Physics For The Life Sciences 2nd Edition Solution Manual

Physics for The Life Sciences, 2nd
Edition Solution Manual

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CHAPTER THREE
Forces
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS The masses of the two planets can be written
as:
Multiple Choice 3.1
Correct Answer (e). M 1 = pV 1 3 1 and
1 = 44  r 33
M p = M E and R p = 2R E M 2 = pV = 
2 2 3 r2
p 4
2 3 2
= M 2r 1 = 3 r 2 r 1 = r
If the acceleration on earth and the planet g2 2
so
2
p 4 3 2
are g E =
GM E GM
and g P = 2 P ,
g1 M 1r 2 3 rr 1 2 r 1
2
RE RP
g2
= r2
gP g1 r1
respectively, the ratio is:
gE
Multiple Choice 3.3
GM P Correct Answer (c).
M P RE2 (2 ME RE ) 1
1 2
gP RP2 Multiple Choice 3.4
= = 2 = =
g E GM E M E RP M E ( 4RE ) 8 Correct Answer (d).
RE2 Multiple Choice 3.5
Correct Answer (d). The force between two
GM P charges q1 and q2 is
gP
=
RP2
=
M P RE2
=
(
2
1
ME RE2 )
=
1 F = kq12q2
gE GM E M E RP2 M E ( 4RE ) 8 r
R2
E
gP 1
 =
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23 Copyright © 2013 Nelson Education Limited
23
gE 8 The force is proportional to 1/r2. That means
doubling the distance quarters the force. In
this problem we decrease the distance by 5
times so the force increases by 52 times.
g p = 1 gE So
8
kq q
Multiple Choice 3.2 F1 = F2 = 122
Correct Answer (a). If the acceleration on r

2
earth and the planet are 9 Nm −19 −19
9 x10 1.60 x10 c 1.60 x10 c
GM GM = c2
g1 = 2 1 and g 2 = 2 2 ,
( 2.82x10−10 m )
2
r1 R2
−9
g2
is:
= 2.90x10 N
respectively, the ratio
g1 The multiplicative factor is 25 not 24, and
the answer is (d)
GM 2 Multiple Choice 3.6
g r2 M r2 Correct Answer (c). The electric force is
2
= 2
= 2 1
2 proportional to 1/r2 so if we increase the
g1 GM 1 Mr1 2
distance by a factor of three the force is
r12 reduced by a factor of 1/32 or 9.

24
Instructor’s Solution Manual to accompany Physics for the Life Sciences, Second Edition Chapter 3
Multiple Choice 3.7 Multiple Choice 3.12

Correct Answer (c). Easy way: Doubling the Correct Answer (e). Since the kickers foot is
distance reduces the force by a factor of 4. no longer in contact with the ball, it no
Since F is proportional to q, doubling one of longer exerts a force on the ball. The force
the charges doubles the force. exerted by the floor consists of two parts, a
Combining these factors effects we get a normal force FN and a frictional force which
factor of makes the ball rotate. The force of gravity
1 1 also acts upon the ball.
•2 =
4 2 Multiple Choice 3.13
so the force is reduced by a factor of 2. Correct Answer (e). The forces T and F are
Longer way: contact forces. If the muscles were suddenly
2 cut the tension would disappear. Similarly, if
Fr
m =
2 the dumbbell were released, the force F would
G disappear.
0.50N  ( 2.00m )
2
Fr 2 Multiple Choice 3.14
so m= = 2 Let Correct Answer (c). The component of
G −11 Nm
6.67x10 weight acting down the incline is MgSin.
kg 2 Since the block is stationary, static friction
= 1.73x105 kg must balance this force.
Multiple Choice 3.15
kq1q2
F1 = Correct Answer (a). The magnitude of the
r12 force exerted by a spring stretched a distance
x from it’s equilibrium position is F=kx. If x
then is doubled then the force must be doubled.
k ( 2q1 )q 2 kq 1q 2
F = = = 1F Multiple Choice 3.16
( 2r1 )
2 2
2r12 2 1 Correct Answer None of the choices offered
in the text are acceptable. The correct
Multiple Choice 3.8 solution follows. Both marbles move with
Correct Answer (d). The strong nuclear constant velocities, which implies that the
force is the strongest of the four fundamental net force on each marble is zero. This in turn
forces and hold the protons together in the implies that the viscous force on the first
nucleus. marble is equal to its weight and the viscous
Multiple Choice 3.9 force on the second marble is equal to the
Correct Answer (d). The strong nuclear weight. This in other words means that the
force is about a 100 times larger than the ratio of the magnitudes of the viscous forces
electric force over the same distance and is equal to the ratio of the weights and
only acts over very short distances. therefore equal to the ratio of the masses.
We conclude that the ratio of the amplitudes
Multiple Choice 3.10 of the viscous forces is equal to the cubic
Correct Answer (d). The strong nuclear power of the ratio of the diameters, 8. This
force does not get weaker with distance. For answers can also be obtained using the
two quarks it reaches a constant value of expression for the viscous force Fvis=6πηrv.
about 10,000 N. The weak force diminishes
The ratio of the viscous forces is equal to
with distance.
(r1v1/r2v2)=rv/2r4v=1/8.
Multiple Choice 3.11
Correct Answer (b).

