Integ.

Sci Reviewer roots of extinct volcanoes

Locating places on Earth using a Coordinate • Copper - electrical wires

System (p.282-283)
Equator
- Imaginary line drawn around the earth equally distant from
both poles, dividing the earth into northern and
southern hemisphere and marked as 0° latitude.
Latitude
- Measurement on a globe or map of a place north or south of
the equator (HORIZONTALLY)
- Measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds
- The greatest possible latitudes are 90° N and 90° S.
- Parallels of Latitude - to identify different latitudinal
positions on maps or globes, equidistant circles are plotted
and drawn parallel to the equator and each other.
Longitude
- Lines which run from north to south (VERTICALLY)
- Also called Meridians.
- The Prime Meridian is found in Greenwich, England.
- The Prime Meridian is 0 degrees Longitude.
- Lines of Longitude locate places East or West of the Prime
Meridian.
- There are 180 degrees of east Longitude, and 180 degrees
of west Longitude.
• Iron - steel bars used in buildings & road construction
• Tin - material for milk can & other preserved food
products
• Nickel - mixed with copper or other metal for stainless
cooking waters
• Gold - jewelry
• Troposphere (0-12 km)
- Layer closest to the Earth’s surface
- Temperature above the ground is hotter than high above
- Weathers occurs here, as it has the most water vapour Land
Solar and Lunar Eclipses (p. 353 - 356)
- Air is constantly moving (aircraft having bumpy ride) which p.330
is turbulence
- Aircrafts, airplanes, hot air balloons
• Stratosphere (extend about 50 km from Earths surface)
- Jet aircraft fly as it is very stable
- Ozone layer
• Mesosphere (50-80 km above Earth)
- Air is thin and cold
- Meteors/rock fragments burn up (friction)

Earth's resources sustainability (p. 285-287), (p. 296- • Thermosphere (80-110 km above the earth)
300) - Space shuttles
- Aurora Borealis - caused when the solar wind strikes gases
Sustainability
in the atmosphere above the Poles
- practice of using the earth's resources in a responsible
manner that will allow the resources to be available for the
present and future generations. • Exosphere (500-1000 km)
- Upper limit
Renewable Resources - Merges into space
- are materials that can be replaced easily or have the - Satellites
potential to be replaced over time.

Nonrenewable Resources
- are natural resources that are in limited supply or once
consumed, cannot be replaced.

The Philippines
- Considered rich in natural resources. Because of our tropical
climate, the Philippines receives abundant rainfall and lots of
sunshine. This is one of the reasons why we have many
different kinds of plants and animals.

Philippines' Rich Resources

- Fifth mineral-rich country in the world
- 3RD in gold reserves,
- 4TH in copper
- 5TH in nickel.
- Shadows are present whenever light is blocked by an
opaque object. It is the area where light does not reach.
- When the Sun is lowest in the sky, it makes the longest
Formation of Minerals shadows.
- With favorable temperature and pressure conditions, the
rocks containing metals melt and redeposit, eventually Solar Eclipse
forming minerals. Metallic mineral deposits like copper, gold, - Position of the Moon is in between the sun and the earth.
silver, lead, and zinc are usually mined from deep within the - The three astronomical objects needs to be perfectly
aligned for it to happen.

- When shadows are formed, there are areas where the light
is totally blocked while other areas are still partially lighted
• Umbra - a part of a shadow in which all
light has been blocked
• Penumbra - when only a part of the light is blocked so
the light is dimmed but not totally absent

Land Breeze
- At night, the land cools faster than the sea. Thus, the warm
air above the sea surface pulls in the cooler air from the land
surface.
- This local wind is known as the land breeze.

Lunar Eclipse
- Occurs when the Moon moves into the Earth's shadow
- This can occur only when the Sun, Earth, and Moon are
exactly or very closely aligned with the Earth between
considering only on the night of a full moon
- Can only happen when the moon is opposite the Sun in the
sky, during a full moon phase
- Do not occur every month because the Moon's orbit is
tilted five degrees from Earth's orbit around the Sun

Sea and land breezes over a large region that change direction
with the seasons are called monsoons.

Sea Breeze
- Warm air above the land surface rises
- This is because the sun heats up land more quickly than
water
- When the air above land is heated, it expands and begins to
rise.
- The cooler air from above the surface of the sea
moves toward the land to replace the rising air. This
movement of air creates a local wind
- Sea breeze occurs at daytime and provides a cooling
effect on those near the shore.
Monsoons
- The local winds created from the differential heating of
land and sea can also be felt over a much larger geographic
area or region.
- This is a major wind system known as monsoons
- Monsoons are characterized by a dramatic seasonal change
in the direction of the prevailing winds over a large area.
- This change in the direction of the prevailing winds brings
about changes in the amount of rainfall and leads to the
distinct wet and dry seasons.
• Northeast Monsoon (Amihan)
- Affects the eastern parts of the country from October to
March
- This is brought by the cold air mass that comes from
Siberia and gathers moisture as it travels over the Pacific
Ocean
- Characterized by widespread cloudiness with slight to
moderate rainfall and prevailing cold winds.
 • Southwest monsoon (Habagat)
- Affects the western part of the country from July to
September
- Characterized by heavy rainfall, humid weather and bring
the rainy season to the western parts of the country
- Brought about by the cool air from the high pressure area
in the Australian continent absorbing moisture by passing
over the warm equatorial oceans. The air, now laden with
water vapor, cools as it moves north and as it rises over land.
- The air can no longer hold its moisture and falls huge
volume of rainfall

The Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

- Appears as a band of clouds consisting of showers, with
occasional thunderstorms, that encircles the globe near the
equator.
- We always hear about the Intertropical Convergence Zone
(ITCZ) in weather reports
- ITCZ is the place where winds in the tropics meet or
converge
- Because the equator is warmer than the North and South
poles, the cooler air is drawn towards the equator to replace
the rising warm air
- Vapor pressure condenses as air rises and cools in the
ITCZ, forming clouds and rain.
- This is where monsoon rainfall occurs