is called
Parasuicide.

It is often a cry for help meaning, the person wants others to know what s/he is feeling. Despite this, parasuicide should be
taken seriously because it may also lead to death.

How will you recognize a person who has suicidal tendencies? Oftentimes, the person gives clues through his/her behavior
and speech.
Some of these clues may be:
a. Talking about suicide or death
b. Writing farewell letters or giving away valuable things to their friends and siblings
c. Showing changes in behavior, moods and feelings.

2. Domestic Violence
Domestic violence is an act that includes physical assault (hitting, pushing, shoving etc.), sexual abuse (unwanted or forced
sexual activity) and verbal abuse. These are behaviors that are used by one person in a relationship who tries to control the
other. This may occur to partners who may be married or not married.

They may be heterosexual or homosexual couples and may be living together, separated, or dating. Domestics violence
includes abuse and actions such as:
❖ name-calling or putdowns
❖ keeping a partner from contacting his/her family or friends
❖ stopping a partner from getting or keeping a job
❖ actual or threatened physical harm
❖ sexual assault
❖ stalking
❖ intimidation

Who are the possible victims of domestic violence? Anyone can be a victim, or is at risk of it, especially if his/her partner:
❖ is very jealous and/ or spies on him/her
❖ will not let him/her break off the relationship
❖ hurts him/her in any way, is violent, or brags about hurting other people
❖ puts him/her down or makes him/her feel bad
❖ forces him/her to have sex or makes him/her afraid to say no to sex
❖ abuses drugs or alcohol; pressures him/her to use drugs or alcohol
❖ has a history of bad relationship and blames it on others

3. Bullying
Bullying is an unwanted, aggressive behavior. The behavior is repeated, or can be repeated, over time. Both kids who are
bullied and who bully others may have serious, lasting problems.

In order to be considered bullying, the behavior must aggressive and include:

▪ An imbalance of power: Kids who bully use their power-such as physical strength, access to embarrassing
information, or popularity-to control or harm others.
▪ Repetition: Bullying behavior happen more than once or have the potential to happen more than once.
There are different classification of bullying. These are:

Verbal bullying – saying or written means and nasty things. It includes:

▪ Teasing
▪ Name-calling
▪ Making inappropriate sexual comments
▪ Taunting
▪ Threatening to cause harm

Social bullying – sometimes referred to as relational bullying. Hurting someone’s reputation or relationship. It
includes
▪ Telling other children not to be friends with someone
▪ Spreading rumors about someone
▪ Embarrassing someone in public

Physical bullying - hurting a person’s body or destroying his/her possessions. It includes:

▪ Hitting/kicking/pinching
▪ Spitting
▪ Tripping/pushing
▪ Taking or breaking someone’s things
▪ Making mean or rude hand gestures

Cyberbullying – verbal and social bullying done through use of technology and electronics means. It includes:
▪ Using social media
▪ Using mobile devices
▪ Using electronics mails

INTENTIONAL INJURIES: Types and Characteristics

4. Stalking
Stalking is a pattern of behavior that makes you feel afraid, nervous, harassed, or in danger. It is when someone repeatedly
contacts you, follows you, sends you things, and talks to you, even when you don’t want them to. It is very threatening to the
person being stalked, because the behaviors and actions of the stalker often invade his/her privacy.

Stalking behaviors involve actions such as:

Knowing your schedule
Showing up at places you go to
Sending mail, e-mail, and pictures
Calling or texting repeatedly
Contacting you or posting about you on social networking sites
Writing letters
Damaging your property
Creating a web site about you
Sending gifts
Stealing things that belong to you
Any other actions to contact, harass, track or frighten you

5. Extortion
Extortion is the act of using force or threats to force people hand over their money or properties, on favors. Extortion can
happen outside or near schools wherein children are victimized to give up their allowances, in exchange for the promise that
they will not be beaten up. The act is different from robbery. In robbery, there is a very real and very immediate violence. In
extortion, a person may only suffer from the fear of harm if he/she gives in to the demand/s of the one who extorts.