25
Multiple Choice 3.17 ANALYTICAL PROBLEMS

Correct Answer (b). Problem 3.1
Multiple Choice 3.18 The distance between the sphere centers is
Correct Answer (c). The normal force 1.0 m.
exerted by the plane must balance the The gravitational force between them is:
component of the weight perpendicular to
Nm2
the plane. This component is Mgcos. 6.67x10−11 15kg 15kg
Gmm kg 2
F= =
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS r2 (1.0m )2
Conceptual Question 3.1 = 1.50x10−8 N
The diagrams need to be drawn If the surface of spheres are separated by 2.0
(a) Two forces: The weight and the tension m, then r=0.5m+2.0m+0.5m=3.0m. The
(b) The weight and the normal to the bowl gravitational force between them is now:
(along the radius)
Nm2
(c) The weight and the normal to the bowl 6.67x10−11 15kg 15kg
(vertical in this case) Gmm kg 2
(d) The weight and the normal force due to F= =

the table
r2 ( 3.0m )2
(e) The weight, the normal due to the incline = 1.68x10−9 N
and the tension (no friction).
In the (b) case the object is not in static Problem 3.2
equilibrium. Take the radius of the Earth
Conceptual Question 3.2
Both forces are contact forces, that is, RE = 6.37 106 m .
contact is required for a force to be exerted. The acceleration of gravity is:
This is in contrast to a force like gravity
which can act over a distance, with no −11 Nm 2 24
6.67 x10 6.00 x10
contact. The main difference between the GM E kg 2
g= =
( 6.37x106 m )
normal force and the spring force is that the 2
normal force is a constant force but the RE2
spring force varies with distance.

= 9.86 m s 2
Correct Answer (a) at 9800 km above the Earth’s surface the
gravitational acceleration is:
GM E
The weight of the body part can be g=
neglected if it is perfectly balanced by another (RE + 9.8 106 )2
force. 2
 R + 9.8 106 
= 9.86   E 
 RE 
=2.53m / s 2

26
Problem 3.3 Problem 3.5

The gravitational force between the spheres According to Newton’s third law the force is
is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction
on each charge. The magnitude of the force
Gmm is given by:
F= = 0.50N .
r2 kq1q2
F=
Solving for the mass m, we get:
r2
2 2
Fr = 9x109 Nm 1.00x10 −5 c 1.00x10−6 c
m =
2
G c2
2
Fr 2 0.5N ( 2.00m )
2 (1.00m )
so m = =
G Nm 2 = 9.00x103 N
6.67x10−11
kg 2 Problem 3.6
= 1.73x10 kg5 The electron and proton have the same
magnitude of charge, ie. e =1.6x10-19C. The
Problem 3.4 magnitude of the electric force between the
(a) What is the magnitude of force of gravity two is:

between the Earth and the Moon, take mass ke2
F= = 1.00N
of the Earth M E = 6.00 1024 kg , mass of r2
the Moon M m = 7.40 1022 kg , and the Rearranging and plugging in numbers:
distance between centers of Nm2

( )
2
them REM = 3.84  108 m . 9x109 2
 1.60x10 −19 c
c = r2
(b) At what point between the Earth and the 1.00N
Moon is the net force of gravity on a body
r = 1.52x10−14 m
by both the Earth and the Moon exactly
zero?
GM E M m
F=
r2
2
−11 Nm
6.67x10  6.00x1024 kg  7.40x1022 kg
2
kg
=
( 3.84x108 m )
2
= 2.00x1020 N

27

Both the electric and gravitational force
have the same 1/r2 dependance so the r2 will
cancel out when we take the ration of the
two forces. Also, the electric force between
two protons or two electrons is the same,
because protons and electrons have the same
amount of charge. The ration of the electric Figure 1
force to the gravitational force for two
masses with the same charge can be written: The forces F1 and F2 are of the same
magnitude but have different directions. As

ke2 can be seen in Figure 1 above the x
F 2 ke2
E
= r = components of the forces cancel and the y
Fs Gm1m2 Gm1m2 components add. The resultant FR is simply