6. Gang and Youth Violence

A gang is defined as a relatively tough, mostly street-based group of young people who regard themselves and may be seen
by others as a group that engages in a range of criminal activity and violence. Oftentimes, they are in conflict with other similar
gangs. Young people join gangs and groups for lots of reasons. One of these is their need to belong, be included or be part
of a group they can identify themselves with. This is oftentimes true for those who do not feel a sense of belonging or care at
home. Another reason is their desire for adventure, as they believe that joining gangs will give them the excitement and thrill
of their lives. Lastly, they feel protected and looked out for if they are members of a gang.
Gang members are responsible for a majority of serious crimes, like extortion, theft and robbery. They are also likely involved
in selling drugs and are more likely to bring weapons to school for fear of attack from rival gangs.

7. Illegal Fraternity-Related Violence

A fraternity is a group of people with similar backgrounds, occupations, interests, or tastes. In campuses and universities,
fraternities are represented Greek letters. The youth may think of several benefits in joining a fraternity. They may see it as a
gain in power and protection, as fraternities have reputation for being a powerful group.

Others would regard fraternity members, especially the seniors, as those who will provide the neophytes and lowerclassmen
guidance and assistance. And since most fraternities are based
in colleges and universities, some would join fraternities for academic support. Most youths would also join fraternities because
of the sense of belongingness that these fraternities would provide.

8. Kidnapping and Abduction

Kidnapping is taking away or forcefully moving a person against his/her will and holding him/her in unjust captivity.
The act is usually done for a motive like getting a monetary reward/ransom or getting some sort of benefit from the person or
their family. The kidnapper is usually a family’s wealth and influence, or a stranger who targeted the victim based on their
outward appearance of wealth or information given to the kidnapper from someone who knows the victim intimately, such as
a household employee or someone else who suspects that the victim has a lot of cash.

Abduction is the use of deceit or force in order to take a person or a child away from their home or relatives. In
abduction, the victim usually knows or has some sort of relation with the abductor. Most of the time, the abductor is not holding
the victim for profit or any monetary gain. Abduction usually happens to children with separated parents, wherein the child will
be tricked by one parent to come with him/her and take the child away from the other parent who has sole custody of the
child.

9. Acts of Terror
Acts of terror, or terrorism, is the use of violence for political goals and putting the public or a great number of
people in fear. The purpose of these terrorist groups is to produce terror in their victims through the use of violence, fear and
pressure. Terrorists commit acts of violence that draw the attention of the local masses, the government, and the world to
their cause. They plan their attack to get the greatest publicity, choosing targets that symbolize what they oppose. The
effectiveness of the terrorist act lies not in the act itself, but in the public’s or government’s reaction to the act.

Acts of terror may be categorized into six. These are the following:
State terrorism – states or governments can use force or the threat of force, without declaring war, to terrorize their
citizens and achieve a political goal.
Bioterrorism – refers to the intentional release of toxic biological agents to harm and terrorize civilians, in the name
of a political or other cause.
Cyberterrorism – is the use of information technology to attack civilians and draw attention to the terrorist’s cause.

This may mean that they use computer systems or telecommunications as a tool to carry out a traditional attack.
Ecoterrorism – the use of violence in the interest of environmentalism.
Nuclear terrorism – refers to a number of different ways nuclear materials might be used as a terrorist tactic.
Narcoterrorism – the use of violence by drug traffickers to influence governments or prevent government’s efforts in
stopping the drug trade.

10. Verbal Abuse

Verbal abuse is a form of cruelty that involves the use of words. These words are used to attack, control and cause
harm on another person. It includes behaviors such as angry outburst, screaming rage, and name- calling, which tends to
blame, and brainwashes and threatens a person. This is done because the goal of the verbal abuser is to control and sway
the victim.

To be better understand verbal abuse, it is better to look at its characteristics:

Verbal abuse is hurtful and usually attacks the nature and abilities of the person.
Verbal abuse may be obvious (through angry outbursts and name-calling) or hidden (involving very subtle comments).
Verbal abuse is controlling. Even judgmental comments may be voiced in a very sincere and concerned way.
Verbal abuse is dangerous. It causes a gradual fading of the self-confidence of persons without them realizing it. They
may try to change their behavior so as not to upset the abuser.
Verbal abuse is fickle. A person is stunned, shocked, and thrown off balance by the abuser’s mockery, angry punch,
critical remark, or hurtful comment.
 Verbal abuse usually worsens, increase of strength, regularity, and assortment. The verbal abuse may begin with put-
downs disguised as jokes. Later, other forms might surface. Sometimes the verbal abuse may rise into physical abuse,
starting with “accidental” shoves, pushes, and bumps.