r2 twice either component
ie., FR=2F1cos30=2F2cos30.
(a) Two protons m1=m2=1.67x10-27 kg
Now 11 kg so the resultant is
so:
5.8 kg
FE ke 2
=
Fs Gm p m p in the y direction.
Problem 3.9
( )
2 2
9x109 Nm
2
 1.60x10 −19 c The magnitude of the force will be the same
= c but the direction will be in the opposite
Nm 2
( ) kg 2
2 direction. The force will be 7.8x10-5 N in
6.67x10 −11  1.67x10 −27 the negative y direction.
kg 2
Problem 3.10
= 1.24x1036 Singly charged ions each carry one unit of
F electronic charge (e=1.60x10-19C) so the
 E = =1.24x1036
Fs force between these ions is:
(b) Two electrons m1=m2=me= 9.11x10-31 kq1q2
kg so: F1 = F2 =
r2
T = 4.6x9.81 + 100x9.81 / 2 = 535.6 N 2
9 Nm −19 −19
FE 11 kg The ration is largest for the force

 = =4.17x1042
Fs between two electrons. The electric force
will be the same in all three cases but the
(c) A proton and an electron gravitational mass will be smallest when the
m1=mp=1.67x10-27 kg, m2=me=9.11x10- produce of the masses is smallest, that is, in
31 kg so: the force between two electrons.

28
9 x10 1.60 x10 c 1.60 x10 c

= c2
( 2.82x10−10 m )
2
= 2.90x10−9 N

29

In the y direction:
kq1q2
F1 =
r2 Fy = 0
2
Nm FN − mg cos 35 = 0
9x109 10−4 c  45 10−6 c
= c2 FN = mg cos 35
( 4m ) 2
=5.8kg  9.8 m s 2  cos35
= 1.62N =46.6N
kq q
F2 = 12 4
r
Nm2
9x109 10−4 c  25 10−6 c
= c2
( 4m ) 2
= 1.41N
kq q
F3 = 12 3
r
Nm 2 −4 −6
9x109 2 10 c 125 10 c Figure 2
= c
( 41m ) Problem 3.13

2
(a) The weight of the man is W=mg, that is
= 2.75N W=70 (kg)x9.81 (m/s2)=687 N.
(b) The normal force acting on the man is
These the amplitudes of the three forces

equal and opposite to his weight.
acting on the charge q1.We now evaluate the
(c) The man will read 687 N in principle.
components along the vertical and horizontal
However, if the scale is not calibrated
axes. properly to zero, the weight might be off by
4 4 the error in calibration. Moreover, the scale
F =F −F  = 1.41 − 2.75  = −0.3N has a certain accuracy that may be greater
v 2 3
41 41 than 1 N, which in turn means that there will
5 5 be a round off error.
F =F  − F = 2.75  − 1.62 = 0.5N
h 3 1
41 41
The magnitude of the force and its direction
are given by:
F = Fv2 + Fh2 = 34 10−1 N
3
tan( ) = −
5

30

The climber is stationary so ax=ay=0. In the A 480 kg sea lion is resting on an inclined
y direction: wooden surface 40 above the horizontal as
illustrated in Figure 4. The coefficient of
static friction between the sea lion and the
wooden surface is 0.96 . Find (a) the normal
force on the sea lion by the surface; (b) the
magnitude of force of friction; and (c) the
maximum force of friction between the sea
lion and the wooden surface.
Figure 3
Fy = 0
FN − mg cos 36 = 0
FN = mg cos 36
=64kg  9.8m s2  cos36
=5.14N
In the x direction:
(c) In the x direction: Figure 4
Fx = 0
f s − mg sin 36 = 0
f s = mg sin 36
=64kg 9.8 m s 2 sin36
=369N
(c) The maximum static frictional force is:
f sMax =  s FN = 0.86  514N = 442N
The actual frictional force is much less than
this.

31

A chandelier, as shown in Figure 5, of mass A 85 kg climber is secured by a rope
11 kg is hanging by a chain from the hanging from a rock as shown in Figure 7.
ceiling. What in the tension force in the Find the tension in the
chain. rope.
Figure 7
Figure 5  Fy = 0
The chandelier is in static equilibrium T + ( −mg ) = 0
so  F = 0 . There are no forces to consider
T = mg
in the x direction. In the y direction:
= 85kg  9.8 m s 2
= 833N
The climber is in static equilibrium

so  F = 0 . There are no forces to consider
in the x direction. In the y direction:
Figure 6
 Fy = 0
T + ( −mg ) = 0
T = mg
= 11kg  9.8 m s 2
Figure 8
= 109N