11. Sexual Abuse (Incest, Molestation and Rape)

Incest is sexual contact between person who are so closely related that a marriage between them is considered illegal (e.g.,
parents and children, uncles/aunts and niece/nephews etc.). Usually, incest takes the form of an older family member having
sexual relations or sexually abusing a child or an adolescent.

Molestation is the sexual abuse of a person (whether a child or adult) by an adult for sexual pleasure or profit. It occurs when
an individual sees another individual as a sexual object and uses this idea to satisfy his/her sexual urges and fantasies, usually
by subjecting their victim to unwanted or improper sexual advances or activity.

It may include any of the following:

➢ Fondling – to handle, stroke or caress lovingly or erotically

➢ Mutual masturbation – two people touching each other’s sexual organs for pleasure
➢ Sodomy – sexual intercourse that involves inserting of the penis of one person into the anus of another person
➢ Coitus – sexual intercourse between a male and a female involving the insertion of the penis into the vagina.
➢ Child pornography – explicit portrayal of children as sexual subject matter for purpose of sexual arousal. It may be
in variety of media, like books, magazines, films, photos and etc.
➢ Child prostitution – refers to children who get paid to have sex.

Rape is forced sexual intercourse, including vaginal, anal, or oral penetration. Penetration may be by a body part or an object.

The sexual act may also be considered rape if it satisfies any of the following criteria:

▪ One or both people are not old enough to consent, which means one or both of them are below 18 years old
▪ One of them does not have the capacity to consent, which means one of them may not be in his/her right mental and
legal capacity to consent (i.e., with mental disability, people who have been drugged or unconscious, etc.)
▪ One of them did not agree to take part, which means the rapist might use physical force or threat to force the victim
to have intercourse with him/her

If these three considerations are met, the sexual act falls under the category of rape, which is a criminal offense and it is
punishable by law.

a.2 The Cause of Violence

Gang and Youth Violence, Illegal Fraternity-Related Violence

1. Gang and Youth Violence depicts to the act inhumane and injury inflicting terror of conflicts among groups of youth
that justifies war as a sign of strength, control, and supremacy.
2. Fraternity Related Violence entails harm inflicting activities like hazing which already took toll in the lives of young
adults who wants to fit in by joining fraternities.

a.3 Kidnapping and Abduction

Kidnapping and abduction is a serious and horrific act of crime where not only youths were chosen as targets, but most of
the time, people with distinction in the society were being victimized. Kidnap for ransom happens everywhere. Abduction can
be portrayed depending on the nature of exchanging a life by money, retaliation, extra judicial killings, or abuse of power per
se.

a.4 Acts of Terror

International Terrorism: Violent, criminal acts committed by individuals and/or groups who are inspired by, or associated
with, designated foreign terrorist organizations or nations (state-sponsored).

Domestic terrorism: Violent, criminal acts committed by individuals and/or groups to further ideological goals stemming from
domestic influences, such as those of a political, religious, social, racial, or environmental nature.

a.5 Verbal Abuse

Verbal abuse is psychological violence. The harm it causes is increased because it often takes place behind closed doors,
leaving no sign of injury, yet it is just as painful as any other type of abuse. Verbal abuse is a way for the abuser to maintain
control over the victim. Victims of verbal abuse have often been told that what they believe is wrong, including their feelings,
and may begin to doubt their own reality, ignoring the abuse which is taking place.

a.6 Sexual Abuse (Incest, Molestation and Rape)

Sexual abuse is unwanted sexual activity, with perpetrators using force, making threats or taking advantage of victims not
able to give consent.

Incest is human sexual activity between family members or close relatives. This typically includes sexual activity between
people in consanguinity (blood relations), and sometimes those related by affinity (marriage or stepfamily), adoption, clan, or
lineage.

Molestation is the sexual abuse of a person (whether a child or adult) by an adult for sexual pleasure or for profit.

Rape is forced sexual intercourse, including vaginal, anal, or oral penetration.

Factors which can be causes of violence include:

1. The influence of one’s peers
2. Having a lack of attention or respect
3. Having low self-worth
4. Experiencing abuse or neglect
5. Witnessing violence in the home, community, or medias
6. Access to weapons

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