32

A 76 kg climber is crossing by a rope Casa (a):
between two picks of a mountain as shown
in Figure 9.
Figure 11a
Case (b):
Figure 9
Figure 11b
In this case there are two contact forces
between block A and B, one parallel to the
incline FCA and one perpendicular to the
incline FNA . FCA is exerted through
Figure 10 friction so if the surfaces are smooth the top
The weight W of the climber is 76.0 kg block will simply slip on the bottom block.
The FBD for the climber is If the surfaces are rough then as the force F
Since the climber is in static equilibrium is applied to block A the top block will first
follow the bottom block without slipping until
F = 0 the maximum value of the static frictional
so  Fx = 0 and  Fy = 0 force is reached. Then the top block B will
slip on block A. There is the normal force
The x component gives FNA exerted by A on B and an equal and
opposite force exerted FNB by B on A.
T1 cos18.5 − T2 cos11.0 = 0
The y component gives
T1 sin18.5 + T2 sin11.0 − W = 0
W = mg = 76.0kg  9.8m / s 2 = 745N
Solving these two equations in two
unknowns gives

33
T1 = 1.46x103
N and T2 = 1.42x103 N

34
Case (c): Block C
Figure 11c
Case (c) is similar to case (a). In fact the
acceleration of the two block system will be Figure 12c
the same. The main difference between the Problem 3.21
two cases is that the magnitude of the A box is lifted by a magnet suspended from
contact force will be different. the ceiling by a rope attached to the magnet
Problem 3.20 as illustrated in Figure 3.46. Draw free body
Block A diagram for the box and for the magnet.
Figure 3.46
Figure 12a
Block B
Figure 13
Figure 12b

35
Problem 3.22
Figure 3.47 shows a rock climber is
climbing up Devil’s Tower in Wyoming.
Figure 14a
Figure 3.47
The forces on the climber are his weight, his
fingers pulling inward and up against the
rock and the force exerted by the climbers
legs on the rock. The man cannot be
considered as a simple point object in this
case. His hands pull inwards producing an Figure 14b
outward normal force exerted by the rock.
He supports his weight primarily by having
his legs at a large angle so that they can push
outward on the rock. The outward
component of force increases the normal
force exerted by the rock wall. This in turn
increases the frictional force which is
parallel to the wall and upward. This
supports most his weight. The frictional
force FS1 produced by his hands can also
support some of the weight. In the first force
diagram below note that the normal forces
FN1 and FN2 exerted by the wall on the
man are out on the hands and in on the legs.
The four upward forces represent static
frictional forces which we label FS1 and
FS2 .The second diagram shows a simplified
FBD. Figure 14b

36

The freebody diagram for each arm is Each hand pulls down the bar with a force
similar to that of figure 4.43 of example 4.25 Fhand. The cable attached to the bar provides
in the textbook. a tension T, such that
The force balance for each arm can be
written as T = 2Fhand
T − F − Farm = 0 On the other hand the system is assumed to
be in equilibrium and therefore the tension
and the force balance for the bar is has to be balanced by the weight of the
arms, trunk and head.
2F − Wbar = 0
combining the two equations, we find the T = Warms+ trunk+head
expression for the tension on the shoulder Combining the two equations, we find:
T = Farm + Wbar / 2 Fhand = Warms+trunk+head / 2
Using the Table 4.1 we can estimate the Using table 4.1 of chapter 4, we can
tension determine the weight of arms, trunk and
head.
T = 4.6x9.81 + 100x9.81 / 2 = 535.6 N
Fhand = 9.81x ( 2x70x0.065 + 70x0.48 + 70x0.07 ) / 2
=33.5 N

37

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Physics for The Life Sciences, 2nd

Edition Solution Manual

Correct Answer (e). M 1 = pV 1 3 1 and

Copyright © 2013 Nelson Education Limited

Correct Answer (a). If the acceleration on r

Copyright © 2013 Nelson Education Limited

Multiple Choice 3.7 Multiple Choice 3.12

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Multiple Choice 3.17 ANALYTICAL PROBLEMS

(d) The weight and the normal force due to F= =

spring force varies with distance.

Copyright © 2013 Nelson Education Limited

Problem 3.3 Problem 3.5

(a) What is the magnitude of force of gravity two is:

distance between centers of Nm2

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Problem 3.7 Problem 3.8

magnitude but have different directions. As

Fs Gm1m2 Gm1m2 components add. The resultant FR is simply

= c but the direction will be in the opposite

FE 11 kg The ration is largest for the force

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9 x10 1.60 x10 c 1.60 x10 c

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Problem 3.11 Problem 3.12

( 41m ) Problem 3.13

These the amplitudes of the three forces

F = Fv2 + Fh2 = 34 10−1 N

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Problem 3.14 Problem 3.15

(c) In the x direction: Figure 4

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Problem 3.16 Problem 3.17

The climber is in static equilibrium

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Problem 3.18 Problem 3.19

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Case (c): Block C

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Copyright © 2013 Nelson Education Limited

Problem 3.23 Problem 3.24

T = Farm + Wbar / 2 Fhand = Warms+trunk+head / 2

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